REVIEW ARTICLES International Journal of Arrhythmia 2016;17(2):80-85 doi: 기립성조절장애증후군 안민수 원주연세대학교의과대학내과학

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REVIEW ARTICLES International Journal of Arrhythmia 2016;17(2):80-85 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18501/arrhythmia.2016.014 안민수 원주연세대학교의과대학내과학교실 Orthostatic Intolerance Syndrome Min-Soo Ahn, MD Division of Cardiology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea Received: January 8, 2016 Revision Received: April 20, 2016 Accepted: June 29, 2016 Correspondence: Min-Soo Ahn, MD Division of Cardiology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do 26426, Republic of Korea Tel: +82-33-741-0917 Fax: +82-33-741-1219 E-mail: ahnn0102@medicus.co.kr Copyright 2016 The Official Journal of Korean Heart Rhythm Society Editorial Board and MMK Communications Limited ABSTRACT Orthostatic intolerance is the inability to tolerate an upright posture as a consequence of varying degrees of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Orthostatic intolerance syndromes can be classified into at least 3 categories: 1) orthostatic hypotension, 2) neurally mediated (reflex) syncope, and 3) postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology and etiologies of orthostatic hypotension and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, and propose their diagnostic and therapeutic alternatives. Key Words: Orthostatic Intolerance Orthostatic Hypotension Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome 서론 누운자세에서기립을하게되면중력에의하여약 500 ml 의혈액이횡경막하부로흘러가용적수용혈관인정맥으로쏠리게되는혈역학적반응을보인다. 이로인해갑작스러운중심혈액량감소와심실의전부하감소, 심박출량의감소와혈압의감소가일어나게된다. 기립에의한혈압저하가일어나면장기의관류압을유지하기위해즉각적으로신경조절계가활성화된다. 경동맥동과대동맥궁에압력수용체가있어혈압이떨어지게되면수초내압력수용체가활성화되고, 심박수와심근수축력이증가하며, 말초혈관저항이증가하게된다. 또한근육, 피부, 지방의동맥이수축하여기립시하지의혈관저항을증가시키게된다. 궁극적으로 1분이내에혈압의안정화가이루어진다. 하지만 30분이상지속적으로기립상태를유지하면정맥 혈류의저류효과외에횡경막하부모세혈관의정류압이증가하여수분의이동이일어나중심혈액량과심박출량의 15 20% 가감소하게된다. 1 이런경우혈장량을유지하기위하여 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone계와같은신경- 내분비기전이활성화된다. 하지만장시간의기립에도가장중요한항상성유지기전은압력수용체매개혈관저항의증가이다. 이러한보상기전이작용하지않는경우기립성저혈압이발생하고, 뇌혈류량이감소하여의식소실이기립초기또는후기에발생할수있다. 2 은기립상태를견딜수없는것으로정의하며, 다양한정도의자율신경계이상에의해발생한다. 이는기립성저혈압, 신경매개성실신, 체위성기립성빈맥증후군 (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, POTS) 으로나뉜다. 3 80

Chronic autonomic failure (orthostatic hypotension) Primary Parkinson disease Multiple system atrophy Pure autonomic failure Lewy body dementia Autoimmune autonomic gangliopathy Rare hereditary disorders (familial dysautonomia, dopamine beta-hydrolase deficiency) Idiopathic (etiology unknown) Secondary Iatrogenic (drug-related) Diabetes mellitus Cardiovascular diseases (sick-sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block, heart failure, aortic stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, essential hypertension) Renal failure Autoimmune diseases Volume depletion Venous pooling Alcoholic polyneuropathy Endocrine disorders (adrenal insufficiency, thyroid diseases, diabetes insipidus) Amyloidosis Multiple myeloma Paraneoplastic syndromes Cerebrovascular disease Multiple sclerosis Spinal cord diseases Figure 1. Classification of orthostatic hypotension. 기립성저혈압 기립성저혈압은기립시정상적으로발생하는정맥환류감소에대해보상하는적응기전에이상이있을때발생하며, 자율신경계장애의주요한임상증상이다. 기립성저혈압발생은구조적또는기능적교감신경계의차단이나교감신경유출을반사적으로조절하는과정에이상이발생하였음을시사한다. 기립성저혈압은실신의두번째흔한원인이며약 15% 를차지한다. 4 기립성저혈압은일차성또는이차성으로분류되며급성과만성형으로나눈다 (Figure 1). 기립성저혈압은뇌관류저하를유발하여오심, 피로, 어지럼증, coat-hanger pain, 시력혼탁의증상이나타날수있으며, 궁극적으로실신을유발할수있다. 증상은아침기상후더심하고흔하게나타나며, 발열, 음주, 운동후와같이탈수와정맥저류를유발하는상황에의해더잘나타난다. 5 또한자율신경장애를가지고있는환자에서식후저혈압이더잘나타나는데, 위장의팽창에의하여혈관확장성펩타이드가많이분비되고, 내장혈관에혈액이저류되기때문이다. 또한흔한증상중하나는야간빈뇨이다. 누워있는동안말초혈관의혈액들이중심혈관으로다시순환하며누운자세에서혈압이증가하여나트륨배설이 증가하기때문이다. 그러므로이런환자들은밤사이혈관내용적이줄어들게되고아침에혈압저하가심해지는경향을보인다. 기립성저혈압은임상적으로 3가지로분류한다. 전형적인기립성저혈압은기립시 30 180초이내에수축기혈압이 20 mmhg, 이완기혈압이 10 mmhg 이상감소하는것으로정의하고, 고혈압환자에서는혈압이 30/15 mmhg 이상감소하는것으로정의한다. 6 지연성기립성저혈압은기립시적응기전장애가서서히나타나는것으로기립시혈압저하가 3 45분사이에나타나는것을말한다. 이는자율신경계장애가심하지않은것을반영하며, 나이와연관된보상기전장애와전부하에의존적인심장을가진고령의환자에서발생한다. 지연성기립성저혈압은반사실신과는다르게서맥이나휴지기가나타나지않는다. 초기기립성저혈압은일시적인혈압강하 ( 수축기혈압 40 mmhg, 이완기혈압 20 mmhg 이상 ) 가 30초이내에나타나는것으로정의한다. 2 정맥혈회귀의감소와신경매개의보상으로인한혈관수축의부조화가짧은기간동안나타나는발생기전을갖는다. 초기기립성저혈압은자발적으로기립을할때에만나타나고, 기립경검사에서는혈압저하가가볍게나타나거나혈압저하가없다. 81

International Journal of Arrhythmia 2016;17(2):80-85 진단기립성저혈압은기립경검사를이용하거나, 또는체위에따른혈압을측정하여기립시혈압이저하되는것을증명하여진단한다. 기립성저혈압은나이가많아질수록빈도가증가하기때문에 70세이상의인구중약 1/3에서나타날수있다는보고가있다. 따라서 70세이상에서는체위에따른혈압을일상적으로측정하는것이좋을것으로생각된다. 하지만 70세미만에서는기립성저혈압이의심되는증상이있을때만기립경검사를시행하는것이좋을것으로생각된다. 7 치료환자교육은기립성저혈압치료에있어가장중요한부분이다. 환자가기립으로인한혈역학적변화와저혈압이발생하는기전을이해하는것이중요하다. 또한악화인자를인식하고, 실신을악화시키는인자를회피하는방법을배우며, 혈압이떨어지는것을막을수있는대책을배우는것이중요하다 (Table 1). 비약물적치료가효과적임에도불구하고증상이지속되는환자는약물치료를할수있다. 이러한약물치료의효용성에대해서는의문시되고있으나, droxidopa와 midodrine은임상연구에서기립성저혈압에효과가있는것으로보고되었다. 8,9 Droxidopa와 midodrine의반감기는약 3 시간으로짧기때문에야간고혈압을피하기위하여주간에투여하는것이좋다. Droxidopa는초기용량으로 100 mg을 1 일 3회투약하여증상의호전여부를보면서 3 7일간격으로최대 600 mg 1일 3회복용까지증량한다. 부작용으로는두통, 어지럼증, 오심, 고혈압의악화등이 5 10% 에서나타날수있다. Midodrine은투약 1시간후평균적으로기립시수축기혈압을 10 15 mmhg 정도상승시킨다. 부작용으로배뇨장애나입모감이 10 15% 에서나타날수있다. 용량은 5 mg 1일 3회투약에서시작하여 10 mg 1일 3 회까지증량할수있다. 혈장증량제인 fludrocortisone은 α-adrenergic 수용체의민감도를증가시켜혈관수축제에상호보완적역할을한다. 시작용량은 0.1 mg 1일 1회복용으로시작하여 0.3 mg을넘어서는안된다. 부작용으로폐부종, 복수와혈압이악화될수있으며, 저칼륨증이생길수 Table 1. Therapeutic options in symptomatic orthostatic hypotension Pharmacological treatments Midodrine (2.5 10 mg 2 or 3 times per day) Droxidopa (100 600 mg 3 times per day) Pyridostigmine (30-60 mg 2 or 3 times per day) Fludrocortisone (0.05 0.3 mg daily) Ephedrine/pseudoephedrine (25/30 50/60 mg 3 times per day) Desmopressin (nasal spray, 5 40 mg daily; oral formulation, 100 800 mg daily) Avoidance of antihypertensive drugs: nitrates, long-acting calcium channel blockers, and diuretics Withdrawal, dosage reduction, or bedtime administration of antihypertensive drugs (short-acting preferred) Devices Pacemakers/cardiac resynchronization therapy 있다. 그러므로심부전, 신부전, 고혈압환자에서는사용금기이다. 약물치료에있어고려해야할중요한점은심혈관계질환의동반이다. 허혈성심장질환, 심부전, 부정맥, 고혈압등에쓰이는약물이기립성저혈압을악화시키므로맞춤형치료가필요하다. 24시간혈압측정을시행하고, 속효성항고혈압제를야간에투약하는것이좋다. 최대효과가 2 6시간사이에일어나고반감기가 12시간을넘지않는약물을선택하는것이중요하다. 주간의혈압상승은상대적으로중요성이떨어지지만야간고혈압은 160/90 mmhg를넘으면치료가필요하다. 결론적으로야간혈압의절대치를낮추며수면중혈압이정상적으로감소하는현상 (dipping) 을유지하는것이중요하다. 하지만이러한치료에도불구하고기립성저혈압증상이지속되면혈압치료를중단하는것이유일한방법이다. 체위성기립성빈맥증후군 (POTS) POTS의혈역학적특징은기립시혈압은유지되지만, 맥박수가과도하게증가하고이와관련된증상이발생하며, 이러한증상이누우면호전되는것이특징이다. 82

진단 POTS의진단기준은기립후 10분이내에기립성저혈압 ( 혈압감소 >20/10 mmhg) 의발생없이맥박이 30회이상증가하며, 이로인한기립성조절장애증상이최소 6개월이상지속되는것으로정의한다 (Table 2). 10 기립성빈맥은일중변화가있기때문에진단의민감도를높이기위하여아침에체위에따른활력징후를측정하는것이좋다. 증상은심계항진, 경미한어지럼증, 흉부불쾌감, 호흡곤란과같은심인성증상과머리에구름이낀듯한증상, 두통, 오심, 떨림, 시야장애, 터널시, 수면장애, 운동불내성, 피로등과같은비심인성증상이있다. 80 85% 의환자가가임기여성이며, 임신이나수술, 바이러스감염과같은스트레스상황이후증상이시작되고, 생리주기주변으로증상이악화된다. 11 많은환자에서과민성대장증후군, 과대운동관절, 땀샘조절장애가동반되어있다. 특이한소견으로 50% 가량의환자에서차가운것이닿았을때무릎하부의다리가청색으로변하는말단청색증 (acrocyanosis) 이있다. POTS 환자는종종공황장애와같은불안장애를동반하는경우가있다. 병태생리 POTS 환자에서혈중 norepinephrine이높게나타나지만이는역설적인현상으로자율신경계신경병증이기전으로추정되고있다. 몇몇환자에서선택적으로하지에교감신경계신경차단이있는것으로알려져있으며, 하지에서 norepinephrine 분비가감소되어있는것으로보고되고있다. 12 혈중 norepinephrine이증가되는현상은부분적인자율신경계장애, 또는저혈량증으로인하여이차적으로발생하는것이다. 유전학적으로는환자의친척에서 norepinephrine 운송체의기능상실을유발하는돌연변이 (point mutation) 가보고되고있다. 이로인하여 norepinephrine의청소율이감소하여혈중농도가상승한다고보고하고있다. 13 많은수의 POTS 환자가혈장량이감소된상태로보고되고, 기립시 renin과 aldosterone의활성도가정상혈장량을가진사람에비하여부적절하게감소되어있는것으로보고되고있다. 이러한 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone계의이상이염분재흡수 Table 2. Criteria for the postural tachycardia syndrome Heart rate increases 30 bpm from supine to standing (10 minutes) Symptoms worsen with standing and improved with recumbence Symptoms last 6 months Absence of other overt cause of orthostatic symptoms or tachycardia (e.g., active bleeding, acute dehydration, medications) 이상과저혈량증을유발하여 POTS의병태생리에기여하는것으로알려져있다. 14 치료 한결같이효과적인치료는없으며, 다양한치료의병합이필요하다. 우선적으로가역적인원인을치료하는것이중요하다. 탈수와과도한더위같은악화인자를피해야하며, 적절한수분과염분을섭취하도록한다. 탄력스타킹은말초정맥의혈액충혈을막아치료에도움을줄수있다. 운동직후에환자가매우힘들게느낄수있으나, 장기예후를향상시킬수있기때문에 POTS 환자에게운동을권유하는것이좋다. 약물치료는 FDA 공인을받은것이없다. 우선적으로빈맥을악화시킬수있는약물 ( 이뇨제, 혈관확장제, norepinephrine 운송체차단제 ) 을중단하는것이다. 저혈량증이있는환자에서는 fludrocortisone을사용할수있다. 신장에서수분흡수를증가시키는혈장확장제인 desmopressin을단기간사용할수있고, 말초혈관수축장애와연관되어발생하는체위성기립성빈맥증후군에는 midodrine이도움이된다. 베타차단제는빈맥을조절하기위해흔하게쓰이는약이나 POTS 환자에서는베타차단제를사용할경우심하게피로감을느껴치료를견딜수없는경우가있다. 저용량의베타차단제인 propranolol 10 20 mg 으로기립시맥박수를효과적으로낮출수있다. 15 Acetylcholinesterase 억제제인 pyridostigmine 30 60 mg 1일 3회투여가증상완화에도움이되었다는보고도있다. 16 중추교감신경이과흥분된환자에서중추교감신경차단제를사용할수있다. Clonidine 0.1 0.2 mg 2 3회투여가심장 83

International Journal of Arrhythmia 2016;17(2):80-85 Table 3. Treatments for the postural tachycardia syndrome Primarily aerobic exercise with some leg-based resistance exercises Initially avoid upright exercises and focus on rowing machines, swimming, and recumbent cycles Augment blood volume/venous return Increase water intake target, 8 10 cups/d (2 2.5 L/d) Increase NaCl intake by diet or tablets target, 8 10 g/d Intravenous saline (immediate effect) 1 L over 1 2 h short-term emergency treatment Panty hose style compression stockings 30 40 mm Hg counterpressure Fludrocortisone 0.1 0.2 mg/d orally Desmopressin 0.2 mg orally 1 time for occasional use Hemodynamic agents Withdraw drugs that block the norepinephrine transporter (tricyclic antidepressants, ADHD drugs, and SNRI antidepressants) Propranolol 10 20 mg orally 3 4 times a day Pyridostigmine 30 60 mg orally 3 times a day Midodrine 5 10 mg orally every 4 h in 3 doses (not close to bedtime) Other Modafinil 100 mg orally twice a day ADHD; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; SNRI, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. 박동수안정에도움이되며, methyldopa 125 250 mg 1일 2회투여는반감기가길기때문에환자가더잘견딘다 (Table 3). 결론 기립성저혈압은일반인구집단에서 6% 정도나타나는흔한현상으로나이가들수록, 동반질환이있을수록빈도가증가한다. 기립성저혈압의치료는약물, 비약물치료가있지만모두만족스럽지는못하다. 향후기립성저혈압에작용하는기전을연구하고새로운치료법과예방방법을찾는데주력해야할것이다. POTS는과도한교감신경계항진과연관되어있으며, 저혈량증이있는경우가많다. 따라서저혈량증을교정하고과도한교감신경계항진을억제하는것이증상완화에도움이될수있다. References 1) Harms MP, Wesseling KH, Pott F, Jenstrup M, Van Goudoever J, Secher NH, Van Lieshout JJ. Continuous stroke volume monitoring by modelling flow from non-invasive measurement of arterial pressure in humans under orthostatic stress. Clin Sci (Lond). 1999;97:291-301. 2) Fedorowski A, Melander O. Syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: a hidden danger. J Intern Med. 2013;273:322-335. 3) Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F, Blanc JJ, Brignole M, Dahm JB, Deharo JC, Gajek J, Gjesdal K, Krahn A, Massin M, Pepi M, Pezawas T, Ruiz Granell R, Sarasin F, Ungar A, van Dijk JG, Walma EP, Wieling W. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009). Eur Heart J. 2009;30:2631-2671. 4) Sutton R. Clinical classification of syncope. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2013;55:339-344. 5) Benditt DG, Nguyen JT. Syncope: therapeutic approaches. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:1741-1751. 6) Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, Benditt DG, Benarroch E, Biaggioni I, Cheshire WP, Chelimsky T, Cortelli P, Gibbons CH, 84

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