ISSN 0377-9556 (PRINT) ISSN 2383-9457 (ONLINE) 약학회지제 61 권제 5 호 274~280 (2017) Yakhak Hoeji Vol. 61, No. 5 DOI 10.17480/psk.2017.61.5.274 종설 Short Report 증숙삼류생약의인삼사포닌성분비교 김민영 * 이재범 * 양병욱 ** 박종대 ** 고성권 *,# 세명대학교한방식품영양학부, *( 주 ) 고려인삼연구 (Received September 8, 2017; Revised October 26, 2017; Accepted October 26, 2017) The Comparison of Ginseng Saponin Composition and Contents in Steaming Ginseng Radix Min Young Kim*, Jae Bum Lee*, Byung Wook Yang**, Jong Dae Park**, and Sung Kwon Ko*,# * Department of Oriental Medical Food & nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea ** Korean Ginseng Research Co. Ltd, Yangpyeong 12513, Republic of Korea Abstract This study was conducted to provide basic information on ginseng saponin of steaming ginseng radices. In order to achieve the proposed objective ginsenoside compositions of steaming ginseng radices extract with 70% ethyl alcohol were examined by means of HPLC. The contents of BG(Black ginseng, 4.541%) and BFG(Black fine ginseng, 12.221%) were 2.8-3.3 times higher than those of RG(Red ginseng, 1.597%) and RFG(Red fine ginseng, 3.678%) in the content of total saponin. The contents of ginsenoside Rg3, the main prosapogenin component of Red ginseng, BG(Black ginseng, 1.595%) and BFG(Black fine ginseng, 5.879%) were 19.7-49.8 times higher than RG(Red ginseng, 0.032%) and RFG(Red fine ginseng, 0.299%), respectively. And also, the content of ginsenoside Rg5 and Rk1, the main prosapogenin component of Black ginseng, BG(Black ginseng, 1.602%) and BFG(Black fine ginseng, 4.133%) were found to be 42.2-50.0 times higher than that of RG(Red ginseng, 0.032%) and RFG(Red fine ginseng, 0.098%). Keywords Steaming ginseng, HPLC, Prosapogenin, Red ginseng, Black ginseng, ginsenoside Rg3 인삼 (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) 은 4,500여년전부터염제신농에의해전승되어왔던동양에서가장오래된약물학서인신농본초경에인삼은독이없으며 ( 無毒 ), 오장을보하고 ( 補五臟 ), 정신을안정시키며 ( 安精神 ), 영혼을바르게하고 ( 定魂魄 ), 가슴두근거림을멈추게하며 ( 止驚悸 ), 눈을밝게하고 ( 明目 ), 지혜롭게하며 ( 益智 ), 오래먹으면 ( 久服 ), 몸이가벼워지고 ( 輕身 ) 장수 ( 延年 ) 한다고기록되어있다. 1) 인삼의생리활성은체계적인약리학적접근으로심혈관계, 2) 면역계, 3) 신경계 4) 에대한효능과해독작용, 5) 항암작용 6) 그리고항당뇨작용 7) 등이보고되었다. # Corresponding Author Sung Kwon Ko Department of Oriental Medical Food & nutrition, Semyung University, Jecheon 27136, Republic of Korea Tel.: 043-649-1433 Fax.: 043-649-1759 E-mail: skko@semyung.ac.kr 김민영, 이재범은공동 1 저자로서본논문에동일하게기여하였음. 인삼의주요한생리활성물질은인삼사포닌 (ginsenosides), 폴리아세칠렌 (polyacetylene), 다당체 (polysaccharide), 인삼단백질, 페놀성물질등이알려져있다. 8-14) 그중에서인삼사포닌은 Shibata 등 9-13) 의연구에의해서그화학구조가명확히확인되었고, 항당뇨활성 7) 을비롯하여항암작용, 항산화작용, 동맥경화및고혈압의예방, 간기능촉진및숙취제거효과, 항피로및항스트레스작용, 노화방지작용, 두뇌활동촉진작용, 항염작용, 항알레르기작용, 단백질합성능력의촉진등이보고되었다. 8) 특히, 수삼을한번쪄서건조한홍삼은열에의해서생성되는홍삼특유성분인 ginsenoside Rg 2, Rg 3, Rh 1, Rh 2 등이암예방작용, 암세포성장억제작용, 15,16) 혈압강하작용, 17) 뇌신경세포보호작용, 18) 항혈전작용, 19) 항산화작용 15) 이있다고하여홍삼만의특 장점으로주목받고있다. 또한, 홍삼특유성분은인삼사포닌배당체가열에의해서가수분해되어생성되는프로사포게닌 (prosapogenin) 형태의인공물인데, 최근에열이나압력과같은물리적인방법 20) 과효소 274
증숙삼의인삼사포닌 275 를이용한생화학적인방법 21,22) 에의해서인삼프로사포게닌고농도함유제제가개발되고있고, 그활성성분으로 ginsenoside Rg 5, Rg 6, Rk 1, Rk 3, Rh 4, F 1, F 4 등의프로사포게닌성분이주목받고있다. 최근, 흑삼이라고하는새로운본삼류가출시되고있는데, 홍삼은한번찐데비하여흑삼은아홉번쪄서아홉번건조 ( 구증구폭, 九蒸九曝 ) 한것이다. 이와같은흑삼에대한성분연구로는한등 23) 이흑삼의추출용매별인삼사포닌함량을보고하였으나, 프로사포게닌성분으로 ginsenoside Rg 2, Rg 3, Rh 1, Rh 2 등한정된성분에대해서만검토하였다. 또한, 이등 24) 은홍삼과흑삼의증숙조건에따른인삼사포닌변화를확인하였으며, 조등 25) 은흑삼과홍삼의본삼 ( 주근 ) 의인삼사포닌을비교검토하였다. 하지만, 증숙삼류생약 [ 홍삼 ( 홍삼본삼-주근 ), 홍미삼 ( 홍삼미삼- 잔뿌리 ), 흑삼 ( 흑삼본삼-주근 ), 흑미삼 ( 흑삼미삼-잔뿌리 )] 에대한인삼사포닌의비교연구는아직체계적으로진행되고있지않은점에착안하여증숙삼류생약의인삼사포닌함량을비교검토함으로써, 증숙삼류생약의인삼사포닌에대한기초기반정보를제공하고자한다. 실험방법실험재료 6년근홍삼과홍미삼은 2015년 8월에금산인삼사 ( 대표 : 김상수 ) 로부터구입하였고, 6년근흑삼과흑미삼은 ( 주 ) 한국고려인삼 ( 대표 : 문병두 ) 에서구입하여사용하였다. 표본은세명대학교한방식품영양학부한방식품신소재연구실에보관하고있다. 때기에넣고, 디에칠에테르 (diethylether) 250 ml로 3회처리하여지용성물질을제거한후, 수가용부에수포화 n-butanol 250 ml 로 3회처리하여얻은 n-buoh 층을합하여감압농축하였다. 이때모든조작은정량적으로하였다. 감압농축물의함량 (n-buoh 엑스 /70% Ethyl alcohol 엑스 100) 을조사포닌 (crude saponin) 양으로하였다. 26) HPLC 분석위에서얻은엑스를고등 26) 의조건을응용하여 HPLC 분석을실시하고, 상법에따라표준품과직접비교하여인삼사포닌의함량및조성을검토하였고, 각시료당 3회반복실험하여결과의재현성을확인하여분석하였다. 표준품은 Chromadex(U.S.A.) 와 Ambo(Korea) 로부터구입한순도 99% 이상의 ginsenoside (ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, 20S-Rg3, 20R-Rg3, 20E-Rg5, 20Z-Rg5, Rg6, Rh1, Rh2, Rh4, Rk1, Rk3, F1, F4) 를사용하였다. 사용한 HPLC 장치는 Waters 1525 binary HPLC system (Waters, Milford, MA, U.S.A.) 이며, 컬럼은 Eurospher 100-5 C18 (3 250 mm; Knauer, Born, Germany) 을사용하였다. 이동상은 acetonitrile(hplc grade; Sigma-Aldrich Chem Co., U.S.A.) 과 HPLC용증류수 (HPLC급, B&J, U.S.A.) 이며, acetonitrile의비율을 17% 에서 30%(55분 ), 40%(80분 ) 그리고 60%(135분 ) 로순차적으로늘려주고마지막으로다시 17% 로조절하였다. 전개온도는실온, 유속은분당 0.8 ml, 크로마토그램은 UV 디텍터 [UV/Vis Waters 2487 Dual λ Absorbance Detector(Waters, Milford, MA, U.S.A.] 를이용하여 203 nm에서검출하였다. 증숙삼류생약엑스의조제증숙삼류생약 ( 홍삼, 홍미삼, 흑삼, 흑미삼 ) 각각 10 g 씩에 70% Ethyl alcohol(etoh) 를각각 200 ml 씩넣고, 각각 70 o C에서 2 시간씩 4회환류추출하였고, 여과후여액을 70 o C에서감압농축하여엑스를얻었다. 조사포닌조제검체 (sample) 각 2g 씩을취하여증류수에현탁하여분액깔 실험결과및고찰증숙삼류생약 ( 홍삼, 홍미삼, 흑삼, 흑미삼 ) 을대상으로개별 ginsenoside의함량분포를조사 비교함으로서증숙삼류생약의인삼사포닌함유패턴을검토하여증숙삼류생약의인삼사포닌성분변화에대한기초정보를제공하고자한다. 본연구에서분석한인삼사포닌은 Fig. 2에서보는바와같이 ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rg6, Rh1, Rh2, Fig. 1 Figure of steaming ginseng radices (Panax ginseng Meyer). A : Red ginseng, B : Red fine ginseng, C : Black ginseng, D : Black fine ginseng. J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
276 김민영 이재범 양병욱 박종대 고성권 Fig. 2 The chemical structure of ginsenosides. Rh4, Rk1, Rk3, F1 그리고 F4 이었으며, 이들은 Fig. 3과같이 HPLC를통하여표품과직접비교 확인하고함량을계산하였다. 증숙삼류생약의 70% Ethyl alcohol 엑스의추출수율은 Table 1에서보는바와같이흑미삼 (BFG) 이 52.2% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로홍미삼 (RFG, 49.7%), 흑삼 (BG, 41.4%), 홍삼 (RG, 19.1%) 의순이었다. 70% Ethyl alcohol 엑스의수포화 n-butanol 분획인조사포닌함량은홍삼 (RG) 이 47.3% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로홍미삼 (RFG, 32.0%), 흑미삼 (BFG, 31.6%), 흑삼 (BG, 27.6%) 의순이었다. 인삼사포닌의함량분포는 Table 2에서보는바와같이총사포닌 (total saponin) 은분석한 ginsenoside 함량의총합계로서, 흑미삼 (BFG) 이 12.221% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로흑삼 (BG, 4.541%), 홍미삼 (RFG, 3.678%), 홍삼 (RG, 1.597%) 의순이었다. 이와같은결과는흑미삼 (BFG) 의총사포닌이흑삼 (BG) 에비하여약 2.7배높은함량을나타내었고, 홍미삼 (RFG) 의총사포닌이홍삼 (RG) 에비하여약 2.3배높은함량을나타내었다. 따라서, 총사포닌에있어서증숙미삼류생약 ( 흑미삼, 홍미삼 ) 이증숙본삼류생약 ( 흑삼, 홍삼 ) 보다높은함량을나타내는것을확인할수있었고, 또한, 흑삼류생약 ( 흑삼, 흑미삼 ) 이홍 삼류생약 ( 홍삼, 홍미삼 ) 보다높은함량을나타내는것을확인할수있었다. 프로토파낙사디올그룹 (protopanaxadiol group, ginsenoside Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, Rg5, Rh2, Rk1) 성분과프로토파낙사트리올그룹 (protopanaxatriol group, ginsenoside Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg6, Rh1, Rk3, F1, F4) 성분의비율 (PD/PT) 에있어서도흑미삼 (BFG) 이 5.870로서가장높은비율을나타내었으며, 그다음으로흑삼 (BG, 3.232), 홍삼 (RG, 1.996), 홍미삼 (RFG, 1.370) 의순이었다. 이와같은결과로부터흑삼류생약 ( 흑삼, 흑미삼 ) 이홍삼류생약 ( 홍삼, 홍미삼 ) 보다높은비율을나타내는것을확인할수있었고, 결과적으로증숙횟수가증가될수록중추신경억제작용 27) 이알려진프로토파낙사디올그룹 (protopanaxadiol group) 성분비율이높아지는것으로사료되며, 흑삼류생약이홍삼류생약보다진정적인생리활성을나타낼것으로예측된다. 이와같은결과는 2005년조등 25) 이보고한흑삼과홍삼의인삼사포닌연구에서흑삼은 protopanaxadiol group이높은함유율을나타낸다고보고하여서, 본연구에서와같은경향을보여주었다. 또한, 열에의하여생성되는인공물즉홍삼특유성분으로서, 암예방작용, 암세포성장억제작용, 15,16) 혈압강하작용, 17) 뇌신경 Vol. 61, No. 5, 2017
증숙삼의인삼사포닌 277 Fig. 3 HPLC profiles of ginsenosides detected from steaming ginseng radices. A : Red ginseng, B : Red fine ginseng, C : Black ginseng, D : Black fine ginseng, E : mixed standard. 세포보호작용, 18) 항혈전작용, 19) 항산화작용 15) 을나타낸다고알려진 ginsenoside Rg3의함량에있어서는흑미삼 (BFG) 이 5.879% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로흑삼 (BG, 1.595%), 홍미삼 (RFG, 0.299%), 홍삼 (RG, 0.032%) 의순이었다. 이와같은결과는흑미삼 (BFG) 의 ginsenoside Rg3의함량이홍미삼 (RFG) 에비하여약 20배높은함량을나타내었고, 흑삼 (BG) 의 ginsenoside Rg3의함량이홍삼 (RG) 에비하여약 50배높은함량을나타내었다. 항염작용, 28) 뇌인지개선작용, 29) 유방암개선작용, 30) 신장독성개선작용, 31) 을나타내는 ginsenoside Rg5와항종양작용, 혈소판응집억제작용을나타내는 ginsenoside Rk1의총합에있어서도흑미삼 (BFG) 이 4.133% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로흑삼 (BG, 1.602%), 홍미삼 (RFG, 0.098%), 홍삼 (RG, 0.032%) 의순이었다. 이와같은결과는흑미삼 (BFG) 의 ginsenoside J. Pharm. Soc. Korea
278 김민영 이재범 양병욱 박종대 고성권 Table I Crude saponin and extract yield of steaming ginseng radices (%,w/w) Samples Extract yield Crude saponin RG a) 19.1 47.3 RFG b) 49.7 32.0 BG c) 41.4 27.6 BFG d) 52.2 31.6 a) : Red ginseng, b) : Red fine ginseng, c) : Black ginseng, d) : Black fine ginseng Rg5, Rk1의함량이홍미삼 (RFG) 에비하여약 42배높은함량을나타내었고, 흑삼 (BG) 의 ginsenoside Rg5, Rk1의함량이홍삼 (RG) 에비하여약 50배높은함량을나타내었다. 한편, 현행건강기능식품공전에홍삼의지표물질로되어있는인삼사포닌배당체성분인 ginsenoside Rb1 과 Rg1 의함량에있어서는 ginsenoside Rb1의경우는홍미삼 (RFG) 이 1.173% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로홍삼 (RG, 0.675%), 흑삼 (BG, 0.128%), 흑미삼 (BFG, 0.112%) 의순이었다. 또한, ginsenoside Rg1의경우에는홍미삼 (RFG) 이 0.277% 로서가장높은함량을나타내었으며, 그다음으로홍삼 (RG, 0.272%), 흑삼 (BG, 0.015%), 흑미삼 (BFG, 미검출 ) 의순이었다. 따라서, 인삼프로사포게닌고농도함유기능성강화제품개발에있어서는흑미삼을중심으로한흑삼류생약을이용한기능성제품개발에기대가모아지고있다. 결론증숙삼류생약을대상으로 ginsenoside의함량분포를조사 비교한결과, 총사포닌함량, ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rk1의함량에있어서모두흑미삼이가장높은함량을나타내므로서, 인삼프로사포게닌고농도함유기능성강화제품개발에있어서는흑미삼을중심으로한흑삼류생약을이용한기능성제품개발에기대가모아지고있다. Table II The composition and contents of ginseng saponin in steaming ginseng radices (w/w %) Ginsenosides Steaming ginseng radices RG e) RFG f) BG g) BFG h) Rb 1 0.675±0.002 1.173±0.039 0.128±0.009 0.112±0.001 Rb 2 0.080±0.001 0.379±0.007 0.046±0.003 0.075±0.000 Rc 0.187±0.001-0.049±0.001 0.063±0.001 Rd 0.058±0.000 0.177±0.007 0.048±0.002 0.142±0.001 Re 0.122±0.001 0.421±0.013 0.014±0.000 - Rf 0.060±0.000 0.088±0.004 0.059±0.002 0.063±0.000 Rg 1 0.272±0.001 0.277±0.010 0.015±0.000 - Rg 2 0.014±0.000 0.039±0.002 0.052±0.007 0.131±0.002 Rg3(R) 0.013±0.000 0.115±0.004 0.147±0.013 0.515±0.002 Rg3(S) 0.019±0.000 0.184±0.019 1.448±0.001 5.364±0.017 Rg5(E) 0.020±0.000 0.081±0.003 1.337±0.005 3.321±0.005 Rk1+Rg5(Z) 0.012±0.000 0.017±0.001 0.265±0.000 0.812±0.001 Rg6 - - 0.240±0.005 0.612±0.005 Rh1 0.018±0.000 0.660±0.019 0.065±0.001 0.128±0.001 Rh2 - - - 0.038±0.001 Rh4 0.021±0.001 0.016±0.001 0.238±0.002 0.219±0.012 Rk3 0.012±0.001 0.016±0.001 0.236±0.003 0.265±0.013 F1-0.010±0.001 - - F4 0.014±0.000 0.025±0.002 0.154±0.008 0.361±0.011 Total ginsenosides a) 1.597 3.678 4.541 12.221 Diol/Triol b) 1.996 1.370 3.232 5.870 Rg3 c) 0.032 0.299 1.595 5.879 Rg5+Rk1 d) 0.032 0.098 1.602 4.133 a) : Sum of individual ginsenosides content, b) : Rb1+Rb2+Rc+Rd+Rg3+Rg5+Rk1 / Re+Rf+Rg1+Rg2+Rg6+Rh1+Rh4+Rk3+F1+F4, c) : Rg3(R)+Rg3(S), d) : Rg5(E)+Rg5(Z)+Rk1, e) : Red ginseng, f) : Red fine ginseng, g) : Black ginseng, h) : Black fine ginseng, Values represent the mean±s.d. (n=3) Vol. 61, No. 5, 2017
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