-Original Paper-42 50. 2009. 대구지역 지하철역사 공기여과필터 포집먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 특성평가 도화석 송희봉 신동찬 곽진희 이명숙 윤호석 강혜정 피영규* * (2008 10 18, 2009 1 30 ) Characteristic Assessment of Heavy Metals in Dusts Collected by the Air Filtration System at Subway Stations in Daegu, Korea Hwa-Seok Do Hee-Bong Song Dong-Chan Shin Jin-Hee Kwak Myoung-Sook Lee Ho-Suk Yoon Hye-Jung Kang Young-Gyu Phee* Public Health and Environment Institute of Daegu Metropolitan City *Department of Health Science, Daeguhaany University ABSTRACT : Samples of subway dust were collected by the air filter system of 30 subway stations on Daegu subway line 1 in January 2008. Samples were sieved below 100 µm, and 14 elements were analyzed using ICP after acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace elements using enrichment factor showed that Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V were influenced by natural sources such as weathered rock and resuspended soil, while Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were influenced by anthropogenic sources such as fuel combustion and waste incineration. Concentrations were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from anthropogenic sources. Anthropogenic sources were significantly affected by indoor dusts than outdoor dusts. Results of pollution indices of heavy metals indicated that indoor dusts were more contaminated with heavy metal ions than outdoor dusts. The correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components were much correlated in the order of natural sources-anthropogenic sources, anthropogenic sources-anthropogenic sources, natural sources-natural sources in both indoor and outdoor dusts. Trace element components of outdoor dusts were largely correlated than those of indoor dusts. In addition, indoor dusts were significantly affected by outdoor dusts rather than depth from the surface or the average daily number of subway passengers. Key Words : Subway Dust, Trace Elements, Enrichment Factor, Pollution Indices 요약 : 2008 1 1 30 100 µm ICP 14., Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V,, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn,.,..,., -, -, -..,,,. 주제어 :,,, 1. 서 론 *.,, Corresponding author E-mail: dhs2580@daegumail.net Tel: 053-760-1291 Fax: 053-760-1333. 1)..
대구지역 지하철역사 공기여과필터 포집먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 특성평가 43..,.,. 2 6),, - 3. 6) 56 2 (3.6%). 100%, 19%, 15%, 0%. 7)...,, 8,9),,.. 2. 재료 및 방법 2.1. 채취지점 및 기간 1 30 3 (Air Filter System). Demister( ) Auto Air Filter( 10 µm 55% ) (, ), Pre-Medium Filter( 1 5 µm 85% ) (, ).,,, ( ) 10) Table 1,. Table 1. Identification of sampling sites in subway station (Daegu Line 1) Sites Depth (m) Passenger (person/day) Gate (basement) Ground environment Sites Depth (m) Passenger (person/day) Gate (basement) Ground environment # 1 19.0 16,055 4 (B3F) #16 18.7 20,782 4 (B3F) Market Station # 2 16.2 8,533 4 (B2F) #17 21.8 10,613 4 (B3F) Market # 3 13.7 8,573 4 (B2F) #18 17.9 8,998 8 (B2F) Crossroads # 4 14.0 22,731 8 (B2F) Crossroads #19 20.4 23,680 4 (B3F) Station # 5 14.8 8,708 8 (B2F) Crossroads #20 15.8 9,154 4 (B2F) Crossroads # 6 18.2 8,295 4 (B3F) #21 23.9 11,347 4 (B4F) # 7 17.0 19,399 3 (B2F) Crossroads #22 24.7 3,011 4 (B4F) # 8 16.0 6,340 4 (B2F) #23 20.6 6,107 4 (B3F) # 9 19.1 7,908 4 (B2F) #24 15.6 6,523 4 (B2F) #10 15.1 6,990 4 (B2F) Crossroads #25 14.7 4,484 4 (B2F) #11 14.6 12,800 3 (B2F) #26 15.8 2,618 3 (B2F) #12 19.3 8,463 4 (B3F) #27 14.7 7,284 4 (B2F) #13 14.0 11,961 4 (B2F) Crossroads #28 14.7 5,184 4 (B2F) Factory Crossroads #14 19.0 9,399 4 (B3F) Crossroads #29 14.5 7,317 4 (B2F) #15 18.4 38,929 4 (B3F) Crossroads #30 16.2 10,036 5 (B2F) 대한환경공학회지 31권 1호, 2009년 1월
44 도화석 송희봉 신동찬 곽진희 이명숙 윤호석 강혜정 피영규 30 2008 1 14 1 16 3 (14 /8, 15 /7, 16 /15 ). ( : 0.5, : 43.0%, :, : 2.6 m/sec, : ). 11) 2.2. 시료채취 및 분석 (LDPE :, 25 cm 30 cm, ). (Standard Testing Seive :, Aperture 100 µm, ) 100 µm. (Electronic Balance : Ohaus, Galaxy 200D, Germany) 1.0 g 2 : 2 :2 HCl-HNO 3-H 2O (HCl HNO 3, H 2O ) 6 ml (Ultrasonic Extractor : Elma, Transsonic 890/H, Germany) 95 2 25 ml. 8,9,12) (ICP : Perkin Elmer, Optima 4300DV, USA) 14 (Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn). 2.3. 자료처리 30 60 ( 30, 30 ) ICP 14. - (NIST) Standard Reference Matter 1648 (Urban Particulate Matter) (Recovery Test)., Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn Fe, Mn, Mg 62 95%( : 0.1 1.6%) Al, Cr, K, Na 15 42%( : 0.4 2.3%). 13).. Table 2 Al,. 3. 결과 및 고찰 3.1. 지하역사 먼지에 함유된 미량원소성분의 발생 원 평가 Rahn 14). Al. Taylor McLennan 15). Al 80,400 µg/g, Ca 30,000 µg/g, Cd 0.098 µg/g, Cr 35 µg/g, Cu 25 µg/g, Fe 35,000 µg/g, K 28,000 µg/g, Mg 13,300 µg/g, Mn 600 µg/g, Na 28,900 µg/g, Ni 20 µg/g, Pb 20 µg/g, V 60 µg/g Zn 71 µg/g. (E.F, Enrichment Factor), Table 2. (E.F) = / Al / Al 10, 10. 16) Table 2. Enrichment factor of trace elements in subway station dust This study Song et al 8,9) Element (Indoor, n=30) (Outdoor, n=30) School (Indoor, n=45) Street (Outdoor, n=48) (Al) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) (1.0) Ca 5.4 5.0 11.6 8.1 Cd 812.7 401.2 650.1 671.5 Cr 20.6 15.4 17.3 35.1 Cu 518.9 161.9 140.3 101.2 Fe 3.6 2.7 3.3 9.7 K 1.8 1.4 1.8 0.5 Mg 2.5 2.5 3.8 4.1 Mn 9.5 5.4 5.5 7.1 Na 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.1 Ni 19.7 13.0 21.5 31.6 Pb 111.6 61.7 138.6 58.7 V 2.9 3.2 3.5 4.4 Zn 335.5 136.7 93.9 78.4
대구지역 지하철역사 공기여과필터 포집먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 특성평가 45 Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V 10,,. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn 10,. Al 8,9) 17,18). Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V 10, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn 10. V, 5. (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn).. 8,9) Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn... Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni. 3.2. 지하역사 먼지에 함유된 미량원소성분의 농도 분포 3.2.1. 미량원소성분의 분석결과 요약 60 Table 3. 14 Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na 7 mg/g mg/g. Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb µg/g µg/g Cu Zn µg/g µg/g. 92.3%(82,736 µg/g) 7.7%(6,862 µg/g), 96.4%(78,843 µg/g) 3.6% (2,962 µg/g).. Table 3. Summary of analytical results(µg/g) Element Indoor(n=30) Outdoor(n=30) Mean Median S.D 1) C.V 2) Min Max Mean Median S.D 1) C.V 2) Min Max Al 13661 13865 1626 0.12 10280 16360 14861 14690 1572 0.11 10030 18530 Ca 27747 28215 4366 0.16 20660 38010 27771 27360 3961 0.14 20970 35580 Cd 14 11 11 0.83 5 68 7 6 6 0.81 1 36 Cr 122 112 62 0.50 75 433 100 84 54 0.55 63 334 Cu 2204 2250 885 0.40 894 4338 748 739 215 0.29 443 1258 Fe 21383 21015 2324 0.11 17580 28700 17610 17975 1401 0.08 15260 19730 K 8647 8080 2065 0.24 5848 15170 7046 7107 1986 0.28 1752 11850 Mg 5682 5850 667 0.12 4570 7076 6056 6031 431 0.07 5367 6911 Mn 969 953 195 0.20 623 1470 595 583 98 0.17 358 838 Na 4642 4292 1456 0.31 1725 8755 4904 4944 1741 0.35 1213 7952 Ni 67 63 24 0.36 35 164 48 42 23 0.47 29 141 Pb 379 341 146 0.39 183 742 228 214 68 0.30 81 347 V 29 30 9 0.31 14 51 36 36 7 0.19 20 49 Zn 4047 3531 1450 0.36 2472 8030 1795 1781 352 0.20 892 2536 1) Standard Deviation, 2) Coefficient of Variation (= Standard Deviation/Mean) 대한환경공학회지 31권 1호, 2009년 1월
46 도화석 송희봉 신동찬 곽진희 이명숙 윤호석 강혜정 피영규 (S.D) (Mean) (C.V) Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn(6 ) 0.3 Cd, Cr, Cu, Na, Ni, Pb, V, Zn(8 ) 0.3. Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, V, Zn (9 ) 0.3 Cd, Cr, Na, Ni, Pb(5 ) 0.3. 8 5 0.3. 0.3 7 (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) 1 (Na).... Cu(3.0 ), Zn(2.3 ), Cd(1.9 ), Mn(1.6 ), Ni(1.4 ), Cr Fe K ( 1.2 ), Ca, Na, Al, Mg, V 0.8 1.0. 3.2.2. 시료채취지점별 농도분포 30 60 ( 30, 30 ) ICP 14 Cd, Cr, Ni Pb Fig. 1. 2 4 13.7 24.7 m, 1 Fig. 1. Concentrations of heavy metals(cd, Cr, Ni, Pb) on sampling sites.
대구지역 지하철역사 공기여과필터 포집먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 특성평가 47 2,618 38,929, 3 8. #16, #17, #28. Fig. 1 Cd, #17. Cr #11, #16, #17, #28.. Ni, #28, #19. Pb Cd, Cr, Ni,. #1, #16, #17, #19, #20, #21, #27.. 3.2.3. 대구지역의 다른 장소와의 미량원소성분 농도비교,,. Table 4 8,9).. 1.1 6.0 (Mg 1.1, Pb V 1.3, Ni 1.5, Al K 1.6, Na 1.7, Fe 1.8, Cr 1.9, Cd 2.0, Mn 2.8, Zn 5.8, Cu 6.0). Ca 0.8. (CaCO 3), /. Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn 2, Cu Zn 6.0 5.8. Cu Zn, Table 4. Mean concentration of trace elements(µg/g) in dust in other places, Daegu city This study Song et al 8,9) Element (Indoor, n=30) (Outdoor, n=30) School (Indoor, n=45) Street (Outdoor, n=48) Al 13661 14861 8388 10435 Ca 27747 27771 36404 31518 Cd 14 7 7 9 Cr 122 100 63 159 Cu 2204 748 366 329 Fe 21383 17610 11882 43922 K 8647 7046 5352 1759 Mg 5682 6056 5311 7070 Mn 969 595 345 550 Na 4642 4904 2740 364 Ni 67 48 45 82 Pb 379 228 289 152 V 29 36 22 34 Zn 4047 1795 695 725,. 19 23) Al, Cu, K, Na, Pb, Zn 1.4 13.5, Ca, Cd, Mg, Mn, V. Cr, Fe, Ni 1.6 2.5. 3.3. 지하역사 먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 오염도 평가 24) ( ). Cd 12 µg/g, Cu 200 µg/g, Ni 160 µg/g, Pb 400 µg/g Zn 800 µg/g. (P.I, Pollution Index), Table 5. (P.I) = Cd (µg/g) Cu (µg/g) Ni (µg/g) Pb (µg/g) Zn (µg/g) 12(µg/g) 200(µg/g) 160(µg/g) 400(µg/g) 800(µg/g) 5 1.0, 1.0. 대한환경공학회지 31권 1호, 2009년 1월
48 도화석 송희봉 신동찬 곽진희 이명숙 윤호석 강혜정 피영규 Table 5. Pollution index of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) in subway station dust P.I > 1.0 P.I < 1.0 P. I1) Sampling place Number % Number % Mean±S.D 2) 30 100 0 0 3.71±0.84 (Indoor, n=30) This study 29 97 1 3 1.49±0.30 (Outdoor, n=30) Song et al 8,9) School (Indoor, n=45) Street (Outdoor, n=48) 1) Pollution Index, 2) Standard Deviation 45 100 0 0 3.62±1.64 11 23 37 77 0.83±0.55 30 30 (100%) 1.0, 30 29 (97%) 1.0. 3.71 1.49 2.5. 8,9) (3.71) > (3.62) > (1.49) > (0.83).. 3.4. 지하역사 먼지에 함유된 미량원소성분의 상관성 분석 3.4.1. 미량원소성분간의 상관관계 Table 6. Al V (0.48), Ca Cr (0.43), K Cd, Pb, V, Zn (0.82, 0.89, 0.48, 0.67), Mn Cr, Cu, Ni ( 0.45, 0.70, 0.67), Mg Pb, V, Zn (0.41, 0.70, 0.44), Na Cd, Table 6. Correlation coefficient among trace elements in subway station dust (n=30) Indoor Al Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb V Zn Al (1.0) Ca 0.51 (1.0) Cd -0.15-0.41 (1.0) Cr 0.03 0.43-0.03 (1.0) Cu -0.43 0.09-0.36 0.23 (1.0) Fe -0.17 0.24-0.14 0.12 0.32 (1.0) K -0.22-0.62 0.82-0.08-0.31-0.18 (1.0) Mg 0.50 0.46 0.17 0.15-0.49 0.32 0.13 (1.0) Mn -0.44 0.01-0.04 0.45 0.70 0.26 0.15-0.13 (1.0) Na -0.06-0.53 0.62 0.01-0.18-0.06 0.81-0.00 0.08 (1.0) Ni -0.20 0.14 0.14 0.87 0.30 0.17 0.24 0.09 0.67 0.24 (1.0) Pb -0.24-0.46 0.75-0.04-0.35 0.02 0.89 0.41 0.17 0.61 0.26 (1.0) V 0.48-0.03 0.37-0.02-0.79-0.21 0.48 0.70-0.30 0.37 0.02 0.60 (1.0) Zn -0.22-0.38 0.60-0.16-0.40 0.27 0.67 0.44-0.09 0.50 0.13 0.82 0.52 (1.0) Outdoor Al Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Mg Mn Na Ni Pb V Zn Al (1.0) Ca 0.13 (1.0) Cd 0.53-0.13 (1.0) Cr 0.17 0.22 0.25 (1.0) Cu 0.16 0.16-0.00-0.29 (1.0) Fe 0.41 0.51 0.17 0.28 0.25 (1.0) K 0.68 0.20 0.39-0.08 0.30 0.16 (1.0) Mg 0.39 0.61-0.05 0.31-0.12 0.79 0.15 (1.0) Mn 0.67 0.54 0.53 0.40 0.15 0.82 0.43 0.74 (1.0) Na 0.56-0.08 0.27-0.08 0.31-0.19 0.82-0.20 0.09 (1.0) Ni 0.12 0.30 0.08 0.95-0.26 0.22-0.02 0.30 0.32 0.04 (1.0) Pb 0.64 0.37 0.52 0.15 0.14 0.41 0.82 0.37 0.67 0.59 0.22 (1.0) V 0.61 0.44 0.16 0.12 0.03 0.58 0.67 0.70 0.69 0.40 0.21 0.81 (1.0) Zn 0.21 0.56 0.34-0.05 0.28 0.19 0.48 0.18 0.49 0.24-0.01 0.62 0.33 (1.0) Correlation coefficients exceeding 0.36 are significant at a level of 0.05.
대구지역 지하철역사 공기여과필터 포집먼지에 함유된 중금속성분의 특성평가 49 Pb, V, Zn (0.62, 0.61, 0.37, 0.50) (P<0.05). Al Ca, Mg (0.51, 0.50), Ca Mg (0.46), K Na (0.81) (P<0.05). Cd Pb, V, Zn (0.75, 0.37, 0.60), Cr Ni (0.87), Pb V, Zn (0.60, 0.82), V Zn (0.52) (P<0.05). (4 ) (7 ). Al Cd, Pb, V (0.53, 0.64, 0.61), Ca Pb, V, Zn (0.37, 0.44, 0.56), K Cd, Pb, V, Zn (0.39, 0.82, 0.67, 0.48), Mn Cd, Cr, Pb, V, Zn (0.53, 0.40, 0.67, 0.69, 0.49), Fe Pb, V (0.41, 0.58), Mg Pb, V (0.37, 0.70), Na Pb, V (0.59, 0.40) (P<0.05). Al Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na (0.41, 0.68, 0.39, 0.67, 0.56), Ca Fe, Mg, Mn (0.51, 0.61, 0.54), Fe Mg, Mn(0.79, 0.82), K Mn, Na (0.43, 0.82), Mg Na (0.74) (P<0.05). Cd Pb (0.52), Cr Ni (0.95), Pb V, Zn (0.81, 0.62) (P<0.05). (4 ) (13 ).,. (P< 0.05) - ( 10 : Al-V, K-Cd, Mn-Cr, K-Pb V Zn, Mg-Pb V, Na- Pb V), - ( 4 : Cd-Pb, Cr-Ni, Pb-V Zn), - ( 3 : Al-Mg, Ca- Mg, K-Na). ( 38 : - 13, - 4, - 21) ( 27 : - 4, - 7, - 16) (P<0.05).. 3.4.2. 실외먼지, 역사깊이, 이용객수와 실내먼지 성분간 의 상관관계,, (Table 1) Table 7. Table 7. Correlation coefficient between indoor trace elements and other factors (n=30) Factor Al Ca Cd Cr Cu Fe K Depth -0.21-0.40 0.44-0.06-0.17 0.09 0.51 Passenger -0.28-0.40 0.16-0.09-0.02 0.07 0.39 Outdoor trace element -0.05 0.49 0.90 0.83 0.24 0.11 0.48 Factor Mg Mn Na Ni Pb V Zn Depth 0.16 0.11 0.38 0.07 0.52 0.30 0.55 Passenger -0.17 0.19 0.44 0.18 0.28 0.04 0.30 Outdoor trace element 0.61 0.23 0.61 0.73 0.49 0.43 0.12 Correlation coefficients exceeding 0.36 are significant at a level of 0.05., Cd(0.44), K(0.51), Na(0.38), Pb(0.52), Zn(0.55).,... Ca(0.49), Cd(0.90), Cr(0.83), K(0.48), Mg(0.61), Na(0.61), Ni(0.73), Pb(0.49), V(0.43).,.,. Phillips 25). 4. 결 론 2008 1 1 30 (Air Filter System) ( -, - ) 100 µm ICP 14. 1), Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, V,, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn,. 2) ( mg/g), ( µg/g). (7.7%) (3.6%). 대한환경공학회지 31권 1호, 2009년 1월
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