186 Jung-Myung Cho I 20 (the last romantics: VP 491) (dream) (CP)(1933) (Isaac Newton) 18. (Maud Gonne)..,. ( The Song of the Happy Shepherd )

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1 :...,,,... : W. B.,,,, :,. Title: In Search of Illusion and Vision in W. B. Yeats s Poetry Abstract: This essay looks into the dreams in W. B. Yeats s poetry. As a Last Romantic Yeats considers dreams invaluable; in particular, dreams enable Yeats to see things invisible. In other words, to dream is the way to understand the truth in the world; it is not enough to understand it by way of scientific knowledge alone. In his poems, dreams have neither a fixed nor single meaning: it depends on their contexts. His dreams can be classified into illusion, vision, imagination, revelation, and in this essay I would like to focus on illusions and visions in Yeats s poetry. Key words: W. B. Yeats, dreams, illusion, vision, meaning Author: Jung-Myung Cho is Professor of English at Kyungwoon University, Korea johjm77@naver.com

2 186 Jung-Myung Cho I 20 (the last romantics: VP 491) (dream) (CP)(1933) (Isaac Newton) 18. (Maud Gonne)..,. ( The Song of the Happy Shepherd ) (Poems)(1895). / /,, (she(the world) dreams not now / / Dream, dream, for this is also sooth: VP 67)..., (Jeong 34). (Grey Truth), (Albright 415). (1895) (CP),.,.. (Nicholas Grene)

3 187 (53), (the visionary truth). 18,. (Of old the world on dreaming fed: VP 64),. (Thurley 10).., ( ) 1), ( )...., ( ). Then nowise worship dusty deeds, Nor seek, for this is also sooth, To hunger fiercely after truth, Lest all thy toiling only breeds New dreams, new dreams; there is no truth Saving in thine own heart. Seek, then, No learning from the starry men, Who follow with the optic glass The whirling ways of stars that pass. Seek, then, for this is also sooth, No word of theirs... (VP 66).,

4 188 Jung-Myung Cho. (William Blake) ( ) (Single vision & Newton s sleep: 862).. (twisted, echo-harbouring shell: VP 66)..,, (Albright 415), (, 22).,, ( Sad Shepherd ). ( Miserrimus ),. (most piteous story: VP 68) (inarticulate moan: VP 69)..... (George Bornstein) (innate balance of credulity with scepticism) (48).,.

5 189. ( The Rose of the World ),? (Who dreamed that beauty passes like a dream?: VP 111)... (we and the laboring world are passing by), (lives on: VP 112).,., (Thurley 14-15).,.. (John Keats) ( Easter 1916 ). : (We know their dream; enough / To know they dreamed and are dead: VP 394)... ( He wishes for the Cloths of Heaven ) (Hassett 76), (Rosenthal 4-5)..,.

6 190 Jung-Myung Cho But I, being poor, have only my dreams; I have spread my dreams under your feet; Tread softly because you tread on my dreams. (VP 176)., (Cullingford 25). (Albright 474)....,..., ( To Ireland in the Coming Times ),.,,.. Nor may I less be counted one With Davis, Mangan, Ferguson, Because, to him who ponders well, My rhymes more than their rhyming tell Of things discovered in the deep,

7 191 Where only body s laid asleep. (VP 138).., (CL ).,.. /,. (While still I may, I write for you / The love I lived, the dream I knew: VP 139)., ( Circus Animals Desertion ) (my thought and love),.,.,. And this brought forth a dream and soon enough This dream itself had all my thought and love. (VP 630)..

8 192 Jung-Myung Cho. (Plato) (Plotinus). (George Berkeley). ( Ego Dominus Tuus ) (Ille) / (art / Is but a vision of reality: VP 369). (awakened from the common dream: VP 369) (a transcendent Platonic reality: Grene 55). ( Blood and the Moon )., (God-appointed Berkeley that proved all things a dream: VP 481). ( The Tower ),., / /. (being dead, we rise, / Dream and so create / Translunar Paradise.: VP 415) (dream), (dreaming) (dream) 200. (A Vision)...,,,,.,.

9 193 II,.. (Deirdre) (NC 27),,... ( When You Are Old ) (Albright 440),.,,.,.,. How many loved your moments of glad grace, And loved your beauty with love false or true, But one man loved the pilgrims soul in you, And loved the sorrows of your changing face; And bending down beside the glowing bars, Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled And paced upon the mountains overhead And hid his face amid a crowd of stairs. (VP 121)

10 194 Jung-Myung Cho, (NC 79). ( The Lover mourns for the Loss of Love ) ( ) / ( ) / (She looked in my heart one day / And saw your image was there; / She has gone weeping away: VP 152)., (Olivia Shakespear) (Hassett 23).. (Elizabeth Cullingford) (63).. ( Two Years Later ) (Iseult Gonne).,,. (Albright 541).,, /, /, /. /, /. (O you will take whatever s offered / And dream that all the world s a friend, / Suffer as your mother suffered, / Be as broken in the end. / But I am old and you are young, / And I speak a barbarous tongue.:vp 313), ( To a Young Girl ),. ( A Memory of Youth ) (Hassett 108).

11 195 ( ),, / /. / ( ) /. (My dear, my dear, I know / More than another / What makes your heart beat so; not even your own mother / Can know it as I know,: VP 336). ("Never Give All the Heart") ("Old Memory") (Rosenthal 30)..,.,.,,?,. For everything that s lovely is But a brief, dreamy, kind delight. O never give the heart outright, For they, for all smooth lips can say, Have given their hearts up to the play. And who could play it well enough If deaf and dumb and blind with love? He that made this knows all the cost, For he gave all his heart and lost. (VP 202). (Albright 485). (NC 77)..

12 196 Jung-Myung Cho.,. ( Sixteen Dead Men ).. (NC 188).. /. / /? (You say that we should still the land / Till Germany s overcome; / But who is there to ague that / Now Pearce is deaf and dumb?: VP 395) (John Redmond: ) , 1916.,...

13 197,,? How could you dream they d listen That have an ear alone For those new comrades they have found, Lord Edward and Wolfe Tone Or meddle with our give and take That converse bone to bone? (VP 395) /. (This other man I had dreamed / A drunken, vainglorious lout.: VP 393). / (had done most bitter wrong / To some who are near my heart: VP 393),. (too, has been changed in his turn: VP 393)..,.,.,?. ( The Hosting of the Sidhe ) (Niamh) (Empty your heart of its mortal dream: VP 140),

14 198 Jung-Myung Cho... (dreamless peace). ( The Man who Dreamed of Faeryland ). (unhaunted sleep).,. ( The Stolen Child ).,.,,,. Away with us he s going, The solemn-eyed: He ll hear no more the lowing Of the calves on the warm hillside Or the kettle on the hob Sing peace into his breast, Or see the brown mice bob Round and round the oatmeal-chest. (VP 88)

15 199, ( 295)...,. ( The Withering of the Boughs )., /. (No boughs have withered because of the wintry wind; / The boughs have withered because I have told them my dreams.: VP 203).,.,. (The Celtic Twilight)...,... 11,. (Myth 116)

16 200 Jung-Myung Cho,.. ( The Host of the Air ) (sluagh Gaoith: the folk of the air).... (Ballisodare).. (O Driscoll). (drear: VP 143),.,,., (dreamed: VP 144).,..,..,.,. ( The Stolen Bride ).

17 201.,.,.,. The bread and the wine had a doom, For these were the host of the air ; He sat and played in a dream Of her long dim hair. (VP ), (VP 143),. (Bratford 30). ( ) /. (She had fear of the bread and the wine / Of the people of the air.).. /. / /. (He played with the merry old man / And thought not of evil chance, / Until one bore Bridge his bride / Away from the merry dance.: VP 145)..,..

18 202 Jung-Myung Cho He bore her away in his arms, The handsomest young man there, And his neck and his breast and his arms Were drowned in her long dim hair. (VP 145)... (The Wind Among The Reeds)..,.. (VP 145, 804)..,..,. O Driscoll scattered the cards And out of his dream awoke: Old men and young men and young girls Were gone like a drifting smoke;

19 203 But he heard high up in the air A piper piping away, And never was piping so sad, And never was piping so gay. (VP 145),.... ( The White Birds ),, ( ),, (Albright 440).,,. III,. dream, seem.. dreamed seemed,.. ( Against Unworthy Praise ) (Unterecker 107).,

20 204 Jung-Myung Cho. (Albright 508)...,,,. Enough if the work has seemed, So did she your strength renew, A dream that a lion had dreamed Till the wilderness cried aloud, A secret between you two, Between the proud and the proud (VP 259) 12 (a haughtiest text)., (Albright 508).,. (Eva Gore-Booth) (Constance Georgina Markiewicz).. (Until her voice grew shrill; VP 392).. (Rosenthal)

21 205 (299),.,. /. (When withered old and skeleton-gaunt, / An image of such politics: VP 475). ( A Woman Homer Sung ). (fiery), (proud), (a heroic dream: VP 255),.. 2 ( No Second Troy ),? /? (Why, what could she have done, being what she is? / Was there another Troy for her to burn?: VP 257), ( September 1913 )? (all that delirium of the brave: VP 290) /? (And what if excess of love / Bewildered them till they died?: VP 394)...

22 206 Jung-Myung Cho /? (Did that play of mine send out / Certain men the English shot?: VP 632).. (a terrible beauty). (Pethica 16) ( Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen )..,,.. O but we dreamed to mend Whatever mischief seemed To afflict mankind, but now That winds of winter blow Learn that we were crack-pated when we dreamed. (VP 431) (To end all things: VP 431). 7 ( ). 1

23 207..,.,,..,,. ( ) We too had pretty toys when young: A law indifferent to blame or praise, To bribe or threat; habits that made old wrong Melt down, as it were wax in the sun s rays; Public opinion ripening for so long We thought it would outlive all future days. O what fine thought we had because we thought That the worst rogues and rascals had died out. (VP 431), , ( Cool Park, 1929 ) 1927 (Unterecker 210)..

24 208 Jung-Myung Cho... They came like swallows and like swallows went, And yet a woman s powerful character Could keep a swallow to its first intent; And half a dozen in formation there, That seemed to whirl upon the a compass-point, Found certainty upon dreaming air, The intellectual sweetness of those lines That cut through time or cross it withershins. (VP 489) (Dr. Douglas Hyde), (John Syne), (John Shawe-Taylor), (Hugh Lane),... (Bloom ).., / /. we (Grene) (62). (we) , (Many ingenious lovely things: VP 428),

25 209.,,...,.,.,...,.,. 1798,.,.,. IV.,..,

26 210 Jung-Myung Cho.,..,,,.,,,....,.... Notes 1).

27 211 Works cited Albright, Daniel, Ed. W. B. Yeats The Poems. London: Dent, Bradford, Curtis B. Yeats at Work. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, Blake, William. Poetry and Prose. Ed. Geoffrey Keynes. London: Nonesuch Library, Bornrstein, George. Transformations of Romanticism in Yeats, Eliot and Stevens. Chicago: U of Chicago P, [Cho, Jung-Myung. The Hybridity in W. B. Yeats s Early Poetry. The Yeats Journal of Korea 36 (2011): ].. 36 (2011): Cullingfod, Elizabeth Butler. Gender and History in the Yeat s Love Poetry. Syracuse UP, Grene, Nicholas. Yeats s Poetic Codes. New York: Oxford, Hassett, Joseph. W. B. Yeats and the Muses. New York: Oxford UP, Jeffares, A. Norman. A New Commentary on the Poems of W. B. Yeats. London: Macmillan, (NC) Jeong, Sinnu. Reading a Romantic Yeats, in Comparison with Wordsworth and Keats. The Yeats Journal of Korea 44 (2014): [Kim, Sangmoo. The Collected Lyric Poems of W. B. Yeats Vols.,, Translated and Annotated. Seoul: Seoul National UP, 2014.]. 1, 2, 3. :, [Kim, Chul-Soo. Sad Ireland s Magician: Yeats s Transcendental Poetics. Daegu:. Kyungbook National UP, 2012.]. :. :, Pethica James. The man who suffers and the mind which creates : Arthur Hallam, W. B. Yeats, T. S. Eliot, and genuine inspiration The Yeats Journal of Korea 44 (2014): Rosenthal, M. L. Running to Paradise: Yeats s Poetic Art. New York: Oxford UP, 1994.

28 212 Jung-Myung Cho Thurley, Geoffrey. The Turbulent Dream: Passion & Politics in the Poetry of W. B. Yeats. St. Lucia: Queensland UP, Unterecker, John. A Reader s Guide to William Butler Yeats. New York: Farrar, Straus & Ginoux, Yeats, William Butler. Collected Poems of W. B. Yeats. London: Macmillan, (CP). Mythologies. London: Macmillan, (Myth). The Celtic Twilight. London: A. H. Bullen, (CT). The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats, Vol.. Ed. John Kelly & Eric Domville. New York: Oxford UP, (CL ). Ed. Peter Allt and Russell K. Alspach. The Variorum Edition of The Poems of W. B. Yeats. New York: Macmillan, (VP) Edited by: Young Suck Rhee

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