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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 14, No. 7 pp , 능동인덕터를이용한주파수가변형대역통과필터설계 이석진 1, 최석우 2* 1 OCI, 2 전북대학교전기공학과 Frequency-Tunable Bandpass Filter Design Using Active Inductor Seok-Jin Lee 1 and Seok-Woo Choi 2* 1 OCI, 2 Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Chonbuk National University 요약최근이동통신시장의급속한증가에따라단말기설계는다표준방식으로발전하고있다. 본논문에서는다표준이동통신시스템에적용할수있는주파수가변형능동 RC 대역통과필터를능동인덕터를사용하여설계하였다. 기존의대역통과필터설계법에서는저지대역의감쇠특성과통과대역의주파수선택도를향상시키기위하여필터의차수를높게하거나극점 를증가시키는설계법을사용한다. 본논문에서는극점 가높은능동인덕터로대역통과필터를설계하여주파수특성이향상되었다. 또한설계된대역통과필터는튜닝회로를이용하여필터의중심주파수와이득을간단히조절할수있도록제안하였다. 설계된능동 RC 대역통과필터특성은 TSMC 0.18μm공정파라미터를이용하여해석하였다. 시뮬레이션결과, 20.5를갖는능동인덕터를이용한필터는 1.86GHz 중심주파수에서 90MHz의대역폭을갖고, 튜닝회로의커패시터값으로중심주파수를 GHz 범위까지튜닝이가능하여다표준무선통신시스템에적용할수있다. Abstract The fast-growing market in wireless communications has led to the development of multi-standard mobile terminals. In this paper, a frequency-tunable active RC bandpass filter for multi-standards wireless communication system is designed using an active inductor. The conventional bandpass filter design methods employ the high order filter or high quality factor to improve the stopband attenuation characteristics and frequency selectivity of the passband. The proposed bandpass filter based on the high active inductor has an improved frequency characteristics. The center frequency and gain of the designed bandpass filter is tuned by employing the tuning circuit. We have performed the simulation using TSMC 0.18 μm process parameter to analyze the characteristics of the designed active RC bandpass filter. The bandpass filter with 20.5 has 90MHz half power bandwidth at the center frequency of 1.86GHz. Moreover, the center frequency of the proposed bandpass filter can be tuned between GHz for the multi-standards wireless communication system using the capacitor of the tuning circuit. Key Words : Active inductor, Bandpass filter, Frequency-tunable, Multi-standards, Selectivity 1. 서론 무선통신단말기시스템의수신단에서는주파수선택기능을하는필터로 SAW(Surface Acoustic Wave) 필터를사용하고있다. SAW 필터는우수한필터특성으로인해일반적으로 MHz 대역의 IF(Intermediate Frequency) 필터와 800 2,000MHz 대역의 RF(Radio Frequency) 필터로활용되고있다. 그러나 SAW 필터는물질구조에의존하는필터이기때문에집적화가어렵고가격이높다는단점이있다. 또한기존의능동 RC 필터는연산증폭기와트랜스컨덕터의제한적인동작주파수와집적화시킬때에발생하는 CMOS의기생성분때문에 본논문은전북대학교국내 ( 외 ) 연구교수연구비지원에의하여연구되었음. * Corresponding Author : Seok-Woo Choi(Chonbuk National Univ.) Tel: swchoi@jbnu.ac.kr Received March 7, 2013 Revised (1st June 16, 2013, 2nd July 10, 2013) Acceptrd July 11,

2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 7 호, 2013 높은주파수에서동작하는필터를설계하기어렵고, RF 수동필터는도전체손실과기판에서의손실로인해큰삽입손실을갖는단점이있다. 따라서이러한단점을극복하기위해능동인덕터를이용하여대역통과필터를설계하는데이는적은삽입손실과 MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) 회로적용시집적화가가능하여소형화가가능하고, 원하는주파수대역에서부성저항특성을갖게하여삽입손실이아닌이득을얻을수있는장점이있다 [1-3]. 본논문에서는무선통신시스템의수신단에사용되고있는 RF 대역용 SAW 필터를집적화할수있도록능동인덕터를이용하여 CMOS 능동 RC 대역통과필터를설계하였다. 일반적으로대역통과필터의저지대역감쇠특성과중심주파수대역폭을좁게하여선택도 (Selectivity) 를향상시키는설계법은필터의차수를높게하거나 Q 지수 (Quality factor) 를증가시키는설계법등을이용한다. 본논문에서는기존의능동인덕터의 Q 지수를개선한능동인덕터를이용하여대역통과필터의중심주파수선택도와저지대역감쇠특성이향상된무선통신시스템용 RF 대역통과필터를설계하였다. 또한튜닝회로를이용하여대역통과필터의중심주파수를가변할수있도록하였다. 설계된능동 RC 대역통과필터는 TSMC 0.18μm공정파라미터로시뮬레이션하여주파수특성을분석하였다. 2. 대역통과필터용능동인덕터설계 연산증폭기를이용한기존의능동 RC 필터는 RF 대역용고주파수필터를설계하기어렵고, RF 수동필터는큰삽입손실을갖는단점이있다. 이러한단점을보완하기위해최근능동인덕터를이용하여능동 RC 대역통과필터를설계하는방법이연구되고있다 [4-6]. 일반적으로대역통과필터의특성을결정하는중요한요소는통과대역의대역폭과저지대역감쇠특성이다. 필터의대역폭을좁게하면원하는주파수대역신호만선택하여통과시킬수있다. 대역통과필터의특성을개선하기위한가장일반적인방법은필터의차수를높게하는설계법과대역통과필터의대역폭 B는 이므로 Q 지수를증가시켜필터의대역폭을좁게하여선택도를향상시키는설계법이있다.[7] 차수를높게하는설계법은차수의증가에따라서소자수가증가하여전력소모가증가하고, 또한집적회로로구현하는경우칩면적이증가하는단점을갖는다. 본논문에서는대역통과필터의선택도와저지대역특성을개선하기위하여필터의차수증가없이고주파수대역통과필터설계가가능하도록높은 Q 지수를갖는능동인덕터를이용하였다. 접지능동인덕터는능동인덕터를구현하는가장일반적인구조이다. 접지능동인덕터는 Fig. 1과같이두개의트랜지스터로구성되며, 간단한자이레이터 (Gyrator)-C 구조를갖는다. [Fig. 1] A typical grounded active inductor 리액턴스성분은 과 트랜지스터의기생커패시터로인하여발생하게된다. Fig. 1에서모의된인덕턴스값과 Q 지수는소신호해석을이용하여식 (1), (2) 와같이구할수있다. 그러나이러한접지능동인덕터는높은인덕턴스값과높은 Q 지수를구현하기어렵다는단점이있다 [5]. (1) (2) Fig. 1의접지능동인덕터의 Q 지수를증가시키기위하여본논문에서는 Fig. 2와같이 의게이트에궤환 (Feedback) 저항을이용하여일반적인접지능동인덕터에비해높은 Q 지수를구현하였다. 능동인덕터의특성해석을위한소신호등가회로는 Fig. 3과같다. 3426

3 능동인덕터를이용한주파수가변형대역통과필터설계 (5) (6) 입력임피던스 과 Fig. 4의능동인덕터 RLC 등가회로의소자등을비교하여구한인덕턴스값과 Q 지수는식 (7), (8) 과같다. [Fig. 2] The active inductor with high Q (7) (8) 궤환저항 이삽입된능동인덕터는소신호해석결과, 식 (7) 과 (8) 의분자항에 이곱해져 Fig. 1 에서구한식 (1), (2) 와비교하여인덕턴스값과인덕터의 Q 지수가증가하였다. 따라서 Q 지수의증가로대역통과필터의선택도를개선시킬수있다. [Fig. 3] Small signal equivalent circuit of the active inductor 이때 은트랜지스터의게이트와드레인사이의출력컨덕턴스이고, 일반적인능동인덕터와동일한방법의소신호해석을위해 MOS 트랜지스터가 saturation 영역에서동작하면 이므로게이트와드레인의커패시턴스 는무시하였다 [5]. Fig. 3의노드 에서 KCL을적용하면식 (3) (5) 와같고, 이를이용하여소신호등가회로의노드 에서바라본입력임피던스 은식 (6) 과같다. (3) 3. 능동인덕터를이용한대역통과필터설계 무선통신시스템용능동 RC 대역통과필터를 Q 지수가개선된능동인덕터를이용하여설계하였다. 특히본논문에서는튜닝회로를이용하여대역통과필터의중심주파수와이득을쉽게튜닝할수있도록필터를설계한다. 이와같이필터의중심주파수를가변하면집적회로제작과정에서발생하는오차를보정할수있고, 서로다른중심주파수를갖는다표준무선통신방식의필터설계에도적용할수있다. Table 1은무선통신시스템수신단의대역통과필터설계명세조건이고, 이를만족하는 2차바터워스대역통과함수필터는식 (9) 와같다 [8]. (4) (9) 3427

4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 7 호, 2013 [Table 1] Design specification of the 1.86GHz bandpass filter Design Specification Filter function 2 nd order Butterworth function Center Frequency Passband loss 1.86GHz 3dB 파수와이득을간단히조절할수있는장점이있다. 설계된능동인덕터를이용한무선통신시스템수신단의 2차대역통과필터를 CMOS로구현한회로는 Fig. 5 와같다. 이회로에서트랜지스터 과 는능동인덕터이고, 은능동인덕터에전류공급을위한바이어스회로를구현하였으며 과 는바이어스회로의부하저항이다. Fig. 4는식 (9) 의 2차대역통과필터를능동인덕터의수동 RLC 등가회로와중심주파수및이득을튜닝할수있는튜닝회로와함께구현한것이다. Fig. 4의대역통과필터전압전달함수는식 (10) 과같고, 중심주파수와중심주파수에서의이득은식 (11), (12) 와같다. 튜닝회로 능동인덕터 RLC 등가회로 [Fig. 5] Circuit of designed bandpass filter [Fig. 4] Proposed 2nd order active RC bandpass filter (10) (11) (12) 기존의접지능동인덕터를이용하여구현된 RF 대역의대역통과필터는능동인덕터의함수를이용하여대역통과필터를구현하였다 [9-10]. 그리고접지능동인덕터의전류량을높이거나트랜지스터의전원과는별도로능동인덕터의 트랜지스터의제어전압 조절을통하여중심주파수와능동인덕터의 Q 지수를높이고자하였다. 그러나본논문에서제안한 Fig. 4와같은대역통과필터는 가 를무시할수있을정도로큰값을가지면설계된능동인덕터의복잡한소신호해석을다시하지않고 와 값의조절을통해대역통과필터의중심주 4. 시뮬레이션및고찰 Fig. 5의회로는 TSMC 0.18μm CMOS 공정파라미터를이용하여 BSIM3v3의트랜지스터소신호해석레벨로시뮬레이션하였으며, 각트랜지스터의채널폭과길이는 Table 2와같다. Fig. 6은본논문에서높은 Q 지수를갖는 Fig. 2의능동인덕터와 Fig. 1의접지능동인덕터를이용하여대역통과필터를설계하였을때의크기특성을시뮬레이션한결과이다. Table 3과같이제안된 2차능동 RC 대역통과필터는 Q 지수가크게증가함에따라 3dB 대역폭이 500MHz에서 90MHz로감소하여대역통과필터의중요한특성인주파수선택도가향상됨을확인할수있다. [Table 2] Channel length and width of the designed bandpass filter Tr. [ μm ] [ μm ] Type NMOS NMOS PMOS PMOS NMOS NMOS 3428

5 능동인덕터를이용한주파수가변형대역통과필터설계 [Table 4] Element value of the tuning circuit at the center frequency Center frequency[ghz] [pf] [Ω] 결론 [Fig. 6] Compared magnitude characteristics of the designed bandpass filter [Table 3] Comparison of the bandpass filter simulation Proposed filter (Filter with Fig. 2) Filter with Fig. 1 Center frequency 1.86GHz 1.86GHz Bandwidth(3dB) 90MHz 500MHz Quality factor 또한튜닝회로의 를이용하여설계된대역통과필터의주파수튜닝범위를확인한결과 Fig. 7과같이 GHz의범위에서중심주파수를튜닝할수있어단일대역통과필터로도 를가변하여 GSM/DECT/ WCDMA와같은무선통신단말기의수신단설계에활용할수있다. 주파수튜닝과함께튜닝회로의 값을조절하여필터이득이 0dB가되도록한튜닝회로의 와 값은 Table 4 와같다. 이동통신단말기수신단에사용되는 RF용 SAW 필터를 CMOS 공정기술로 one chip화하는설계법중본논문에서는능동 RC 필터를능동인덕터로설계하여집적화가가능하도록하였다. 특히대역통과필터의주파수특성을개선하기위하여높은 Q 지수를갖는능동인덕터와이를이용한대역통과필터를설계한결과, 주파수대역폭과저지대역감쇠특성이향상되었다. 또한설계된대역통과필터를다른이동통신방식에적용하는경우에는필터의중심주파수를튜닝할필요가있다. 기존의 RF 대역통과필터는트랜지스터의전원전압과별도의제어전압이필요하지만, 본논문에서는간단한튜닝회로를이용하여대역통과필터의중심주파수와이득을쉽게조절할수있게설계하였다. 제안된대역통과필터를 TSMC 0.18μm CMOS 공정기술로시뮬레이션한결과중심주파수는 GHz 범위에서튜닝이가능하여다표준무선통신단말기의수신단설계에활용할수있다. References [Fig. 7] Center frequency and gain tuning of the designed bandpass filter [1] K. W. Kobayashi and A. K. Oki, "A Novel Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor VCO Using an Active Tunable Inductance," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, Vol. 4, No. 7, July DOI: [2] Hitoshi H., Masahiro M., Yohtaro U., and Takatomo E., "A High-Q Broad-Band Active Inductor and Its Application to a Low-Loss Analog Phase Shifer," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 44, pp , Dec DOI: [3] Ler Chun Lee, Abu Khari bin A'ain, and A. V. 3429

6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 14 권제 7 호, 2013 Kordesch, "A 2.4-GHz CMOS Tunable Image-Rejection Low-Noise Amplifier with Active Inductor," IEEE APCCAS 2006 Circuits and Systems, Vol. 10, pp , Dec DOI: [4] S. V. Krishnamurthy, K. El-Sankary, and E. El-Masry, Noise-Cancelling CMOS Active Inductor and Its Application in RF Band-Pass Filter Design, International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology. pp. 1-8, DOI: [5] Y. Wu, X. Ding, and M. Ismail, "RF Bandpass Filter Design Based on CMOS Active Inductors," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems, Vol. 50, pp , Dec DOI: [6] M. Wu, P. Yen, C. Chou, and J. Yang, A Radio Frequency CMOS Band Pass Amplifier Using High-Q Active Inductor Loads with Binary Code for Multi-Band Selecting, Proc. of the 6th WSEAS International Conf., pp , Apr [7] R. Schaumann, M. S. Ghausi, and K. R. Laker, Design of Analog Filters, Prentice- Hall, Inc [8] Anemogiannis, K. and Russer, P., "SAW Microstrip Front-end for Mobile Communication Systems in the GHz Range," IEEE MTT-S Microwave Symposium Digest, Vol. 3, pp , June DOI: [9] M. Ismail, R. Wassenaar, and W. Morrison, "A High-speed Continuous-time Bandpass VHF Filter in MOS Technology," Proc. of IEEE Int. Symp. Circuit and system, pp , May DOI: [10] D. Li and Y. Tsividis, "A 1.9 GHz Si Active LC Filter with On-chip Automatic Tuning," Proc. of IEEE Int. Solid-State Circuits Conf., pp , Feb DOI: 이석진 (Seok-Jin Lee) [ 정회원 ] < 관심분야 > 아날로그집적회로설계 2006 년 2 월 : 전북대학교전기전자공학부 ( 공학사 ) 2008 년 2 월 : 전북대학교대학원전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2008 년 4 월 ~ 현재 : OCI( 주 ) 군산공장공무센터계기팀 최석우 (Seok-Woo Choi) [ 정회원 ] 1988 년 2 월 : 전북대학교전기공학과 ( 공학사 ) 1990 년 2 월 : 전북대학교대학원전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1994 년 8 월 : 전북대학교대학원전기공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1996 년 2 월 ~ 현재 : 전북대학교전기공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 회로및시스템, 아날로그집적회로설계 3430

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1. 되먹임회로 -되먹임회로는출력의일정부분을입력부분에다시넣어주는역할 -전압이득이 인증폭기에되먹임율 인되먹임회로를연결 -되먹임율 는 0에서 1사이의값을가진다 -혼합기에서나오는신호 는입력신호 와되먹임신호 의합 - 을 에대입하면전압이득 는 - 는연산증폭기의열린이득 (open

1. 되먹임회로 -되먹임회로는출력의일정부분을입력부분에다시넣어주는역할 -전압이득이 인증폭기에되먹임율 인되먹임회로를연결 -되먹임율 는 0에서 1사이의값을가진다 -혼합기에서나오는신호 는입력신호 와되먹임신호 의합 - 을 에대입하면전압이득 는 - 는연산증폭기의열린이득 (open 1. 연산증폭기 -연산증폭기(operational amplifier) 는증폭기를 IC(integrated circuit, 집적회로 ) 로꾸민것이다. -입력임피던스가크고, 출력임피던스가작으며, 증폭률이아주큰특징을가지는증폭기로집적된것이다. -연산증폭기중에서가장널리이용되고있는 741에는 20개의트랜지스터, 11개의저항, 1개의축전기가크기 3mm 3mm에집적되어있다.

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지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 (pp.71~92),.,.,., Support Vector Machines,,., KOSPI200.,. * 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 (pp.71~92),.,.,., Support Vector Machines,,., 2004 5 2009 12 KOSPI200.,. * 2009. 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 김선웅 안현철 社 1), 28 1, 2009, 4. 1. 지능정보연구제 16 권제 1 호 2010 년 3 월 Support

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