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1 Jurnal f the Krean Ceramic Sciety Vl. 46, N. 1, pp. 16~23, Silver Cating n the Prus Pellets frm Prphyry Rck and Applicatin t an Antibacterial Media Y-Sep Han, Hyun-Jung Kim**, Yung-Sep Shin, Jai-K Park, and Jae-Churl K* Department f Geenvirnmental System Engineering, Hanyang University, Seul , Krea *Graduate Schl f Knwledge Based Technlgy and Energy, Krea Plytechnic University, Gyenggi-d, , Krea **Department f Chemical and Envirnmental Engineering, University f Califrnia, Riverside, CA92521, USA (Received Octber 8, 2008; Revised December 1, 2008; Accepted December 8, 2008) ( ) w œ r Ag w³ w Á½x **Á Á Áš * w w y lœw *w» w **University f Califrnia, Riverside ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT The prus pellets were prepared frm prphyry by slurry faming methd. The effect f sintering temperatures n pre structure f prus prphyry pellets with different extensin rati (E R ) was investigated by specific surface area, water absrptin and prsity, which changed with sintering temperatures. When the sintering temperatures increased frm 975 C t 1075 C, specific surface area and water absrptin f the all samples decreased. In case f the sample with an equal sintering temperature, E R =3.0 pellets had little influence n pre structure cmpared t the E R =2.0 pellets. As a results, it was shwn by SEM that facilitated frmatin f micr pres at E R =2.0 pellets shrunk increasingly after sintering prcess. At E R =3.0 and sintering temperature at 1025 C, ptimum cnditins f the prus prphyry prus pellets was fund. Als, Escherichia cli remval efficiency f the silver-cntaining prphyry prus pellets was measured fr the feasibility as a antibacterial media. The antibacterial activity f prepared silvercntaining sample was maintained abve 90% fr 40 days. Key wrds : Prphyry rck, Prus pellets, Pre structure, Silver, Antibacterial media 1. œ (prus material),, vl x w wš. œ»œ p,»œ»œ xk(pre type),»œ (prsity) š»œj»(pre size) ù.»œ xk j ƒ ù,»œ(pen pre)»œ(clsed pre). p,»œ ƒ n w penetrating pre ink-bttle pre nnpenetrating pre.»œ vl w separatin-filteratin p w,»œ y p w.»œ xk œ Crrespnding authr : Jai-K Park jkpark@hanyang.ac.kr Tel : Fax : x ƒ.»œ xk œ v w w š w. 1) w œ, v p š ƒ š ƒ w, t j ü w š. (prphyry rck ; w ) e w l (medicine rck). w w KAlSi 3 O 8, NaAlSi 3 O 8, CaAl 2 Si 2 O 8 š MgAl 2 Si 2 O 8 yw ƒ, SiO 2 SiO 4 ƒ 3 ³ Ÿ SiO 4 AlO 4 ƒ y 1 œ w ww «ƒ š. 2) x Ÿ œ m ƒ w k,, 16

2 ( ) w œ r Ag w³ 17 Table 1. Prperties and Chemical Analysis f Prphyry Pwder Material d P (µm) ρ td (g/cm 3 ) S BET (m 2 /g) Chemical analysis (wt%) Prphyry p, w³ p w ƒ y w š. p, e, û, w w, yw ùkû. w, yy (H 2 S) (NH 3 ) w, w³ ³(E. cil) w ƒ ƒ z. w ü w» œ w y, w w ¾ vw» š. 3-5) k w z ƒ s w œ r w. s œ mw ù v œ e œ e»œ y j, t p y ƒ.»œ mw s œ r e w r, œ w³ (Silver, Ag) w ³ x mw w SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 CaO K 2 O MgO Na 2 O Ig-lss ³» y wš w. 2. x 2.1. ü w.» yw Table 1 ùkü. yw, SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 85 wt.% wš. Fig. 1 XRD ql ùkü. e ù y w œ r s w œ r w. Fig. 2 œ r ùkü.,, s, -e q, š w w. s œ r w» w ü w ƒ 3µm w Fig. 1. XRD patterns f prphyry as starting material in this used. Fig. 2. Flw chart f preparing fr prus quartz prphyry pellets (a) and silver impregnatin prcess (b). 46«1y(2009)

3 18 w Á½x Á Á Áš w. š w w» w p (attritin mill, Krea Material Develpment, Krea) w 3 w. ƒ k w», SHP(sdium hexametaphsphate, Samchun Pure Chemical, Krea) 0.8 wt% ƒw 40 vl% w. z y, SLS(sdium laurly sulfate, Samchun Pure Chemical, Krea) ƒw s w. s (Extensin rati, E R ) s z v. s w x r f qw x w. 6,16) x 975 ~1075 C ƒƒ 1 œ»» w œ w ƒw k w š. ¼ kj w» w e ƒ w š w. w³ p ƒ Ag, Cu, Zn Ag ƒ w³ ùkü š š. 7) w, ü ³ wš Ag Ÿ w w³z ùk ü š š. 8,9), œ r w³ ƒ j» w (silver nitrate, Aldrich C., USA) w Ag t ü»œ w. œ -gq w, 0.5% œ r e k z, 0.1 atm 30 w, 600 C 1 w p sƒ x x (SEM, JSM-6300, JEOL, Japan) w, (NOVA-1000, Quantachrme, USA) BET w v t d w. v j (bulk density, b) ρ (weight) : (vlume) w. š (true density, td) v» ρ (apparent density, ad) x vg ρ l(helium pycnmeter, Accupyc 1330, Micrmeritics, USA) w d w.,»œ (ttal prsity, ε t),»œ (pen prsity, ε ) š»œ (clsed prsity, c) w ε. 10) ρ b ε t = 1 ρ td ρ b ε = 1 ρ ad ε c= ε t ε œ r»œj» s y w v (Image-Pr Plus ver. 4.0, I&G Plus, USA) w d w. 11) 2.4. w³ sƒ Ag œ r w³ sƒ l ³ ³ KCTC 1682 (Escherichia cli) w. ³ nutrient brth z k» (37 C, 160 rpm) 16 w. l 10 4 ~10 5 CFU/mL w w. l shake flask ƒv j» œ r š l d w sƒw. 12) w³ sƒ w³ w³ ù w. w³ sƒ l v 24 ww d w. w³ sƒ mx( 5cm, 20 cm, 500 ml) j» w w w.» v» v 5% w.»» ƒ w l kw,» 40 ww. ³ l w³ sƒw. 13) 3. š 3.1.»œ p Fig. 3 œ r. œ r j» 3~6mm, SEM mw ü»œ x»œ ƒ š. w,» œ»œ 3 x ƒ y w. œ r t Table 2 ùkü. ƒ t w w. E R =2.0 v, ƒ 1050 C l t ùkû. w, ƒ ƒ w wz

4 반암(맥반석)으로 제조한 다공성 펠렛의 Ag 담지 및 항균 메디아로서의 적용 Fig. 3. Table 2. ER Image f prepared prus prphyry pellets (a) and inter-cnnected pre (b). BET Surface Area and Water Absrptin (WA) f Sintered Prus Pellet frm Prphyry Rck Temperature (C) SBET (m2/g) WA (%) SBET (m2/g) WA (%) 할수록 흡수율이 감소하였으며, 다른 온도에서보다도 1025 C 이상에서 급격히 흡수율이 감소함을 나타냈다. ER =3.0에서의 샘플의 경우, 전반적으로 소성온도가 증가 될수록 비표면적 및 흡수율이 감소를 나타내었지만, ER=2.0 에서의 보다는 감소율이 적게 나타났다. Fig. 4와 Fig. 5는 샘플의 소성온도에 따른 기공구조의 영향을 나타낸 그래프이다. Fig. 4는 ER=2.0 샘플의 소성 온도에 의한 기공구조을 나타낸 그래프이다. 소성온도가 증가될수록 기공율이 감소함에 따라 열린 기공율 감소 및 닫힌 기공율 증가가 나타나고 있다. 전반적으로, ER =2.0 샘플의 기공율이 감소하는 경향을 나타내지만, 1025 C 이 상부터는 급격히 기공율이 감소함에 따라 열린 기공율 감 소에 따른 닫힌 기공율이 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. ER=3.0에서도 감소하는 경향이 나타나지만, 상대적으로 ER=2.0에 비하여 기공구조의 변화가 크지 않다는 것을 Fig. 5을 통하여 알 수 있었다. 소성온도 1025C에서 ER =2.0과 3.0의 평균 기공크기는 각각 21 µm과 95 µm을 가지는 것을 Fig. 6에서 나타내고 있다. 일반적으로 물리적 발포법을 이용하여 다공체를 제 조할 때 발포비가 증가할수록 기공크기가 상대적으로 낮 은 발포비 보다는 커진다.14,15) 위의 기공크기 결과는 일 반적 연구결과와 유사하게 나온 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 제조된 다공성 맥반석 펠렛의 총 기공율 (ttal prsity, εt)을 기공크기에 따라 분류하여 평가하였 다. 기공크기에 의한 총 기공율의 구성은 거대 기공율 (macrprsity, εmacr, DP 10 µm), 미세 기공율(micrp DP 2 µm)으로 설정되었으며, 각각 발포비로 제조된 샘플의 총 기공율에 의해 계산되었다. 이 결과로 인하여 발포 공정 중에서 발포비로 인하여 총 기공율을 조절할 수 있는 지표가 될 수 있다. εmacr와 εmicr은 아래 의 식에 의하여 계산되었다.16) rsity, εmicr, Fig. 4. Ttal ( ), pen ( ) and clsed ( ) prsities f sintered prus materials at ER = 2.0, respectively 제 46 권 제 1호(2009)

5 20 w Á½x Á Á Áš Fig. 5. Ttal ( ù ), pen ( ø ) and clsed ( ü ) prsities f sintered prus materials at E R = 3.0, respectively. Fig. 6. Pre size distributin f sintered prus materials at 1025 C (E R = 2.0 and E R =3.0). ε t ε strut ε macr = ε strut ε micr =ε t ε macr Fig. 2(a) œ s ww š 1025 C r j d w»œ (ε strut ) w. ε strut 0.29 ùkû., 1025 C E R =3.0 š 2.0 œ r»œ ƒƒ 81%, 72%,»œ E R =3.0 75% E R =2.0 v 61% ùkü.»»œ (apparent prsity, ε apparent )»œ w w w. ÿw»œ w x w j Ag š y œ w. w, ƒ g y w k š q». œ r t 1025 C š s ƒ v t ùkü. p, y k œ w t ùkü,»œj»ƒ ~ ù j» Ag w z w. w, ü yw w., œ r j»œ»œ xk w³ ww š q., E R =3.0, 1025 C œ r w³ ƒ w»œ mw w t p œ q wš SEM-EDX mw t k y w. w, Ag œ mw v e t Ag k q wš w ww. Fig. 7 E R =2.0 ùkü. ³ w ü»œ»œ ü»œ windw j»ƒ 20 ~ 30 µm 1500 y w w. ƒ 975 C ~ 1025 C ƒw x w œ w w y w. ù 1050 C l w»œ w 1075 C 1500 y.»œ p w ù. ƒ 1025 C w w t w œ x ƒ. 17) Fig. 8 œ ü t Ag ƒ. Ag ü Ag ƒ y w, EDX mw ƒ Ag w y w. w wz

6 반암(맥반석)으로 제조한 다공성 펠렛의 Ag 담지 및 항균 메디아로서의 적용 Fig SEM phtgraphs f sintered prus prphyry pellets at ER = 2.0 ((a) 975C, (b) 1000C, (c) 1025C, (d) 1050C, and (e) 1075 C). Fig. 8. SEM-EDX phtgraphs f silver-cntaining prus prphyry pellets. 항균특성 본 연구에서 제조된 Ag 담지된 펠렛을 항균 메디아로 서 사용하고자 순간 항균 성능과 지속성 항균 성능을 각 각 평가하였다. 순간 항균 성능은 샘플과 박테리아의 접 종시켜 박테리아의 감소율을 측정하여 나타내었다. 접종 시간은 24시간으로 진행하였으며, 측정 조건은 25 ± 0.5 C, 교반 속도 160 rpm이었다. Fig. 9는 Ag 담지된 다공성 맥 반석 펠렛에 대한 순간 항균성을 나타낸 사진이다. 순간 항균 특성은 발포비에 따라 두 개의 샘플로 실험 을 진행하였다. 결과에서 보듯이, 발포비에 따라 다르게 항균 성능이 다르게 나타났다. 24시간 접종시킨 결과, ER =3.0 샘플에서의 대장균 제거율이 ER =2.0 샘플보다는 우수하게 나왔다. 일반적으로 물속에서의 Ag가 항균 작 용으로서 나타나는 것은 Ag 이온으로 해리됨에 따라 항 균성이 나타난다고 알려져 있다. 이에 위의 결과에 따른 차이를 확인하기위해 Ag이 물속 에서 존재하는 양을 분석하였다. Ag 농도 분석결과, E =3.0 과 2.0 샘플이 각각 mg/l, mg/l으로 나타났다. 발포비가 높은 샘플에서 항균성능이 우수한 것은 기공구 조 특성에 따라 담지된 Ag 양에 따라 해리되는 Ag 이 온의 양도 다르게 되어 성능에 차이가 나타난 것으로 판 단된다. 따라서, 실제 음용수 처리에서는 팔렛의 공극 율을 조절함에 따라 Ag 용출양을 조절 할 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다. 또한 음용수에 Ag 허용 농도는 미국 EPA 기준인 0.1 mg/l와 비교할 경우 Ag 농도가 크게 높지 않음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 항균성이 가장 우수한 E =3.0 샘플과 같은 제조공정으 로 제조된 다용성 실리카 펠렛, 상용 Ag-활성탄의 항균성 18,19) R + 18) 20) R 제 46 권 제 1호(2009)

7 22 w Á½x Á Á Áš Fig. 9. Antibacterial results f E cil. after reactin time at 24 h ((a) E R = 2.0 and (b) E R =3.0). Fig. 10 ùkü. w³ ùkü w p wù. s ƒ» 40, 25±0.5 C w w. Ag-y k j» 10 ~ 20 mesh, t 800 ~ 900 m 2 /g. š y k Ag w 0.1 ~ 0.2 wt% ùkû. ³ x, w³ ƒ Ag-y k w w ùkû. e w³ 30 95% ã w. ù 30 û v w y w, eƒ w³ ùkû. w, Ag-y k w³ ƒ ùkû. Ag-y k ƒ 10 z l ã w, 40 ¾ 60%¾ j. w³ ƒ w³ w y w. 4. s w œ r w»œ p q w, Ag mw w³ w š ³ x ww. s œ r»œ SEM, BET»» mw s ƒ ww. x mw w»œ w y w p, s ƒ ƒ»œ ƒ ù kû. s ƒ j E R =3.0»œ y û ùkû.»œ w»œ x E R =2.0 ƒ w x ùkù q. v Ag w w³, E R =3.0 v E R =2.0 w³ w. Ag»œ mw ü»œ¾ enw š y Ag ƒ» ƒ., E R = 3.0, 1025 C Ag w w š w³ ƒ ww q. E R =3.0, 1025 C œ r Ag w v w³ 40 ³ w³ sƒw. Ag r 40 90% ³ ã w. Ag-y k w w³ r w. REFERENCES Fig. 10. Remval efficiency f E. cil ver the silvercntaining prepared antibacterial media. 1. K. Ishizaki, S. Kmarneni, and M. Nank, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Prus Materials : Prcess Technlgy and Applicatins, 1-11, Lndn, J. B. Hwang, M. O. Yang, and M. S. K, Extractin f Minerals and Eliminatin Effect f Heavy Metals in Water by Nhwad Quartz Prphyry, Analytical Sci. & Tech., 9 w wz

8 ( ) w œ r Ag w³ (1996). 3. H. H. Kim, S. K. Park, K. B. Chung, and S. H. Chang, Preparatin f Adsrbent frm Quartz Prphyry : NaOH Activatin, J. Krean Ind. Eng. Chem., (2000). 4. J. B. Hwang, M. O. Yang, M. A. Kim, and S. H. Park, Extractin f Minerals and Eliminatin Effect f Heavy Metals in Water by Krean Quartz Prphyry, Analytical Sci. & Tech., (1996). 5. Z. X. Quen, C. R. Yin, Y. S. Jin, M. S. Sek, and S. T. Lee, Remval f Heavy Metal and Hydrgen Sulfide / Nitrphenl Using Mackban-Stne, J. f KOWREC, (2001). 6. J. K. Park and J. S. Lee, Preparatin f Prus Crdierite Using Gelcasting Methd and its Feasibility as a Filter, J. Prus Mater., (2003). 7. T. N. Kim, Q. L. Feng, J. O. Kim, J. Cui, H. H. Wang, G. C. Chen, and F. Z. Cui, Antimicrbial Effects f Metal Ins(Ag +, Cu 2+, Zn 2+ ) in Hydrxyapatite, J. Mater. Sci : Mater. Med., (1998). 8. Ar. Hendry and IO. Strwart, Silver-Resistant Enterbacteriaceae frm Hspital Patients, Can. J. Micrbial., (1979). 9. S. J. Kramer, J. A. Spadar, and D. A. Webster, Antibacterial and Osteinductive Prperties f Demineralized Bne Matrix Treated with Silver, J. Clin Orth., (1979). 10. S. Bile and S. Mauran, Gas Flw thrugh Highly Prus Graphite Matrices, Carbn, (2003). 11. J. K. Park and S. H. Lee, Observatin and Segmentatin f Gray Images f Surface Cells in Open Cellular Fams, J. Ceram. Sc.G Jpn., (2001). 12. K. S., Handbk f Bactericide and Fungicide, Tky, W. H. Se, Y. S. Han, Y. Jeng, and J. K. Park, Preparatin f Ag-Impregnated Prus Ceramic Beads and Antibacterial Prperties, J.G KSEE, (2005). 14. K. H. Lee, H. J. Kim, and J. K. Park, Preparatin f Prus Lime Filters and SOx Remval Characteristics, J. KOSAE, (2004). 15. J. K. Park, H. Y. Kim, and J. S. Lee, Preparatin f Macrprus Pellet frm Industrial Waste Flyash by Faming Methd, Gesystem Eng., (2001). 16. J. S. Lee and J. K. Park, Prcessing f Prus Ceramic Spheres by Pseud-Duble-Emulsin Methd, Ceram. Int., (2003). 17. Y. S. Han, J. B. Li, Q. M. Wei, and Ke Tang, The Effect f Sintering Temperatures n Alumina Fam Strength, Ceram. Int., (2002). 18. H. Y. Kang, M J. Jung, and Y. K. Jeng, Antibacterial Activity and the Stability f an Ag + Slutin made Using Metallic Silver, Krean J. Bitechnl. Bieng., (2000). 19. Q. L. Feng, J. Wu, G. Q. Chen, F. Z. Cui, T. N. Kim, and J. O. Kim, A Mechanistic Study f the Antibacterial Effect f Silver Ins n Escherichia cli and Staphylcccus aureus, J. f Bimed. Mater. Res., (2000). 20. EPA., Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisries, Washingtn DC : EPA 822-R (2004). 46«1y(2009)

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