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1 대한간호학회지제 39 권제 호, 009 년 4 월 J Korean Acad Nurs Vol.39 No., DOI: /jkan 김정숙 1 김혜정 우연희 임지영 이철형 3 1 삼성서울병원간호과장 성균관대학교임상간호대학원겸임교수, 삼성서울병원간호사, 3 삼성서울병원혈관검사실실장 Effects on Changes in Femoral Vein Blood Flow Velocity with the Use of Lower Extremity Compression for Critical Patients with Brain injury Kim, Jung Sook 1 Kim, Hye Jung Woo, Yun Hee Lym, Ji Young Lee, Chul Hyung 3 1 Nursing Director, Intensive Care Unit, Samsung Medical Center Concurrent Professor, Sungkyunkwan University Graduate School of Clinical Nursing Science Nurse, Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Samsung Medical Center 3 Registered Vascular Technologist, Vascular Lab, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the mean venous velocity (MVV) response with knee and thigh length compression stockings (CS) versus intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) devices in immobile patients with brain injuries. Methods: We carried out a randomized controlled study. We analyzed both legs of a randomly chosen sample of 43 patients assigned to one of 4 groups (86 legs). The patients were sequentially hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) in S hospital from November 005 to December 006. The base line and augmented venous velocity was measured at the level of the common femoral vein. We applied leg compression 4 times over 7 days (for hours at a time at hour intervals). Results: There was a statistical difference among the 4 groups. The difference for the IPC group was more significant than the CS group. Conclusion: These results indicate that the application of IPC can be considered as an effective method to prevent deep vein thrombosis for immobile patients with brain injury. Key words: Venous thrombosis, Blood flow velocity, Compression devices 서론 1. 연구의필요성심부정맥혈전증 (Deep vein thrombosis, DVT) 이란, 정맥내혈액이굳어서정맥을막거나이응고된혈전이혈관벽에서떨어져나가다른혈관에도폐색을유발하는질환이다 (The Standards Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, 00). 입원환자들의이환율과사망률의주 원인이되는심부정맥혈전증은매년 1,000명당 1명이상에서발생한다 (Yablon et al., 004). 급성기에폐색전증과같은치명적인합병증을유발할수있으며, 폐색전증환자의 1/4 정도는급작스러운죽음을맞이하게되거나혈전후증후군과정맥궤양형성으로만성정맥부전증을유발하는심각한질환이다 (John & Heit, 003). 심부정맥혈전증증상으로는침범된다리의통증, 압통, 부종및체온상승등으로, 일반적인질환과감별진단이어려워 (Phillips, Macmillan, & Tweed, 004) 잠재적문제가있음에도불구하 주요어 : 심부정맥혈전증, 정맥혈류속도, 압박요법 * 본연구는 006년도삼성서울병원간호본부의학술연구비지원에의하여연구되었음. *This study was financially supported by the research fund of Nursing department of Samsung Medical Center in 006. Address reprint requests to : Kim, Hye Jung Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Samsung Medical Center, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: monica1649@daum.net 투고일 : 008년 9월 5일심사의뢰일 : 008년 9월 5일게재확정일 : 009년 4월 8일 88

2 89 고방치되어위험을초래하게된다. 따라서심부정맥혈전증은예방이매우중요하다. 예방법에는정맥혈정지를막기위해정맥귀환을증진하고, 혈관내벽손상을피하며, 정상응고기능을유지하는 Virchow s triad (Phillips et al., 004) 가제시되고있다. 혈관내벽손상을줄이기위해서는혈관확장을예방하고항혈소판제제를복용할수있으며, 정상응고기능유지를위해헤파린이나와파린등을이용한항응고요법이추천되고있다 (Handoll et al., 003). 심부정맥혈전증발생은장기간의침상안정과관련된부동, 시간이상수술, 마비, 외상, 악성종양이나패혈증과같은질병과정이원인이된다 (John & Heit, 003; Kyrle & Eichinger, 005). 따라서이러한특성을모두지닌뇌손상환자는장기간침상부동과수술등으로심부정맥혈전증발생의고위험군에속한다 (Choi, 199). 뿐만아니라신경외과환자는수술후출혈위험에대한공포로항응고제요법이제한되어 (Choi & Park, 006) 심부정맥혈전증발생위험률을더증가시킨다. 따라서뇌수술환자는혈류속도를높여정맥귀환을증진시키는방법이유일한예방법으로적용되고있다 (Lacut et al., 005). 혈류속도와혈류량의변화는비례관계로혈류속도가혈류량의변화를알수있는지표가된다 (Demolis, Tran Dinh, & Giudicelli, 1996). 혈류속도를높여정맥정체를예방하는방법에는수동적능동적운동, 조기이상이나압박스타킹 (Compression stocking, CS) (Lee & Kim, 004) 또는간헐적압박기 (Intermittent pneumatic compression, IPC) 이용등이있다 (Ascher, Depippo, Hingorani, Yorkovich, & Salles-Cunha, 004; Blerk, 004). 압박스타킹과간헐적압박기는길이에따라발목에서무릎부위와대퇴부위까지적용하는방법이있다. 길이에따른효과는비슷하나무릎길이가환자에게더편안함과제공자의편리성을주고비용효과적이라고보고한 (Byrne, 001) 반면, 대퇴길이가더유용하며환자및간호사만족도가높았다는주장도있다 (Hameed, Browse, Immelman, & Goldberg, 00). 이렇듯매우다양한주장으로실무자들은표준화된근거보다장비보유실정과중재자편의에따라임의선택하여제공하고있다. 또한간헐적압박기적용여부는중환자실임상질지표평가항목으로병원의평가기준이되고있음에도불구하고보험수가가인정되지않아국내중환자실의장비보유율이매우낮은실정이다. 국내연구는 Kim (005) 이근무중탄력압박스타킹이간호사의하지부종및통증에미치는효과연구와 Oh와 Yoon (008) 이간호사의근무로인한하지부종과통증발생및자가다리마사지효과외에는환자를대상으로한심부정맥혈전증예방간 호에관한연구가전무한상태이다. 대부분의국외연구도간헐적압박기와항응고요법 (Handoll et al., 003), 압박스타킹과간헐적압박요법적용후폐색전증이나심부혈전증발생빈도를분석한연구 (Hameed et al., 00) 가대부분이다. 심부혈전증발생의고위험군인뇌손상으로침상부동인중환자를대상으로정맥혈류속도의변화에미치는효과를비교한연구는거의없는실정이다. 따라서본연구는중환자실의중증뇌손상으로인해침상부동인환자를대상으로심부정맥혈전증예방을위한하지압박적용방법에따른효과를검증함으로써근거중심의간호중재를확립하고보험적용의근거를제시함으로써예방적간호중재발전을도모하고자한다.. 연구목적본연구의목적은중증뇌손상으로인해신경외과중환자실에입실한침상부동환자를대상으로하지압박적용방법에따른평균정맥혈류속도 (Mean venous velocity, MVV) 의변화차이를검증함으로써심부정맥혈전증예방을위한효과적인간호중재방법을제시하고자한다. 3. 연구가설가설 1. 하지압박적용방법에따라압박스타킹무릎군, 압박스타킹대퇴군, 간헐적압박기무릎군및간헐적압박기대퇴군간에평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이가있을것이다. 가설. 하지압박적용방법에따라압박스타킹군과간헐적압박기군간에평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이가있을것이다. 4. 용어정의 1) 하지압박요법하지압박요법 (Lower extremities compression) 은정맥혈류정체를예방하는방법으로정맥의혈류량과속도를증가시켜정맥벽확장과국소적접촉시간, 응고인자의정체와집중도를줄여심부정맥혈전증의발생위험을감소시키는방법이다 (Blerk, 004). 본연구에서는침상부동환자에게하지압박스타킹과간헐적압박기를각각무릎군과대퇴군로구분하여 시간간격으로 시간씩적용하는방법을 7일동안 4회시행한것을의미한다. ) 평균정맥혈류속도평균정맥혈류속도 (Mean venous velocity) 는정맥혈류속도 J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

3 90 김정숙 김혜정 우연희외 인 의평균값으로정상성인이휴식시측정값은 9.69 cm/sec이다 (Jung, Kim, & Kwon, 00). 측정값이높을수록혈류속도가빠르며이는심부정맥혈전발생률이낮아짐을의미한다 (Demolis et al., 1996). 본연구에서는트랜스도플러 (transdoppler) 를이용하여천부대퇴정맥 (superficial femoral vein) 에서 1분간격으로 3회측정후평균값을말한다. 3) 심부정맥혈전증심부정맥혈전증 (Deep vein thrombosis) 은정맥내혈액이굳어서정맥을막거나이응고된혈전이혈관벽에서떨어져나가서다른혈관에도폐색을유발하는질환이다 (Yablon et al., 004). 본연구에서 7일동안하지압박요법을적용후전문검사자가직접초음파를이용하여천부대퇴정맥에서관찰된정맥내혈전을의미한다. 1. 연구설계 연구방법 본연구는중증뇌손상으로인해중환자실에입실한침상부동환자를대상으로하지압박적용방법에따른심부정맥혈전증예방효과를분석하기위해중환자실입실순서에따라 4집단에무작위할당하여 7일동안중재후정맥혈류속도및관련요인 Pre experimental MVV, GCS, GC, Operation time D-dimer, COC Sonography 1 day-7 day Intervention CS-knee, CS-thigh, IPC-knee, IPC-thigh. Evaluation MVV (q4 hr, pre & post) GCS, Limb motor, Chest X-ray, EKG, Daily MAP, BT, PaO, Platelet, Hematocrit, Body weight Post experimental D-dimer, Sonography Figure 1. Research design. BT=body temperature; COC=circumference of calf; CS=compression stocking; EKG=electrocardiography; GC=general characteristics; GCS=glasgow coma scale; IPC=intermittent pneumatic compression; MAP=mean arterial pressure; MVV=mean venous velocity. 을측정하고, 초음파를이용하여최종심부정맥혈전증발생여부를분석한유사실험연구이다 (Figure 1).. 연구대상및기간 005년 11월부터 006년 1월까지 13개월동안뇌손상으로인해 S종합병원신경외과중환자실에입실한총 55명중 7일이전에퇴실한 9명과중재빈도차이가있는 3명을포함한 1명을제외하고 43명을대상으로하였다. 압박스타킹무릎군 10 명, 압박스타킹대퇴군 1명, 간헐적압박기무릎군 11명, 간헐적압박기대퇴군 10명이었다. 뇌손상환자의특성을감안하고전문가에게자문후하지좌, 우의연관성이없음을감안하여 86예를분석하였다. 대상수는매일네군간평균정맥혈류속도변화량의차이가있을때압박스타킹무릎군, 압박스타킹대퇴군, 간헐적압박기무릎군, 간헐적압박기대퇴군의평균정맥혈류속도변화량이각각.5,.5, 5.0, 7.0으로기대하고변화량의표준편차가 4.1일때각군이 0, 4,, 0예이면유의수준 5% 하에통계검정력 80% 를갖는것으로나타났다. 구체적인연구대상기준은다음과같다. 첫째, 40세이상둘째, 중환자실입실후 4 시간이경과되지않은자셋째, 항응고및항혈전약물을복용하지않는자넷째, 하지에개방성상처나출혈성질환을포함한특별한질환이없는자다섯째, 족배 (Dorsalis pedis) 동맥박동이촉지되는자여섯째, 급성심부정맥혈전증이발생되지않은자 3. 연구도구 1) 압박스타킹압박스타킹 (Bayreuth, Mediven plus, Germany) 은종과횡방향의탄력성을가지고있으며압력은발목이 0-30 mmhg, 종아리 14-0 mmhg, 대퇴 8-13 mmhg로발목에서대퇴로갈수록압력이감소되도록구성되어있다. 무릎과대퇴의두가지종류의스타킹을연구자가직접환자의종아리와발목둘레를측정하여 0- cm (small), 3-5 cm (medium), 6-8 cm (large) 로구분하여대상자에게적합한크기를선택적용하였다. ) 간헐적압박기간헐적압박기 (Flowtron, Huntleigh healthcare, Bed- J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

4 91 fordishine LU1 ITD, UK) 는무릎과대퇴길이의커프를바꿔사용하도록되어있으며커프는공기를주입하여 40 mmhg의압력으로 1초동안압박후 60초동안감압하는방식이다. 커프는대상자가바뀌면소독하여제공하였으며기기는제공업체기술진에의뢰하여자료수집전과분기별점검을시행하였다. 3) 평균정맥혈류속도측정평균정맥혈류속도측정은 Transdoppler (55 verona Road Bld Madison, Nicolet Biomedical Inc., USA) 및 Probe 4 MHz (H4 MAV, GE, Germany) 를이용하였으며혈류속도는칼라색조영상그래프와수치로제공된다. 기기는제공업체기술진에의뢰하여자료수집전과분기별점검을시행하였다. 4) 심부정맥혈전증측정심부정맥혈전증측정은초음파 (HDI Ultramark9, Advantced Technologies Laboratories, USA) 를이용하여손으로압박하며, 칼라색조영상변화, 도플러신호를사용하여혈전유무를확인하였다. 음파의트랜스듀서는 5-7 MHZ, Linear로이용하였으며, 제공업체기술진에의뢰하여자료수집전과검사실전문검사자에의해매번조정을시행하였다. 4. 연구진행절차본연구는해당연구기관의연구위원회의허락을받고해당진료과의합의를얻어시행하였다. 신경외과환자의의식상태를감안하여보호자에게설명후본연구의의의를알고동의한환자를대상으로하였다. 또한연구중재에참여한간호사들에게연구의목적을설명하고협조를구하였다. 연구팀은중환자실간호관리자 1명, 중환자실경력 3년이상간호사 3명, 혈관검사실장 1명으로구성하였으며혈관외과의사의자문을구하였다. 중재에참여할의료진교육및환자무작위배정은간호관리자가, 스타킹선택및혈류속도측정은연구간호사 3명이, 심부정맥혈전발생여부초음파검사는혈관검사실장이시행하였다. 세명의연구간호사간신뢰도를높이기위해스타킹선택은환자 3명의종아리와발목둘레를각각측정후스타킹을선택하게하여비교하였다. 또한혈류속도측정방법은혈관검사실전문가에게트렌스도플러사용방법, 혈관찾는방법, 환자의자세등에대한교육과 4차례반복실습을하였다. 5사례에서 pilot study시행하였으며측정자간신뢰도는 Intra class correlation coefficient 0.83이었다. 1) 사전준비및조사환자가입실하여연구대상자로결정되면간호관리자가무작위배정을하였다. 압박스타킹군은연구간호사가양쪽하지의가장굵은종아리부위와발목둘레중가장가는부위를측정하여회사에서표준화하여제공한사이즈기준표를이용하여스타킹을선택하였다. 대상자의동질성검증을위해입실시일반적특성으로성별, 나이, 입실경로, 진단명, 수술명, 과거력, 과거투약력및입실시활동정도를조사하였다. 하지압박요법적용전에수술시간, 입실시부터압박요법적용까지경과시간, 정맥혈류속도, D-dimer, 종아리둘레, 초음파검사를시행하였다. 종아리둘레는가장굵은부위를표시한후측정시마다같은부위를측정하였다. 또한매일심부정맥혈전증의영향요인으로의식상태, 하지근력, 흉부상태, 심전도, 최저중심정맥압, 동맥산소분압, 최저체온혈소판, 헤마토크릿및체중을측정하였다. ) 실험처치하지압박적용방법에따라압박스타킹무릎군, 압박스타킹대퇴군, 간헐적압박기무릎군, 간헐적압박기대퇴군의네집단으로분류하였다. 적용방법은중환자실입실시부터 시간간격으로 시간씩제공하였으며 7일동안총 4 회시행하였다. 네집단으로분류한이유는국내임상에서대표적으로적용하고있는 4가지방법을선택하였다. 임상질지표평가기준에간헐적압박기적용만을인정하고있으나대부분병원에서장비구입에따른부담으로압박스타킹사용을일반화하고있다. 본중환자실에서도 4가지압박요법중의료진들의주관적기준에따라적용하고있어이에대한효과검증이필요하다고판단하였다. 중재기간을 7일로선택한이유는심부정맥혈전증이침상부동 5-7일째발생되며장기화될수록증가되는것으로제시되고있고 (Yablon et al., 004) 본중환자실의재원일수를고려하여결정하였다. 본연구에서 시간간격으로 시간적용을한이유는침상부동환자에게 시간마다시행되는자세변경시사지의혈액순환을관찰하기위해제공된압박도구를제거해야하며지속적인적용은환자에게불편함을줄수있다 (Byrne, 001) 는문헌을토대로하였다. 3) 사후조사정맥혈류속도측정은동질성검증을위한중재시작전측정과, 효과분석을위해 7일동안 4회적용중 6, 1, 18, 4, 30, 36, 4번째중재전후 7차례를측정하였다. 적용전값은중재직전에, 적용후값은 시간중재를마친직후에측정하였다. 측정값의오차를줄이기위해매번 1분간격으로 3회반복측정 J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

5 9 김정숙 김혜정 우연희외 인 후평균값을산출하여기록하였으며, Semifowler s position 과두부거상 30도를유지하였다. D-dimer, 초음파는 4번째적용을마친직후검사하여중재전과비교분석하였다. 초음파검사자는연구대상자의소속실험군을알지못하도록하였다. 5. 자료분석방법수집된자료는통계프로그램 SAS 9.0을이용하여분석하였으며유의수준 α는 0.05로검정하였다. 연구대상자의일반적특성은실수와백분율, 평균과표준편차로분석하였다. 네군간연속형변수의차이는정규성검정결과정규분포를하지않은변수들인수술시간, 적용시까지시간, 입실시활동정도, 의식상태에대해서는 Kruskal-Wallis test를, 그룹간 1-7일째 MVV 의차이에대해서는순위를이용한 LSD (the least significant difference) test로분석하였고, 정규분포를한변수들인그룹간혈소판, 헤마토크릿, 최저평균동맥압, 체중, 최저체온에대해서는 One-way ANOVA로분석하였다. 두군간연속형변수의차이는정규성여부에따라정규분포를한 6, 7일째압박스타킹과간헐적압박기군에서의 MVV의차이에대해서는 two-sample t-test로, 정규분포를하지않은 1-5일째압박스타킹과간헐적압박기군에서의 MVV의차이에대해서는 Wilcoxon s rank sum test로검정하였다. 범주형변수인성, 나이, 입실경로, 진단명, 수술명, 과거질병력, 과거투약력, 흉부상태, 심전도, 동맥산소분압, 좌우하지근력, Braden scale의그룹간비교는 Fisher s exact test로검정하였다. 또한필요한경우 Bonferroni s correction을사용하여제1종오류가커지는것을보정하였다. 연구결과 1. 대상자의특성 1) 일반적특성에따른동질성검증연구대상자의일반적특성을분석한결과남자 4명 (55.8 Table 1. Homogeneity Test for General Characteristics of Participants in the Four Groups (N=43) Characteristics Category CS-knee CS-thigh IPC-knee IPC-thigh Total (n=10) (n=1) (n=11) (n=10) (n=43) /F p n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Gender Male 3 (30.0) 8 (66.7) 5 (45.5) 8 (80.0) 4 (55.8) -.115* Female 7 (70.0) 4 (33.3) 6 (54.5) (0.0) 19 (44.) Age (yr) (50.0) 9 (75.0) 6 (54.5) 5 (50.0) 5 (58.1) -.645* (30.0) 3 (5.0) (18.) (0.0) 10 (3.3) 61 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 3 (7.3) 3 (30.0) 8 (18.6) Admission General ward 0 (0.0) 3 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 4 (9.3) -.134* method Operation room 5 (50.0) 4 (33.3) 9 (81.8) 7 (70.0) 5 (58.1) Emergency room 5 (50.0) 5 (41.7) 9 (18.) (0.0) 14 (3.6) Diagnosis Brain tumor 3 (30.0) 7 (58.4) 3 (7.3) 7 (70.0) 0 (46.5) -.336* Vascular disease 6 (60.0) 4 (33.3) 5 (45.5) (0.0) 17 (39.5) Hemorrhage 1 (10.0) 1 (8.3) 3 (7.) 1 (10.0) 6 (14.0) Operation None (0.0) 3 (5.0) 1 (9.1) 1 (10.0) 7 (16.3) -.613* Tumor removal 3 (30.0) 5 (41.6) 3 (7.3) 7 (70.0) 18 (41.9) Aneurysm clipping 4 (40.0) (16.7) 4 (36.3) 1 (10.0) 11 (5.5) Hemorrhage removal 1 (10.0) (16.7) 3 (7.3) 1 (10.0) 7 (16.3) Operation hr (hr) 5.1± ± ±.3 5.3± ± Application time (day) 1.1± ± ± ± ± Previous Yes 1 (10.0) 3 (5.0) (18.) 0 (0.0) 6 (14.0) -.49* hospitalization No 9 (90.0) 9 (75.0) 9 (81.8) 10 (100.0) 37 (86.0) Past history Yes 3 (30.0) (16.6) (18.) (0.0) 9 (1.0) -.917* No 7 (70.0) 10 (83.4) 9 (81.8) 8 (80.0) 34 (79.0) Past medicine Yes 0 (0.0) (16.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) 3 (7.0) -.540* No 10 (100.0) 10 (83.3) 11 (100.0) 9 (90.0) 40 (93.0) Degree of activity on admission (score) 5.3±.6 6.7±.5 5.0± ±.6 5.8± *Fisher Exact test; Kruskal-Wallis test. CS=compression stocking; IPC=intermittent pneumatic compression. J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

6 93 %), 여자 19명 (44.%) 이었다 (p=.115). 나이 (p=.645), 입실경로 (p=.134), 진단명 (p=.336), 수술명 (p=.613), 수술시간 (p=.530, =.0), 입실후압박요법적용시까지시간 (p=.57, 4.03), 과거질병력 (p=.917), 과거투약력 (p=.540) 및입실시활동정도 (p=.17, =4.44) 등에서네군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없어네군간동질한것으로나타났다 (Table 1). ) 심부정맥혈전증영향요인에대한동질성검증심부정맥혈전증에영향을주는요인을 7일동안매일측정한값의평균을분석하였다. 흉부상태 (p=.099), 심전도 (p=.853), 동맥산소분압 (p=1.000), 혈소판 (p=.149, F=1.88), 헤마토크릿 (p=.117, F=.09), 의식상태 (p=., =4.39), 오른쪽하지근력 (p=.510), 왼쪽하지근력 (p=.649), 최저평균동맥압 (p=.649, F=0.55), 체중 (p=.093, F=3.76), 최저체온 (p=.545, F=0.7) 및 Braden scale(p=.173) 에서네군간에통계적으로유의한차이가없어네군간동질한것으로나타났다 (Table ). =. 가설검증 1) 제1 가설 하지압박적용방법에따라압박스타킹무릎군, 대퇴군, 간헐적압박기무릎군및대퇴군간에평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이가있을것이다 라는가설을검증한결과그룹간유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 적용시점에따라평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이를분석한결과 1일째간헐적압박기대퇴군 (7.66 ±5.4 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.4±.4 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (.45±1.78 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.005, =18.44), 일째간헐적압박기대퇴군 (6.86±3.77 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.6±1.19 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.019, =15.49), 3일째간헐적압박기무릎군 (6.01±5.59 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (6.64±4.54 cm/ sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.35±1.5 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.005, =18.46), 4일째간헐적압박기무릎군 (5.9±3.08 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (6.17±3.54 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.53±.31 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (.87±.39 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.001, = Table. Homogeneity Test for Risk Factor of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Patients in the Four Groups (N=43) CS-knee CS-thigh IPC-knee IPC-thigh Total Characteristics (n=10) (n=1) (n=11) (n=10) (n=43) /F p n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or n (%) or Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Mean±SD Chest X-ray Nor 8 (80.0) 1 (100.0) 11 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 41 (95.4) -.099* Abn (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) (4.6) ECG Nor 9 (90.0) 11 (91.7) 11 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 41 (95.4) -.853* Abn 1 (10.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) (4.6) ABGA Nor 10 (100.0) 11 (91.7) 11 (100.0) 10 (100.0) 4 (97.7) * Abn 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (.3) Platelet ( 10 3 /μl) 1.8± ± ± ± ± Hematocrit (%) 35.6± ± ± ± ± GCS (score) 13.0± ± ± ±3.8 1.± LES (score) Right 1-0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 3 (30.0) 4 (9.3) -.510* 3 1 (10.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (9.1) 0 (0.0) (4.6) 4 5 (50.0) 9 (75.0) 8 (7.7) 5 (50.0) 7 (6.8) 5 4 (40.0) (16.7) (18.) (0.0) 10 (3.3) LES (score) Left 1-0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) 0 (0.0) 1 (10.0) (4.6) -.649* 3 0 (0.0) 1 (8.3) (18.) (0.0) 5 (11.6) 4 6 (60.0) 8 (66.7) 7 (63.6) 3 (30.0) 4 (55.9) 5 4 (40.0) (16.7) (18.) 4 (40.0) 1 (7.9) MAP (mmhg) 98.4± ± ± ± ± Body weight (kg) 58.8± ± ± ± ± Temperature ( ) 36.1± ± ± ± ± Braden scale (score) <14 (0.0) 5 (41.7) 5 (45.5) 7 (70.0) 19 (44.) -.173* 14 8 (80.0) 7 (58.3) 6 (54.5) 3 (30.0) 4 (55.8) *Fisher Exact test; One-way ANOVA; Kruskal-Wallis test. ABGA=arterial blood gas analysis; Abn=abnormal; CS=compression stocking; ECG=electrocardiograph; GCS=Glasgow coma scale; IPC=intermittent pneumatic compression; LES=lower extremity strength; MAP=mean arterial pressure; Nor=normal. J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

7 94 김정숙 김혜정 우연희외 인 0.94), 5일째간헐적압박기대퇴군 (6.64±3.84 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.41±.19 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.019, =15.57), 6일째간헐적압박기무릎군 (6.16±3.48 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (6.83 ±3.44 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.50±1.97 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (3.61±.8 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.001, =7.8), 7일째간헐적압박기무릎군 (4.98±3.46 cm/sec) 과대퇴군 (6.46±.49 cm/sec) 이압박스타킹무릎군 (.04±.07 cm/sec) 보다, 간헐적압박기대퇴군이압박스타킹대퇴군 (3.14±3.05 cm/sec) 보다 (p=.001, =5.71) 차이가더큰것으로나타났다. 간헐적압박기대퇴군이 7일모두압박스타킹무릎군보다 1, 4, 6, 7일에압박스타킹대퇴군보다, 간헐적압박기무릎군이 3, 4, 6, 7일에압박스타킹무릎군보다 4, 6일에압박스타킹대퇴군보다속도변화차이가더큰것으로나타났다. 따라서제1가설은지지되었다 (Table 3). ) 제 가설 하지압박적용방법에따라압박스타킹군과간헐적압박기군간에평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이가있을것이다 라는가설을검증한결과 일째를제외하고, 나머지 6일동안간헐적압박기군이압박스타킹군보다평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이가더큰것으로나타났다. 압박스타킹군-간헐적압박기군순으로분석하면 1일째.43±1.98 cm/sec-5.79±5.65 cm/sec (z=-3.61, p=.004), 일째 3.45±.74 cm/sec-5.53±4.00 cm/sec (z= -.45, p=.198), 3일째.85±.16 cm/sec-6.31±5.07 cm/ sec (z=-3.81, p=.001), 4일째.7±.33 cm/sec-5.71±3.9 cm/sec (z=-4.50, p=.001), 5일째 3.17±.6 cm/sec-5.91 ±4.11 cm/sec (z=-3.34, p=.011), 6일째 3.10±.19 cm/sec- 6.48±3.43 cm/sec (z=5.40, p=.001) 및 7일째.64±.68 cm/ sec-5.68±3.09 cm/sec (z=4.88, p=.001) 로나타났다. 따라서제 가설은지지되었다 (Table 4). Table 3. Comparisons of Averages of 3 MVV Pre-Post Difference among Four Groups (N=86) MVV (cm/sec) Day Group p LSD Mean±SD Median Q1 Q3 1st CS-knee.4± d>a,b CS-thigh.45± IPC-knee 4.09± IPC-thigh 7.66± nd CS-knee.6± d>a CS-thigh 4.15± IPC-knee 4.3± IPC-thigh 6.86± rd CS-knee.35± c,d>a CS-thigh 3.7± IPC-knee 6.01± IPC-thigh 6.64± th CS-knee.53± c,d>a,b CS-thigh.87± IPC-knee 5.9± IPC-thigh 6.17± th CS-knee.41± d>a CS-thigh 3.81± IPC-knee 5.4± IPC-thigh 6.64± th CS-knee.50± c,d>a,b CS-thigh 3.61± IPC-knee 6.16± IPC-thigh 6.83± th CS-knee.04± c,d>a CS-thigh 3.14± d>b IPC-knee 4.98± IPC-thigh 6.46± a=cs-knee (n=0); b=cs-thigh (n=4); c=ipc-knee (n=); d=ipc-thigh (n=0). CS=compression stocking; IPC=intermittent pneumatic compression; LSD=least significant difference; MVV=mean venous velocity; Q1=first quartile; Q3=third quartile. J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

8 95 Table 4. Comparisons of Difference in Mean Venous Velocity between CS Group and IPC Group after Intervention (N=86) CS (n=44) IPC (n=4) Variable Day z/t p Mean±SD Median Q1 Q3 Mean±SD Median Q1 Q3 MVV (cm/sec) 1.43± ± * ± ± * ± ± * ± ± * ± ± * ± ± ± ± *Wilcoxon s rank sum test; t-test. CS=compression stocking; IPC=intermittent pneumatic compression; MVV=mean venous velocity; Q1=first quartile; Q3= third quartile. 논의본연구는중증뇌손상으로신경외과중환자실에입실한침상부동환자를대상으로하지압박적용방법에따른평균정맥혈류속도의변화를분석하여심부정맥혈전증예방효과를검증하기위한유사실험연구이다. 급성중등도환자들에게집중치료를위해우수한인력들이최고의지식과장비등을활용하여적극적인치료후좋을결과를기대하는시점에급작스런증상악화와사망에이르게하는경우가심부정맥혈전에의한폐색전증, 뇌경색등을들수있다 (Yablon et al., 004). 이런결과로환자는생명을잃고가족과의료진들은허탈과의욕상실을경험하게되며, 많은의료비의손실을초래하게된다. 따라서심부정맥혈전증예방간호는사망률에직접영향을주는매우중요한중재이다. 007년부터실시되는중환자실임상질지료평가기준으로관리되고있는이유이기도하다. 이처럼매우중요한중재임에도불구하고하지압박요법은중환자실상황에따라표준화되지않는다양한방법으로적용되고있다. 뿐만아니라간헐적압박기사용에따른보험수가가인정되지않기때문에대부분의병원은장비보유율이매우낮다. 따라서가장저렴하고손쉬운압박스타킹방법을선호하고있지만사이즈선택이나적용방법등또한각양각색이다. 각각의방법에따라환자들의불편의차이가있지만제공하는간호사들은사용방법이간단하고유지하기에편리한방법을선택하게된다. 따라서본연구는임상에서사용중인네가지방법에대하여가장효과적인방법을검증하기위해 7일간시점에따라중재후분석하였다. 혈류속도가혈류량의변화를알수있는지표 (Demolis et al., 1996) 로하지압박요법에따른혈류속도의변화를검증함으로써심부정맥혈전증예방효과를분석하였다. 연구결과에영향을줄수있는일반적특성과심부정맥혈전증관련요인에대한동질성을검증하고무작위배정함으로써실험효과검증을강화 하였다. 그결과간헐적압박기대퇴군이 7일모두압박스타킹무릎군보다, 4일간압박스타킹대퇴군보다, 간헐적압박기무릎군이 4 일간압박스타킹무릎군보다 일간압박스타킹대퇴군보다효과적이었다. 좀더구체화하기위해압박스타킹군과간헐적압박기군간의효과차이를검정한결과압박스타킹군의평균혈류속도는 cm/sec이증가하였고, 간헐적압박기군은평균 cm/sec이증가되어간헐적압박기군이효과적인것으로분석되었다. Keith 등 (199) 은일반환자를대상으로한연구결과대조군에서 1.8±1.7 cm/sec, 압박스타킹군 6.4 ±3.0 cm/sec, 간헐적압박기대퇴군 49.1±4.4 (p<.001), 간헐적압박기무릎군 55.1±5.5 cm/sec (p<.001) 로간헐적압박기무릎군이가장효과적인방법이라고제시한결과와일치한다. 또한 Lacut 등 (005) 이압박스타킹군과압박스타킹및간헐적압박기를동시에적용한군을비교한결과두가지동시적용군이심부정맥혈전증의발생률이낮아졌다고보고하여본연구결과를지지한다. 뿐만아니라 Phillips 등 (004) 은간헐적압박기적용군이적용하지않은대조군보다심부정맥발생률이 60% 까지감소 (p<.001) 한다고보고하였고, Kurtoglu 등 (004) 도 10명의뇌손상환자대상연구에서간헐적압박기와저분자헤파린과의심부정맥발생률비교결과에서도간헐적압박기는 3.33%, 저분자헤파린은 6.66% 의발생률을보여효과면에서유의한차이가없어 (p=.04) 뇌손상환자의심부정맥혈전증예방법으로간헐적압박기가가장안전한방법으로제시하고있어본연구결과를지지한다. 따라서약물요법이어려운뇌손상환자의특성을감안하여간헐적압박기사용이필수불가결하다고본다. 가장효과적으로분석된간헐적압박기에서무릎군과대퇴군간길이에따른효과차이는없었다. 이는 Hameed 등 (00) 이 1,350예를대상으로간헐적압박기적용길이에따른심부정맥 J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

9 96 김정숙 김혜정 우연희외 인 혈전증발생률비교연구에서길이에따른발생률의차이가없음을밝힌연구결과에의해지지된다. 다른연구에서는간헐적압박기의무릎부위적용과대퇴부위까지적용길이에따른효과는비슷하나대퇴부위가더유용하며환자및간호사만족도가높았다는주장도있다 (Hameed et al., 00). 따라서압박스타킹방법보다는간헐적압박기를적용해야하며길이에따른선택은환자들의편리함과간호사들의업무효율성을고려하는것이필요하다고본다. 심부정맥혈전증의발생은압박스타킹대퇴군에서 3예, 간헐적압박기대퇴군에서 1예로주로무릎군보다대퇴군에서많은것으로나타났다. 심부정맥혈전증은매년 1,000명당 1명이상에서발생하는일반적질환이나임상적증상으로는발견되지않아치료되지않은채방치되어장기적이환율을높여폐색전증과만성정맥부전증을유발한다고하였다 (John & Heit, 003). 본연구에서도 86예중 4예 (4.65%) 에서심부정맥혈전증이발생하였으나이들모두임상증상은나타나지않아대부분의환자들이심부정맥혈전증을가지고있더라도조기발견되지못한채위험에방치되고있다고보여진다. 따라서심부정맥혈전증예방을위한간호는사망률에영향을줄수있는중요성을다시인식할수있다. 이상의연구결과를종합해볼때본연구는하지압박요법이심부정맥혈전예방을위해필수적인중재방법이며이중간헐적압박기적용방법이침상부동환자의평균정맥혈류속도증가에가장효과적임을검증하는데유용한근거를제시하였다고본다. 결론하지압박적용방법에따라심부정맥혈전증예방효과차이가있는지에대한검증을위해시점에따라평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이를측정한결과네군간에유의한차이가있는것으로나타났다. 간헐적압박기대퇴군이 7일모두압박스타킹무릎군보다, 1, 4, 6, 7일에압박스타킹대퇴군보다평균혈류속도변화의차이가컸으며, 간헐적압박기무릎군이 3, 4, 6, 7 일에압박스타킹무릎군보다 4, 6일에압박스타킹대퇴군보다크게나타나하지압박적용방법에따라예방효과의차이가있는것으로나타났다. 또한압박스타킹군과간헐적압박기군간에심부정맥혈전증예방효과차이가있는지에대한검증을위해시점에따라평균정맥혈류속도변화의차이를측정한결과간헐적압박기군이 일째를제외하고 1일째, 3일째, 4일째, 5일째, 6일째및 7일째에서압박스타킹군보다평균정맥혈류속도변화차이가더큰 것으로나타나심부정맥혈전증예방효과는압박스타킹보다간헐적압박기가더유용한것으로분석되었다. 이상의연구결과를종합하면침상부동환자에게하지압박요법을적용시정맥혈류속도가증가되어혈액정체를막고혈류량이증가되어심부정맥혈전증예방효과가있음을알수있다. 이중간헐적압박기가압박스타킹보다평균정맥혈류속도증가에더효과적인것으로나타났다. 따라서간헐적압박기적용방법이심부정맥혈전증예방을위해가장효과적인중재방법임을알수있다. 본연구결과를근거로중환자실환자에게제공되는간헐적압박기적용에따른의료수가를현실화하여적극적으로장비가지원되어근거중심의예방간호가이루질필요가있다고할수있겠다. 이러한결론을토대로중증도가높은중환자실환자를대상으로간헐적압박기적용과헤파린사용효과차이를파악하는추후연구를제언한다. REFERENCES Ascher, E., Depippo, P. S., Hingorani, A., Yorkovich, W., & Salles- Cunha, S. (004). Does repeat duplex ultrasound for lower extremity deep vein thrombosis influence patient management? Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 38, Byrne, B. (001). Deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis: The effectiveness and implications of using below-knee or thigh-length graduated compression stockings. Heart & Lung, 30, Choi, J. Y., & Park, S. J. (006). A comparison of interventions recorded in nursing notes between acute and subacute stage after a cerebrovascular accident. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 36, Choi, K. S. (199). A study of patients with head injuries. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,, Demolis, P., Tran Dinh, Y. R., & Giudicelli, J. F. (1996). Relationships between cerebral regional blood flow velocities and volumetric blood flows and their respective reactivities to acetasolamide. Stroke, 7, Hameed, M. F., Browse, D. J., Immelman, E. J., & Goldberg, P. A. (00). Should knee-length replace thigh-length graduated compression stockings in the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis? South African Journal of Surgery, 40, Handoll, H. H., Farrar, M. J., McBirnie, J., Tytherleigh-Strong, G., Milne, A. A., & Gillespie, W. J. (003). Heparin, low molecular weight heparin and physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism following surgery for hip fractures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 00, CD John, A., & Heit, M. (003). Risk factor for venous thromboembolism. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 4, 1-1. Jung, D. Y., Kim, Y., & Kwon, O. Y. (00). Effect of deep breath- J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

10 97 ing exercise and ankle exercise on blood flow velocity in the femoral vein. Journal of the Korean Academy of University Trained Physical Therapist, 9, Keith, S. L., McLaughlin, D. J., Anderson, F. A. Jr., Cardullo, P. A., Jones, C. E., Rohrer, M. J., et al. (199). Do graduated compression stockings and pneumatic boots have and additive effect on the peak velocity of venous blood flow? Archives of Surgery, 17, Kim, Y. S. (005). Effects of the application of elastic compression stockings on edema and pain of lower extremities in hospital nurses. Unpublished master s thesis, KeiMyung University, Daegu. Kurtoglu, M., Yanar, H., Bilsel, Y., Guloglu, R., Kizilirmak, S., Buyukkurt, D., et al. (004). Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after head and spinal trauma: Intermittent pneumatic compression devices versus low molecular weight heparin. World Journal of Surgery, 8, Kyrle, P. A., & Eichinger, S. (005). Deep vein thrombosis. Lancet, 365, Lacut, K., Bressollette, L., Le Gal, G., Etienne, E., De Tinteniac, A., Renault, A., et al. (005). Prevention of venous thrombosis in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology, 65, Lee, S. H., & Kim, K. T. (004). Clinical application of compression treatment. Journal of the Korean Society of Phlebology, 3, 5-8. Oh, J., & Yoon, C. M. (008). Lower extremity edema and pain of nurses and the effect of self leg massage. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 38, Phillips, L., Macmillan, A., & Tweed, C. (004). Review of intermittent pneumatic compression: An evidence-based therapeutic modality for the prevention of avoidable deep vein thrombosis. Journal of Integrated Care Pathways, 8, The Standards Task Force of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons. (00). Practice parameters for the prevention of venous thromboembolism. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 43, Van Blerk, D. (004). Evaluating an intermittent compression system for thromboembolism prophylaxis. Professional Nurse, 0(4), Yablon, S. A., Rock, W. A. Jr., Nick, T. G., Sherer, M., McGrath, C. M., & Goodson, K. H. (004). Deep vein thrombosis: Prevalence and risk factors in rehabilitation admissions with brain injury. Neurology, 63, J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

11 98 김정숙 김혜정 우연희외 인 J Korean Acad Nurs 39(), 009 년 4 월

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