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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Korean Acad Community Health Nurs ( 지역사회간호학회지 ) ISSN (Print) / ISSN (Online) Vol , , June 포괄적한국노인허약사정도구의적용가능성과예측타당도평가 : 2008, 20년노인실태조사자료이용 오은미 홍 ( 손 ) 귀령 한양대학교간호학부 The Evaluation of Feasibility and Predictive Validity of Comprehensive Korean ty Instrument: Using the 2008 and 20 Living Profiles of Older People Survey in Korea Oh, Eunmi Hong, Gwi-Ryung Son College of Nursing, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study aimed to verify the predictive validity of Comprehensive Korean ty Instrument (CKFI) among older adults. Methods: A secondary analysis of data from a prospective cohort study was conducted. ty was determined in older adults (N=9,88) according to the data in 2008 and the effects of frailty on adverse outcomes (such as institutionalization and death) were evaluated according to the data in 20. The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index was used to compare with the predictive validity of CKFI. Results: The prevalence of frailty was 26.3%. With the CKFI, the frail group had a higher risk of negative health outcomes compared to the robust and pre-frail groups after three years. The two of the highest risks identified using the CKFI and CHS index were institutionalization (5.522 times higher) and mortality (3.20 times higher). For both instruments, the survival analysis revealed that the risk of death increased as the degree of frailty increased. Conclusion: The CKFI consisting of self-report items and multidimensional aspects of frailty can be used as a simple instrument for assessing the frailty of older adults residing in a local community in Korea. Key Words: elderly, Validation studies, Prevalence, Mortality, Long term adverse effects 서론. 연구의필요성 우리나라 65세이상고령인구는총인구의 2.8% 로고령인구구성비는급속히증가하여 2026년에는 20% 이상초고령사 회로진입이예상된다 []. 204년 노인실태조사 에따르면의사진단을받은만성질환율은 89.2% 였고, 신체적기능저하자의 8.7% 는수발을받고있었으며이로인한노인가구의보건의료비부담은매우큰것으로보고되었다 [2]. 노인의취약한건강상태는개인과가족의삶의질을저하시킬뿐만아니라사회적으로도노인부양에대한갈등을심화시키게된다. 주요어 : 허약노인, 타당성연구, 유병률, 사망률, 장기부정적영향 Corresponding author: Oh, Eunmi College of Nursing, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimli-ro, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , oem76@hanyang.ac.kr - 이논문은제저자오은미의박사학위논문을수정하여작성한것임. - This manuscript is a revision of the first author's doctoral dissertation from Hanyang University. Received: Mar 27, 207 / Revised: Jun 7, 207 / Accepted: Jun 7, 207 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution n-commercial License ( by-nc/3.0), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. c 207 Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

2 포괄적한국노인허약사정도구의적용가능성과예측타당도평가 : 2008, 20 년노인실태조사자료이용 이러한고령화로인한개인과사회의노인부양부담증가에따라허약노인의관리에대한관심이증대하고있다. 허약은최근노인학에서주목받고있는노인증후군 (geriatric syndrome) 으로허약노인은노화와관련된생리학적취약성을가진노인이다. 건강한노인이라도생리적노화와동반된복합유병상태를겪으며신체, 정신, 사회적으로점차허약해질수있고 [3], 장애발생의취약성을가지고있으나, 허약노인은아직까지중한기능저하또는장애의발생을가지고있지않은노인을뜻한다 [4]. 그동안선행연구들을통하여, 허약노인의건강을집중적으로관리하지않는다면장기화되거나악화되어노인의낙상 [5], 장애 [6], 입원및장기요양시설입소 [5], 삶의질저하 [3], 사망 [5,6] 과같은부정적결과를초래할수있음이보고되었다. 따라서장애발생및장기요양예방의관점에서허약노인의조기발견과관리는매우중요하다. 하지만허약노인에대한선행연구들에서학자마다허약에대한관점과이해가달라 [7] 허약의유병률과허약의정도가다르게보고되고있어, 허약노인의건강증진과보건의료서비스제공에있어서문제점으로지적되고있다. 지금까지의허약에대한관점은크게두가지로설명할수있다. 허약에대한첫번째관점은허약을단일요인에의한것으로이해하는관점이며, Fried 등 [5] 의생물학적증후군모델 (biologic syndrome model) 이가장대표적이며미국의심혈관건강연구지표 (Cardiovascular Health Study index, CHS index) 로알려져있다. CHS index는허약의표현형 (phenotype) 을중심으로허약의조작적정의를하였고, 허약수준은주로신체적영역의평가에의해결정된다. 따라서다양한영역을포괄한도구에비해상대적으로허약수준이균일화, 획일화되어장애나사망과같은객관적특성에대한예측력이높으므로임상전문가에게유용한정보를제공하여허약연구에서가장보편적으로활용되고있다. 하지만단점으로는복잡한개별노인의허약정도를파악하는데에는무리가있으며, 일부문항 ( 악력, 신체질량지수, 걷기속도 ) 의허약정도판별을위해전체노인의참조값 (reference values) 이필요할뿐아니라정확한측정을위한전문인력과도구, 장소와같은물리적환경이필요하므로지역사회노인의허약사정을위한도구로사용시어려움이따른다. 허약에대한두번째관점은허약을다면적요인에의한것으로보는관점이며, 연구자들은허약의구성요인으로신체뿐만아니라정신, 사회, 환경적측면까지포함된다는것에대해점차합의를형성하고있다 [7]. Rockwood와 Mitnitski [8] 의건강함상실의누적된모형 (accumulation of deficits model) 은허약을다면적요인으로이해하는대표적관점으로, 대상자의임상증상과징후의총합을같은연령군인구의평균임상증상및징후수로나눈지표를허약으로정의하며캐나다건강과노화연구허약지수 (Canadian Study of Health and Aging ty Index, CSHA-FI) 로알려져있다. CSHA-FI는허약을다차원적이고역동적으로보았으나 70항목으로구성된많은문항이숙련된전문가에의해사정되어야하므로임상에서쉽게적용하기어려운단점이있다. 이러한단점을대체하기위하여문항을자가보고형질문으로구성하여신뢰도와타당도가검증된허약의다차원적도구로그로닝겐허약지표 (Groningen frailty index, GFI)[9] 와포괄적허약사정도구 (Comprehensive ty Assessment Instrument, CFAI)[0] 가지역사회허약사정도구로사용되고있으나허약의부정적결과를예측하는예측타당도여부에대한연구가부족한것이단점이다. 허약을다면적으로사정한도구들은이외에도틸버그허약지표 (Tilburg ty Indicator, TFI)[], 에드몬튼허약도구 (Edmonton Scale, EFS)[2] 등이있으나허약을사정하기위한황금기준은아직없으며, 허약연구는허약의개념을바탕으로신체, 질병중심의접근에서점차건강중심의통합적접근으로점차변화하고있다. 국내에서도허약노인사정도구들이개발되고있으나한국노인의다면적인허약특성을측정할수있는타당성있는도구의개발은부족한현실이다. Hwang 등 [3] 의한국형노쇠측정도구와 Lee 등 [4] 의허약선별도구는지역사회거주노인의허약을다차원적으로평가할수있으나예측타당도에대한후속연구가필요하며, Jung 등 [5] 의허약지표는사망률, 기능저하와같은허약의부정적예후에대한예측타당도가검증되었으나연구대상자가국한된일부지역거주자로일반화하여적용하는데무리가있다. 또한객관적신체수행검사와혈액검사가동반되어야하므로지역사회에서적용하는데어려움이따른다. 이러한배경에서본연구팀은우리나라지역사회거주노인의허약을쉽고, 간단히다면적으로평가할수있는자가응답형식의포괄적한국노인허약사정도구 (Comprehensive Korean ty Instrument, CKFI) 를개발하였다. 따라서본연구의목적은전국노인을대상으로한종단자료를이용하여새로이개발된 CKFI와기존의선행연구에서가장보편적으로사용되어온 CHS index로각각의허약율과허약정도를알아보고, 각각의예측타당도를비교하여 CKFI의우리나라지역사회노인의허약측정도구로써활용가능성을확인하고자한다. Vol ,

3 오은미 홍 ( 손 ) 귀령 연구방법. 연구설계 본연구는우리나라노인의허약사정을위해두가지서로다른도구를이용하여허약유병율과예측타당도를평가하고비교하기위한방법론적연구이다. 2. 연구자료및대상본연구는보건복지부에의해시행된 2008, 20 노인실태조사 의종단자료를활용하였다. 전국규모의노인실태조사는노인생활실태및복지욕구에대한자료를파악하여노인의삶의질향상을위한복지정책개발및향후고령사회대응정책개발을위해매 3년마다실시되고있다. 200년노인실태조사는종단적조사로서 2008년에구축된패널을대상으로시행하였으며 [6] 본연구의대상자는 2008년설문당시 65세이상이었던노인으로최종 9,88명을분석에사용하였다. 3. 윤리적고려노인실태조사는통계청의통계승인 ( 승인번호제 77호 ) 을받아대상자에게연구참여에대한자발적동의를받고조사가시행되었다. 본연구는보건사회연구원에협조문을보내자료사용에대한승인 ( 승인일 203년 2월 7일 ) 을받은후개인식별정보가제거된자료를제공받았으며, 한양대학교에서기관생명윤리위원회의동의서면제요청서의승인 (IRB. HYI-4-66) 을받은후연구의목적에맞게분석하였다. 4. CKFI 개발도구개발과정은구성요인규명, 예비도구구성, 예비도구의내용타당도검정, 최종도구의최적경계점수확인을통해진행하였다. 구성요인규명단계에서허약의구성개념을확인하기위해 Web of Science, PubMED, RISS, Google scholar를이용하여문헌검색을시행하였다. 국외의경우 Web of Science 와 Pub- MED, Google scholar 검색어는 MEDLINE 에서의학주제용어 (Medical Subject Heading, MeSH) 를확인한후 MeSH 용어 (frail elderly, questionnaires, validity, self-assessment) 와관련단어 (instrument, assessment, measure) 를포함하였다. 각단어가사용되는형태를검토하여만능문자및 AND, OR로연결하 는검색식을구성하여관련논문을포괄적으로검색할수있게하였다. 국내의경우는 RISS를통해 ) 노인 AND, 2) 허약 OR 노쇠 AND, 3) 도구 OR 척도등을병합하여이루어졌다. 검색은자료를제공하는년도부터 205년 2월까지출판된자료로하였다. 노인을대상으로허약개념에대한정의를포함하거나지역사회노인의허약사정도구개발과관련된논문을선정하였고, 포괄적인자료의검색을위해검색된논문의참고문헌을통해자료검색을보완하였다. 관련원문을 data base에서찾을수없을때는사서의도움으로확보하였고, 자료검색은한국어와영어로제한하였다. 확인된관련논문은서지관리프로그램 (Endte) 에서중복자료를제거하였다. 논문의제목과초록을통해관련논문을확인하고, 노인을대상으로허약도구개발을목적으로쓴논문을선정하여원문을검토하였다. 문헌고찰을통해선행연구에서신뢰도나타당도가분석된적이있는허약노인사정도구의허약구성영역과지표를확인하였다. 그결과기존의허약사정도구들에서허약의영역과지표는신체영역 ( 기동성, 영양, 에너지, 시력, 청력, 근력, 활동성, 요실금, 약물, 동반질환 ), 정신영역 ( 정서, 지각된건강 ), 인지영역 ( 인지상태 ), 사회영역 ( 사회적지지 ), 환경영역 ( 편안한주변환경 ) 등이었다. 또한본연구는 Gobbens 등 [7] 의통합된허약모델 (Integral Conceptual Model of ty, ICMF) 을바탕으로연구의이론적기틀을확립하였다. ICMF는생애결정요인과만성질환은허약의 3가지영역 ( 신체, 정신, 사회적요인 ) 에영향을미치며, 허약의 3가지영역이허약의부정적결과 ( 장애, 의료서비스이용, 사망 ) 에영향을미치는경로를설명하였다. 본연구에서는허약의발생에영향을미치는요인으로 ICMF의신체, 정신, 사회적영역에인지적영역을추가하여수정된개념적기틀을적용하였다. 노화와함께동반되는뇌의구조적, 생리적변화는허약과도관계가있으며 [8], 인지기능은노인의기능적독립에매우중요한역할을하기때문이다. 예비도구구성단계에서문헌고찰과이론적기틀을토대로신체, 정신, 인지, 사회적영역에따른 9개하부영역 ( 신체수행, 영양, 감각, 동반질환, 정서, 건강상태지각, 기억력, 사회관계망, 사회적지지 ) 이선정되었다. 예비문항구성은 2008년노인실태조사의개인용설문지를토대로노인간호학교수가포함된본연구팀이문항을선정하여신체영역 ( 신체수행 2문항, 영양 문항, 감각 2문항, 동반질환 문항 ), 정신영역 ( 정서 문항, 건강상태지각 문항 ), 인지 ( 기억력 문항 ), 사회영역 ( 사회관계망 문항, 사회적지지 3문항 ) 을포함한총 3문항을예비문항 208 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

4 포괄적한국노인허약사정도구의적용가능성과예측타당도평가 : 2008, 20 년노인실태조사자료이용 으로구성하였다. 각항목에대한배점은지역사회에서의측정용이성을고려하여이분척도로구분하였다. 허약노인의특성은 점, 허약노인의특성이아닌것은 0점으로문항당 점씩배점하여점수가높을수록허약한것으로해석하였다. 예비도구의내용타당도검정단계에서노인간호학전공교수 3인, 노인전문간호사자격증이있거나노인전공석사학력의너싱홈운영자 2인, 노인병원혹은노인이주된입원환자인재활전문병원에서근무중인재활의학과전문의 3명, 정신과와가정의학과전문의각 명등총 0인의전문가에게내용타당도 (Content Validity Index, CVI) 를검증하였다. 그결과전체전문가수에서 3점과 4점으로평가한전문가의비율을계산하는문항수준내용타당도지수 (Item-level Content Validity Index, I- CVI) 값이.80~.00으로모두기준치.78 이상이었고, 모든문항 의 I-CVI의평균점수인척도수준내용타당도지수 (Scale-level Content Validity Index/Averaging, S-CVI/Ave) 값이.90으로기준치인.90 이상 [9] 이었으므로내용타당도가검증되었다. CKFI의개발전체과정은노인간호학교수 2명을포함한간호학교수 4명, 가정의학과교수 명으로구성된전문가에의해 2차례의회의를거쳐검토를받았다. 전문가의의견을바탕으로예비 CKFI 3문항에서신체적영역 문항을수정하였고사회적영역의 문항을추가하여최종 CKFI는총 4문항이선정되었다 (Table ). 신체적영역은 몸을구부리거나, 쭈그리거나, 무릎꿇기동작을할때어려움 정도를묻는것보다, 보행능력이나근력, 균형을측정하는것이신체수행영역을평가하는데유용할것이라는전문가의의견을수렴하여, 쉬지않고 0계단오르기의동작을할때어려움 정도를묻는질문으 Table. Final CKFI Construct domain Physical frailty Indicator Item 0 point point Physical performance Do you feel it is difficult to reach your hand and get something over your head? Do you feel it is difficult to walk up 0 stairs without resting? Nutrition Do you feel it is difficult to chew hard food stuff such as meat and apples? If you use artificial teeth, describe your feeling assuming that you wear them. Sensibility Does your current eyesight make you feel uncomfortable with daily activities? Does your current hearing ability make you feel uncomfortable with daily activities? Comorbidities Do you have three or more chronic diseases that have lasted for at least three months since you were diagnosed by doctors? Psychological frailty Mood During the last week, did you feel like staying home all day long? Perception of health status What do you think about your ordinary health condition? Good Average poor Cognitive frailty Cognition function What do you think about your memory? Good Bad Social frailty Social network Are you living alone at present? Are you involved in any club (group) activity? (e.g. social gathering, religion, cultural activity, sports, civil or society group, profitable or political group, voluntary group, study group, etc.) Social support How many people are there around you with whom you feel the relationship is satisfactory? How many people are there around you who have listened to your concerns or worries during the last year? Two or more Two or more Below one Below one How many times have you received economic assistance from your family or surrounding people, such as allowance and living expenses during the last year? At least one ne CKFI=comprehensive Korean frailty instrument. Vol ,

5 오은미 홍 ( 손 ) 귀령 로수정하였다. 사회적영역은사회관계망을독거여부만으로사정하는것보다는참여하고있는모임의수를포함하는것이타당하다는의견을수렴하여이에대한 문항을추가하였다. 최종 CKFI의최적경계점수확인단계에서내용타당도검증후 Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) 곡선분석을통해민감도와특이도를만족시키는최적경계점수를추정하고, ROC 곡선의곡선하면적 (Area Under ROC Curve, AUC) 을비교함으로써노인허약사정도구로서의진단적효율성을확인하였다. 준거도구는 Fried의 CHS index로서 점 ( 전허약경계점수 ) 과 3점 ( 허약경계점수 ) 을참고표준으로하였다. 최적경계점수분석결과 CHS index 점을기준으로하였을때 ( 전허약의경계점수 ) CKFI의 AUC는.74 (CI=0.72~0.75) 로중등도의정확성 (useful accuracy, 0.70< AUC 0.90)[20] 을보였다. AUC를통해최선의민감도와특이도를보이는노인허약사정도구경계점수는 4.5점이었고, 민감도 65.0%, 특이도 69.7 %, 양성예측도 (Positive Predicted Value, PPV) 76.5%, 음성예측도 (Negative Predicted Value, NPV) 56.8% 였다. CHS index 3점을기준으로하였을때 ( 허약의경계점수 ) CKFI의 AUC는.78 (CI=0.77~0.80) 로중등도의정확성 (useful accuracy, 0.70<AUC 0.90)[20] 을보였다. AUC를통해최선의민감도와특이도를보이는노인허약사정도구경계점수는 6.5점이었고, 민감도 6.7%, 특이도 78.8%, PPV 22.0%, NPV 95.5% 였다. 타당도검정은동시타당도와구성타당도를검정하였다. CKFI의동시타당도를검정하기위한준거도구로는국, 내외의관련논문에서발표된지표중허약노인의판정기준으로대표적으로사용하는 Fried 등 [5] 의 CHS index를이용하였다. CKFI와 CHS index 점수간의상관관계는.44 (p<.00) 로중간정도의유의한상관관계 [2] 을나타내어동시타당도가검정되었다. CKFI의구성타당도를검정하기위하여 2008년 CKFI의총점점수와 2008년노인실태조사의기능상태, 영양상태, 우울증상, 인지기능, 악력사이의상관관계를측정하여수렴타당도를살펴보았다. 기능상태는일상생활동작 (Korean Activities of Daily Living, K-ADL)[22] 7문항의합계점수와도구적일상생활동작 (Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, K- IADL)[22] 0문항의합계점수를각각사용하였다. 영양상태는영양관리상태 0문항의합계점수를, 우울은노인우울도구 (Short Form of Geriatric Depression Scale, SGDS)[23] 5 문항의합계점수를, 인지상태는인지측정도구 (Mini-Mental State Examination in the Korean Version of the CERAD Assessment Packet, MMSE-KC)[24] 9개항목, 26문항의합계점수를, 악력은악력계 (Tanita Dynamometer 603) 로 2회측정한값 (kg) 중가장높은수치를활용하였다. 연속변수의정규성확인결과 ADL, IADL, MMSE-KC의첨도가높아이를제곱근변환한값으로상관계수를구하였다. 그결과 CKFI 점수는 K-ADL (r=.28, p<.00) 과낮은크기의양의상관관계, K-IADL (r=.39, p<.00) 과중간크기의양의상관관계, 영양관리상태 (r=.59, p<.00), SGDS (r=.62, p<.00) 와높은크기의양의상관관계를보였고, 악력 (r=-.44, p<.00), MMSE-KC (r=-.48, p<.00) 과중간크기의음의상관관계를보여수렴타당도가검증되었다. CKFI는이분형응답으로내적일관성신뢰도검증은 Kuder- Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20) 계수로산출하였다. 그결과 KR-20 값은.78이었다 5. 측정도구 ) 허약 : CHS index Fried 등의 CHS index는 5가지기준 ( 체중저하, 탈진, 신체활동, 걷기속도, 악력 ) 을적용하여한가지도허약기준에해당되지않을경우비허약 (robust), ~2개해당할경우는전허약 (prefrail), 3개이상해당되는경우는허약 (frail) 으로판정하였다. 신체활동량, 보행속도, 악력범주는 2008년기초조사대상 5,46명의측정치를분석하여기준점을정하였다 [25]. 2) 그외의도구들 2008년 CKFI로측정한허약정도가 20년건강상태에미치는영향력을알아보기위해 20년노인실태조사자료중예측타당도검증을위한준거로는입소, 입원, 사망, 낙상발생, 낙상으로인한후유증, 여행횟수, 장애, 인지저하, 우울증상등을사용하였다. 입소, 입원, 사망은 20 노인실태조사당시의상태 ( 예 / 아니오 ) 로정의하였다. 낙상발생, 낙상으로인한후유증, 여행횟수는지난 년간의경험유무에대해 예 / 아니오 로응답한문항을사용하였다. 장애를측정하기위해 K-ADL [22] 7문항과 K-IADL [22] 0 문항중한가지라도 완전자립 / 부분도움 / 완전도움 중한문항이라도 부분도움 또는 완전도움 이필요한경우각각장애가있는것으로정의하였다. 인지저하는 MMSE-KC [24] 로측정한총점을성별, 연령별, 교육수준별로구분된규준에따라 -.5 표준편차이하인경우인지저하로정의하였다. 우울증상은 SGDS [23] 의총점 5점에서 8점이상을 20 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

6 포괄적한국노인허약사정도구의적용가능성과예측타당도평가 : 2008, 20 년노인실태조사자료이용 우울증상으로정의하였다. 6. 자료분석대상자의일반적특성, 허약도구들의측정값은기술통계를이용하여분석하였다. CKFI는 2008년노인실태조사의설문문항에서허약에영향을미치는요인을고려하여문항을구성하였다. 따라서예측타당도를확인하기위해 20년건강상태에대한 2008년허약정도의영향력을로지스틱회귀분석을통해분석하였고, 20년허약상태에따른생존율을카플란마이어방법에의하여생존함수의추정값을구하였으며집단간차이검정은 Log rank test를사용하였다. 자료는 SPSS version 8.0 for window (SPSS inc., Chicago, IL,USA) 를이용하여분석하였고, 양측검정에서통계적유의수준은 p<.05로하였다. CKFI의문항별결측율은최대.9% 였으므로결측값을대체하지않고 [26] 총점을계산하였다. CHS index의문항별결측율은악력이 0.9%, 걷기속도가 29.9% 로높아전체 5문항중결측이 3문항이상인대상자는총점계산에서제외하였다 [25]. 연구결과. 조사대상자들의일반적특성 대상자의평균연령은 2008년을기준으로지역사회거주노인 9,88명의평균연령은 73.±5.9세, 여성이 5,367명 (58.4%) 이었다. 20년에지역사회거주노인은 8,37명 (88.6%), 병원입원노인은 27명 (.4%), 시설입소노인은 9명 (.0%), 사망한노인은 833명 (9.0%) 이었다. 2. 허약점수의분포 CKFI와 CHS index로측정한평균점수는각각 4.49±2.20, 0.97±.00이었다. 비허약, 전허약, 허약의분포는 CKFI로측정했을때 4,354 (47.4%), 2,43 (26.3%), 2,42 (26.3%) 이었고 CHS index로측정했을때 3,480 (37.9%), 4,53 (49.%), 773 (8.4%) 이었다 (Table 2). 3. 예측타당도 ) 로지스틱회귀분석준거타당도의한가지인예측타당도를확인하기위해 2008 Table 2. Distribution of ty Status at Baseline in 2008 (N=9,88) CKFI CHS index Variables n(%) n(%) Robust 4,354 (47.4) 3,480 (37.9) Pre-frail 2,43 (26.3) 4,53 (49.) 2,42 (26.3) 773 (8.4) Total score (M±SD) 4.49± ±.00 Excluded 422 (4.6%) individuals who had 3 missing data (total 5-items); CKFI=comprehensive Korean frailty instrument; CHS index=cardiovascular health study index. 년노인실태조사대상자의허약도구별 (CKFI vs CHS index) 허약정도에따른 20년건강상태에대한로지스틱회귀분석의결과는 Table 3과같다. CKFI로측정한경우모든변수에서허약노인은비허약과전허약노인에비해부정적건강상태의발생위험이높은것으로나타났다 (OR.3~5.52). 하지만 Fried 등의 CHS index로측정한경우허약노인은병원입원의발생위험에는유의한영향을미치지않아 CKFI가 CHS보다포괄적인예측타당도를보였다. CKFI로측정한허약의부정적예후중오즈비가가장높았던허약의부정적예후는시설입소로, 허약노인은비허약, 전허약노인에비해 3년후시설입소위험이 5.522배 (CI= 3.57~8.54) 로높았다. 반면 CHS에서오즈비가가장높았던부정적예후는사망으로, 허약노인이비허약, 전허약노인에비해 3년후사망위험이 3.20배 (CI=2.66~3.9) 높았다. 2) 생존분석연구종료시점에서의 CKFI와 CHS index에따른비허약, 전허약, 허약군의누적생존함수를구한결과는 Figure 과같다. 본연구에서생존은사망이발생하지않았음을의미하며, 누적생존확률은해당시간까지사망이발생하지않을확률이다. CKFI에따른결과를살펴보면, 비허약군에서는 2개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 98.4%, 24개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 96.2%, 36개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 94.7% 로추정되었고, 전허약군에서는 2개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 97.5%, 24개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 94.8%, 36개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 92.% 로추정되었고, 허약군에서는 2개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 95.5%, 24개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 90.4%, 36개월에사망이발생하지않을확률은 85.2% 로추정되었다. Logrank test를이용하여허약수준에따른생존율의차이를분석해 Vol , 207 2

7 오은미 홍 ( 손 ) 귀령 Table 3. Post Three-year Adverse Outcomes Between and Groups according to CKFI vs. CHS index Adverse outcomes Institutionalization Hospitalization Death Fall Sequelae due to fall Functional disability (ADL) Functional disability (IADL) Number of times traveling Cognitive impairment (MMSE-KC) Depressive symptoms (SGDS) Level of frailty OR CKFI CHS index 95% CI 95% CI p OR Lower Upper Lower Upper < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < < <.00 CKFI=comprehensive Korean frailty instrument; CHS index=cardiovascular health study index; ADL=activities of daily living; IADL=instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE-KC=mini-mental state examination in the Korean version of the consortium to establish a registry for alzheimer's disease assessment packet; SGDS=short form of the geriatric depression scale. p CKFI=comprehensive Korean frailty instrument; CHS index=cardiovascular health study index. Figure. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival function on death according to CKFI and CHS index. 보면, 허약정도가다른그룹간통계적으로유의한차이를보여생존분석을통한예측타당도가확보되었고 (x 2 =99.74, p<.00), 이는 CHS index 에따른결과와비슷한양상을보였다. 22 Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

8 포괄적한국노인허약사정도구의적용가능성과예측타당도평가 : 2008, 20 년노인실태조사자료이용 논의 본연구는우리나라지역사회노인의허약관리를위해본연구팀이개발한 CKFI와기존에개발되어가장많이사용되고있는 CHS index로측정한허약율과허약분포를살펴보고예측타당도를비교하여우리나라지역사회노인의허약사정도구로서 CKFI의활용가능성을알아보고자시행되었다. 2008년노인실태조사대상자의허약률은 CKFI와 CHS index로측정하였을때각각 26.3%, 8.4% 로 CKFI의허약률이더높았다. 이에대한이유는첫째, CHS index가생의학관점의도구인데반해 CKFI는허약의다차원적인구성개념을포함하는도구이기때문인것으로설명할수있을것이다. 선행연구에서도같은대상자에게다른도구로허약사정했을때, 신체적영역을중심으로한 CHS index보다다차원적으로측정한도구들의허약률이더높았다. Van Kempen 등 [27] 의연구에서허약노인의비율이 EASY-Care Two-step Older persons Screening으로 39.4%, CHSA-FI로 44% 였으나, CHS index로 9.9% 였던결과는본연구결과와같은맥락으로이해할수있다. 노인에게허약의의미는신체적의미뿐만아니라정신, 사회적의미를포함한문화적, 맥락적문제들과포괄적으로관련이있어연구자나임상전문가들이중요시하는허약의의미와실제노인들이생각하는허약의의미가다를수있다. 허약사정시신체적영역을중점적으로측정하는것은허약의일부만사정하는것으로서, 허약에대한통합된접근을위해서는총체적영역의접근이필요하다 [7]. 따라서본연구를통해개발된 CKFI는신체, 정신, 인지, 사회적영역에서허약을다차원적으로사정할수있으므로, 지역사회거주노인의총체적허약사정에매우적합한것으로생각한다. CKFI로측정한허약률이 CHS index에비해높은것에대한이유로둘째, CKFI의측정용이성때문인것으로설명할수있을것이다. CHS index는걷기와같은객관적신체수행문항이포함되어있는데반해 CKFI는이분형의자가응답문항으로구성된도구이다. 기능력이저하된대상자의경우악력측정과걷기수행이불가능할수있으며적극적참여의지가없는경우도측정자의지시대로수행하기어려워무응답혹은응답거부로인한결측률이높게되므로정확한허약률을측정하는데어려움이따른다. 실제로 CHS index의결측률은악력이 0.9%, 걷기속도가 29.9% 로높았던것에반해자가보고형태의주관적신체수행문항을사용한 CKFI index의상지와하지신체수행문항의결 측률은각각 0.7% 로 CHS index보다낮았으며 CKFI 4문항을모두응답한노인은 96.9% 로전체문항결측률또한낮았다. 선행연구 [9] 에서실무적용가능성이높은것으로보고된 GFI 는다차원적인허약사정도구로서총문항수가 5문항으로 CKFI의문항수와비슷하다. GFI는연구대상자 353명중전체문항을모두응답한대상자가 296명 (83.9%) 이었다. 응답률과연구대상자수를비교하였을때본연구의전체문항응답률이 GFI 보다더높았으며, 본연구의대상자는전국노인실태조사의응답자로서결과의일반화측면에서도 GFI보다더유리하다. 허약사정도구의타당도에대한문헌고찰연구 [28] 결과, 지역사회에서가장적용하기적당한도구로보고된 TFI와 Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe- Index도신체수행문항으로직접수행하는문항대신걷기, 계단오르기, 균형잡기가가능한지에대한질문을활용한점은본연구의결과를뒷받침해준다고할수있다. 따라서, CKFI의실무적용가능성은매우높다고할수있다. 예측타당도검증을위한로지스틱회귀분석의결과, CKFI 는모든변수에서허약노인은비허약, 전허약노인에비해 3년후부정적건강상태의발생위험이높은것으로나타나, 허약상태가부정적건강상태와관련되는것으로보고한선행연구들 [5,6] 의결과와일치한다. 또한본연구에서허약의 3년후부정적결과에대해허약노인과비허약, 전허약군의위험발생률을 CKFI와 CHS index로각각비교했을때, 허약을포괄적으로평가하기위해개발한 CKFI는시설입소의예측력이 5.8배로가장높았고, 생의학관점의 CHS index는사망예측력이 3.2 배로가장높았다. 본연구의이론적기틀에서, 허약상태에서회복되지못하면기능이저하되어장애를겪게되면서자가간호가힘들어져장기노인요양시설로입소하게되며결과적으로사망하게되는과정을설명하였다. 이러한이론적틀을근거로하면본연구결과는 CKFI는허약의초기단계 ( 시설입소 ) 를, CHS index는허약의마지막단계 ( 사망 ) 를각각효과적으로예측한다고해석할수있다. 요양시설에입소하는노인의건강상태는신체적건강상태저하뿐아니라정신적, 인지적건강상태도저하되어있으며, 가족과단절되어사회적관계와지지도받기어려운상태로, 허약을사정할때다차원적인측면으로접근해야한다. 따라서 CHS index가사망의예측력이높은데반해, CKFI가시설입소의예측력이높은것은, 생의학관점의 CHS IF에비해 CKFI가허약의다양한영역을포괄적으로평가할수있는예측타당도가높은도구라는점을시사해준다고할수있다. Vol ,

9 오은미 홍 ( 손 ) 귀령 예측타당도검증을위한 CKFI와 CHS index의허약정도에따른그룹의누적생존확률을비교한결과, 각그룹의생존율은통계적으로유의하게차이가있어예측타당도가검증되었다. 이미많은선행연구에서허약이사망을예측하는것으로보고되었으며 [5,6,29]. 본연구의결과는이러한기존의연구와같은결과를보였다. 결론및제언 본연구의결과를정리해보면 CKFI는신체, 정신, 사회, 인지영역을포함한다차원적허약사정도구로지역사회거주노인에게적극활용할가치가있음을알수있다. CKFI의문항은지역사회노인이이해하기쉬운이분형자가응답문항으로구성되어있으며전허약 (5점이상 ) 과허약 (7점이상 ) 의경계점수가있어실무의적용가능성이높다. 지금까지국내에서개발된허약사정도구들이타당도측면에서준거타당도중동시타당도는검증되었으나허약의부정적결과에대한예측타당도를제시하지못하였던제한점이있었다. 하지만 CKFI는신뢰도와함께내용타당도, 구성타당도뿐아니라준거타당도에서동시타당도와예측타당도를모두충족하였으며전국규모의대표성있는표본의종단자료를분석한결과라는점에서연구의의의가있다. 또한예측타당도결과를토대로 CKFI는허약의초기단계를, CHS index는허약의마지막단계를예측하는도구로사용하는데유용할것으로해석할수있다. 허약노인관리에서사망위험성이높은대상자의건강관리도중요하지만, 건강한대상자의허약예방과허약한노인의장애, 시설입소와같은부정적결과를예방하기위해비허약혹은전허약상태대상자들의건강관리도매우중요하다. 따라서지역사회노인의허약을사정하는도구로허약의초기단계를예측하는데 CKFI가유용할것이며, 측정용이성면에서도객관적신체수행문항이포함된 CHS index보다자가보고문항으로구성된 CKFI가적절하다고본다. 연구의제한점으로는 CKFI의개념적기틀이허약의다차원적측면을토대로하였으므로예측타당도의비교도구로기존에개발된다차원적허약사정도구를분석에이용하였다면더욱객관적비교가가능하였겠으나본연구에서그렇게하지못한점이다. 본연구는 2008, 20 노인실태조사의자료를활용한 2차분석연구로서설문지의문항을선정하여분석에이용하였기에, 2008 실태조사에서설문문항에포함된 CHS index 문항을 CKFI의예측타당도비교도구의문항으로사용하였 다. 추후의연구에서는 CKFI와우리나라지역사회노인에게적용할수있는다차원적허약사정도구들의예측타당도를비교하기위해전국노인의대표성있는표본을통한종단연구를제언한다. REFERENCES. Statistic Korea future population estimation [Internet]. Seoul: Statistic Korea. 206 [cited 207 March 6]. Available from: rd?bmode=read&aseq= Ministry of Health and Welfare. 204 living profiles of older people survey: A national report on the living status and welfare needs of older adults. Policy Report. Seoul: Ministry of Health and Welfare, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; 205. Report.: Gobbens RJ, van Assen MA, Luijkx KG, Schols JM. Testing an integral conceptual model of frailty. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 202;68(9): Fried LP, Ferrucci L, Darer J, Williamson JD, Anderson G. Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2004;59(3): Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, Newman AB, Hirsch C, Gottdiener J, et al. ty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 200;56(3):M46-M Romero-Ortuno R, Walsh CD, Lawlor BA, Kenny RA. A ty instrument for primary care: Findings from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). Bio Med Central Geriatrics. 200;0: Markle-Reid M, Browne G. Conceptualizations of frailty in relation to older adults. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2003;44 (): Rockwood K, Mitnitski A. ty in relation to the accumulation of deficits. Journals of Gerontology Series A-Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2007;62(7): Peters LL, Boter H, Buskens E, Slaets JPJ. Measurement properties of the groningen frailty indicator in home-dwelling and institutionalized elderly people. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association. 202;3(6): De Witte N, Gobbens R, De Donder L, Dury S, Buffel T, Verté D. Validation of the comprehensive frailty assessment instrument against the tilburg frailty indicator. European Geriatric Medicine. 203;4(4): Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing

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