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1 근관절건강학회지제 23 권제 2 호, 2016 년 8 월 J Muscle Jt Health Vol , , August, 2016 ISSN (Print) ISSN x (Online) 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 박미정 1) 이은영 2) 1) 호서대학교간호학과, 2) 신성대학교간호학과 Influences of Daily Life Posture Habits and Work-related Factors in Musculoskeletal Subjective Symptoms among Hospital Employees Park, Mijeong 1) Lee, Eun-young 2) 1) Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, Asan 2) Department of Nursing, Shinsung University, Dangjin, Korea Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the influences of hospital employees daily life posture habits and work-related factors upon musculoskeletal subjective symptoms. Methods: This study was a descriptive survey study. Data were collected using structured a self-report questionnaire between April 1 and May 31, One hundred and ninety two employees were recruited in three hospitals. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, x 2 test, t-test, and binomial logistic regression. Results: The habit of leaning on one side and the habit of bending the back in an improper posture are key postures based on lifestyle affecting musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in neck, shoulders, arms, waist, and legs. Labours accompanying repeated arm movements for a long time are key work-related risk factors affecting musculoskeletal subjective symptoms in arms. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed that, to prevent musculoskeletal diseases, it is necessary to identify and mediate personal factors like daily life posture habits as well as work-related risk factors. They may be utilized as basic materials for education of musculoskeletal health promotion and development of life guidance programs. Key Words: Musculoskeletal disease, Posture, Habit, Work 서론 1. 연구의필요성 병원에서근무하는의료종사자들은질병에대한지식과의료이용의접근성이높아타직종에비해질병의예방및관리실천정도가높을것으로기대되고있다. 그러나실제로는병원이라는환경과업무의특수성으로인해간염, 결핵, AIDS와 같은감염성질환, 요통, 관절통과같은근골격계질환, 불임, 자연유산과같은생식기계질환등의발생률이다른직군에서보다높게보고되고있다 (Kim, 2009; Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency [KOSHA], 2014). 특히근골격계질환의경우, 보건및사회복지사업종사자들의전체산업재해질환자대비근골격계질환자발생률이 2012 년 86.4%, 2013년 84.4%, 2014년 86.9% 일정도로다른직군에비해매우높은편이다 (KOSHA, 2013, 2014, 2015). 병원의서 주요어 : 근골격계질환, 자세, 습관, 업무 Corresponding author: Park, Mijeong Department of Nursing, Hoseo University, 20 Hoseo-ro, 79beon-gil, Baebang-eup, Asan 31499, Korea. Tel: , Fax: , mijeong@hoseo.edu - 이논문은 2014년도정부 ( 미래창조과학부 ) 의재원으로한국연구재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (. NRF-2014R1A1A ). - This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (. NRF-2014R1A1A ). Received: Jun 21, 2016 / Revised: Jul 21, 2016 / Accepted: Jul 21, 2016 c 2016 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

2 비스대상은대부분거동이불편한환자로의료종사자들의도움을필요로한다. 따라서거동이불편한환자를돌보고치료하기위해신체적으로과도한스트레스를받게되는의료종사자들에게서근골격계질환은높은발생률을나타날수밖에없다 (Kim, 2011). 뿐만아니라복잡하고세분화된병원업무특성상발생하는고도의긴장, 환자치료및간호를위해요구되는불안정한자세, 환자나침대등의물품이동시사용되는과도한힘등은근골격계질환의발생률을더욱증가시킬수밖에없다 (Abedini, Choobineh, & Hasanzadeh, 2015; Kwon, 2008) 근골격계질환은산업안전보건기준에관한규칙에의해반복적인동작, 부적절한작업자세, 무리한힘의사용, 날카로운면과의신체접촉, 진동및온도등의요인에의하여발생하는건강장해로서, 목, 어깨, 허리, 팔 다리의신경 근육및그주변신체조직등에나타나는질환으로정의된다. 이러한근골격계질환은조기발견과조기치료가늦어지면만성질환으로진행되는경향이있는데, 이는막대한치료비용과업무생산성저하라는사회 경제적손실을야기한다 (Yoon, Kim, & Park, 2014). 근골격계질환으로부터의료종사자들을보호하고질환으로인해발생하는사회 경제적문제를예방및해결하기위해서는근골격계질환의위험요인을파악하여사전에예방하는것이무엇보다중요하다 (Denis, St-Vincent, Imbeau, Jette, & Nastasia, 2008; National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 2016; Vanwonterghem, Yoopat, & Maes, 2012). 근골격계질환을예방하기위해작업장환경과노동강도개선을통한사전적예방대책과조기발견및치료, 재활을통한사후적예방대책이강조되고있다 (Kim, 2010; KOSHA, 2014; NIOSH, 2016). 또한근골격계질환과관련된요인들을확인하고, 이러한요인들로인해근로자의근골격계부위에발생하는영향을최소화할수있는방안들이지속적으로연구되고있다 (Kim, 2010; Kim, 2011). 근골격계질환과관련된요인은직업관련요인, 개인적요인, 사회심리적요인으로구분되며, 서로유기적으로연결되어있어어느하나소홀히취급할순없다 (Kim, 2010). 그러나대부분의의료종사자를대상으로한선행연구들에서는무리한힘, 반복동작, 부자연스러운자세등근골격계질환의위험요인을확인하고각직군별유해 위험작업을분류하는직업관련요인만을주로다루고있어 (Denis et al., 2008; Ham & Ahn, 2008; Kim, 2009; Kim, 2011; Lee & Cho, 2012; Lee & Han, 2008), 근골격계질환과관련된개인및사회심리적요인을확인하고이를중재하고자한내용들은찾아보기가힘들다. 이에본연구에서는근골격계질환과관련된개인적요인중 자세불균형에주목하였다. 바른자세 (good posture) 는인체가지닌자연적인척추의곡선을유지한상태에서척추를똑바로세우는자세즉신체가전후, 좌우어느쪽으로도치우침없이균형잡힌자세로, 체중을지지하는모든관절과근육의에너지소비를최소화하여활동중이나휴식중에도신체에무리를가장적게주는근골격계의이상적인배열을의미한다 (Watson & Mac, 2000). 바른자세의균형이깨지면여러신체분절마다과도한스트레스와미세한손상으로통증과허약감이야기될뿐만아니라, 근골격계에점진적인변화를가져와척추측만증, 척추전만증, 척추후만증과같은이상을초래하고이를보완하고자특정근육을긴장하거나이완하게되는근육불균형증, 척추신경의압박, 추간판의퇴행성변화, 관절막의염증등이나타나며, 더나아가이로인한내장기의손상과심리적인위축, 우울등정신적문제도발생한다 (Kratenova, Zejglicova, Maly, & Filipova, 2007). 이러한자세불균형은근육과혈관, 신경등에미세한손상을누적시켜산업장에서의근골격계질환의발병위험성을더욱높인다 (Choi, 2006; Epstein, Colford, Epstein, Loye, & Walsh, 2012). 자세불균형의원인은일상생활에서의나쁜습관, 직업상부적절한작업형태, 질병, 사고등이며, 특히컴퓨터과다사용, 운동부족, 장시간부적절한자세유지등잘못된생활습관자세가근육형태와골격구조를변화시키는주요원인으로작용한다 (Lee, 2004). 따라서잘못된생활습관자세교정은근골격계질환예방을위한매우효과적인접근전략이라할수있다. 병원의료종사자의근골격계질환문제는사회적, 학문적으로주목받고있다. 그러나대부분의연구들이현재의근골격계증상과질환의내용, 그리고업무내용및작업조건과의관계에만집중하고있을뿐, 근골격계질환의발병률을낮출수있는잘못된생활습관자세의교정및바른생활습관자세유지에대한관심과학문적접근은매우부족하다. 이에본연구는병원의료종사자의업무특성뿐만아니라생활습관자세가근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하여, 잘못된생활습관자세가근골격계질환발병의위험요인임을인지시키고, 추후이들의근골격계질환예방및근골격계건강증진을위한중재프로그램개발시기초자료를제공하고자한다. 2. 연구목적본연구의목적은병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하여, 의료종사자의근골격계질환예방을목적으로하는건강및생활지 126 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

3 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 도프로그램개발시기초자료를제공하는것이다. 구체적인목적은다음과같다. 병원의료종사자의특성과근골격계자각증상과의관계를파악한다. 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성의수준을파악한다. 병원의료종사자의근골격계자각증상여부에따른생활습관자세와업무특성의차이를파악한다. 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인한다. 연구방법 1. 연구설계 본연구는병원의료종사자들의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하기위한서술적조사연구이다. 2. 연구대상 B, C, W시에위치한 3개의종합병원에근무하고있는의료종사자중본연구의목적과취지를이해하고연구참여에자발적으로동의한자를대상으로하였다. 본연구에서는병원의료에종사하는다양한직군중치료, 검사, 간호등을위해환자와의직접접촉업무를수행해야하는의사, 응급구조사, 간호사, 물리치료사, 방사선사만을연구대상자에포함시켰다. 연구에필요한대상자수는 G*Power 프로그램을이용하여산출하였다. Odd ratio=1.8, 유의수준 =.05, Power=.8 을선정할때로지스틱회귀분석에필요한표본수는 152명이산출된다 (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007). 이에본연구에서는무응답또는불완전응답으로제외될수있는설문지를고려하여, 각직종마다 40명씩총 200명을목표로설문지를의뢰및회수하였다. 최종적으로불완전하게응답한설문지를제외한 192부만이분석에사용되었다. 3. 연구도구 1) 근골격계자각증상본연구에서는근골격계자각증상을측정하기위해, 현재직업으로부터시작되어지난일년간적어도한달에한번이상의 빈도로목, 어깨, 상지 ( 팔 / 손목 / 손가락 ), 허리, 하지 ( 다리 / 무릎 / 발목 ) 부위에통증, 쑤심, 저림등의증상을느꼈는지여부에대한이분형척도를새로이구성하여사용하였다. 근골격계자각증상은근골격계질환발병의위험성을나타내는주관적호소로, 이는바로근골격계질환으로단정될수는없다. 2) 생활습관자세생활습관자세는 Lee (2004) 의생활습관자세측정도구 29 문항을사용하여조사하였다. 이측정도구는기대는습관, 운동습관, 양팔사용습관, 자는습관, 다리꼬는습관등생활속에서습관적으로취하는다양한자세를측정하기위한자가보고식 5점평정척도이다 (1= 매우그렇지않다, 5= 매우그렇다 ). 본연구에서는병원의료종사자의근골격계자각증상에영향을미치는구체적인생활습관자세를확인하기위해, 생활습관자세측정도구 29문항을각각의평정척도로활용하여사용하였다. 3) 업무특성업무특성은 Kim (2010) 의근골격계질환유해요인평가문항 11개를사용하여조사하였다. 이도구는근로자의근골격계질환의유해도평가를위해근골격계에부담을주는유해업무형태를측정하는자가보고식 5점평정척도이다 (1= 매우그렇지않다, 5= 매우그렇다 ). 본연구에서는병원의료종사자의근골격계자각증상에영향을미치는구체적인업무내용을확인하기위해, 업무특성측정도구 11문항을각각의평정척도로활용하여사용하였다. 4. 자료수집본연구의자료수집기간은 2015년 4월 1일부터 5월 31일까지이며, H대학교생명윤리위원회로부터연구의목적, 방법, 연구대상자권리보장및설문지에대한심의를받은후수행되었다 (IRB HR ). 자료수집에앞서, 연구자가직접해당기관부서장에게승인을얻은후각병동및부서를방문하여연구의목적과취지, 자료의비밀과익명성, 연구참여에대한보상등에대해설명하고연구대상자를모집하였다. 그후부서를재방문하여자발적으로연구참여를결정한자들을대상으로연구내용의재설명과함께자가기입식설문지를의뢰하였다. 약 20여분동안독립된장소에서작성된설문지는연구대상자가직접표식이없는봉투에밀봉한후제출하는방법을통해회수하였다. Vol ,

4 5. 자료분석수집된자료는 PASW Window 20.0 프로그램을이용하여, Two-tailed, Significance p<.05 수준에서분석하였다. 연구대상자의특성과근골격계자각증상의관계, 생활습관자세와업무특성의수준은실수와백분율, 평균과표준편차, x 2 test, t-test를이용하여분석하였다. 그리고근골격계자각증상에따른생활습관자세와업무특성의차이는 t-test를이용하여분석하였다. 마지막으로생활습관자세및업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력은 binomial logistic regression을이용하여분석하였다. 는습관 3.2점, 컴퓨터를장시간하는습관 3.5점, 팔걸이에한쪽팔만을걸치는습관 3.2점, 책상위에양팔을올려놓는습관 3.4점, 다리를꼬아서앉는습관 3.1점, 두다리를번갈아가며꼬아서앉는습관 3.1점, 짝다리를집고서는습관 3.2 점, 한쪽다리를높이올리고옆으로누워자는습관 3.0점, 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 3.0점으로중간이상의점수를나타냈다. 업무특성의경우, 하루 4시간이상집중적으로키보드나마우스를사용하는업무 3.2점, 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 3.8점으로중간이상의점수를나타냈다 (Table 2). 연구결과 1. 연구대상자의특성에따른근골격계자각증상 본연구에참여한병원근로자 192명중, 110명이목부위에, 125명이어깨부위에, 88명이상지부위에, 123명이허리부위에, 90명이하지부위에통증, 쑤심, 저림등의증상을느끼고있다고응답하였다. 연구대상자의특성에따른근골격계자각증상의차이는 Table 1과같다. 목의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹에서여성 (x 2 =7.02, p=.007) 과 40~49세연령대 (x 2 =30.06, p<.001) 의빈도가유의하게높았다. 또한하루평균컴퓨터사용시간은자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹에비해길었다 (t=2.02, p=.045). 어깨의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹에서여성 (x 2 =12.73, p<.001) 의빈도가높았다. 또한하루평균근무시간은자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹에비해짧았다 (t= -1.02, p=.039). 상지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹에비해하루평균컴퓨터사용시간이길었다 (t=2.07, p=.040). 허리의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹에서 40~49세연령대 (x 2 =11.25, p=.010) 의빈도가높았다. 또한하루평균컴퓨터사용시간은자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹에비해길었다 (t=2.43, p=.017). 하지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹에서 40~49세연령대 (x 2 =19.11, p<.001) 의빈도가높았다. 2. 생활습관자세와업무특성수준생활습관자세의경우, 바닥에앉을때옆으로기대는습관 3.1점, 소파이용시눕는습관 3.2점, 가방을한쪽어깨에메 3. 근골격계자각증상에차이를나타낸생활습관자세본연구에서는 29개의생활습관자세를측정하였으나, 이중 7개의생활습관자세만이근골격계자각증상에따라통계적으로유의한차이를나타냈다 (Table 3). 목의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 (t=2.67, p=.008) 의점수가높았으며, 운동을하는습관 (t=-2.21, p=.028), 준비운동을하는습관 (t=-2.40, p=.018), 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 (t=-2.21, p=.028), 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 (t= -2.44, p=.016) 의점수는낮았다. 어깨의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 짝다리를집고서는습관 (t= 2.11, p=.037) 과 양쪽손을번갈아가며턱을고이는습관 (t= 2.98, p=.003) 의점수가높았으며, 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 (t=-2.13, p=.035) 의점수는낮았다. 상지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 (t=2.01, p=.046) 의점수가높았다. 허리의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 짝다리를집고서는습관 (t=2.36, p=.019) 의점수가높았으며, 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 (t=-2.25, p=.026) 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 (t=-3.38, p=.001) 의점수는낮았다. 하지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 운동을하는습관 (t=-3.12, p=.002), 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 (t=-2.31, p=.022), 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 (t=-2.00, p=.047) 의점수가낮았다. 4. 근골격계자각증상에차이를나타낸업무특성본연구에서는 11개의업무특성을측정하였으나, 이중 6개 128 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

5 Table 1. Musculoskeletal Subjective Symptoms in Body Part according to the Participants' Characteristics (N=192) Characteristics Categories (n=110) Neck Shoulder Upper limbs Waist Lower limbs (n=82) (n=125) (n=67) (n=88) (n=104) (n=123) % or M±SD % or M±SD % or M±SD % or M±SD % or M±SD (n=69) (n=90) (n=102) Gender Male (n=84) Female (n=108) x 2 (p) 7.02 (.007) (<.001) 0.53 (.465) 1.34 (.248) 2.66 (.103) Age (year) 29 (n=65) 30~39 (n=72) 40~49 (n=39) (n=16) x 2 (p) (<.001) 6.52 (.089) 6.44 (.092) (.010) (<.001) Regular exercise (n=50) (n=142) x 2 (p) 1.74 (.188) 0.15 (.701) 0.08 (.781) 0.05 (.828) 2.52 (.112) Job Doctor (n=40) EMT (n=39) Nurse (n=40) Phys. (n=35) RT (n=38) x 2 (p) 3.44 (.488) 1.98 (.740) 3.11 (.540) 5.40 (.249) 0.66 (.956) Hours of working in a day (range: 6~20) 10.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.6 t (p) (.553) (.039) (.802) (.770) 1.44 (.141) Months of total work experience (range: 2~360) 98.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±109.0 t (p) (.412) 1.15 (.251) 0.43 (.667) (.642) -0.9 (.366) Hours of computer use in a day (range: 1~15) 5.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±2.8 t (p) 2.02 (.045) 1.62 (.107) 2.07 (.040) 2.43 (.017) 1.14 (.257) EMT=Emergency medical technician; Phys.=Physiotherapist; RT=Radiological technologist. 118 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

6 Table 2. Level of Daily Life Posture Habits and Work-related Factors among Participant Items (N=192) M±SD Daily life posture habits (range: 1~5) Leaning habit Habit 1 When I stand, I tend to lean at something. 2.8±1.1 posture Habit 2 Habit 3 Habit 4 While working, I put my one hand under the chin. When I sit down on the floor, I lean side. When I use a sofa, I lie down. 2.1± ± ±1.2 Habit 5 I hold heavy bag at one shoulder. 3.2±1.1 Exercise habit Habit 6 When I have spare time, I take exercise. 2.4±1.2 posture Habit 7 Habit 8 Habit 9 I warm up before the main exercise. I do wrap up exercise after the main exercise. I use the computer long hours per day. 2.6± ± ±1.1 Use of both arms habit posture Habit 10 Habit 11 I sit with my one arm on the armrest. I leave my two arms on the desk when I sit at the desk. 3.2± ±1.1 Habit 12 I sit with my two arms on the armrest. 2.6±1.0 Sleeping habit Habit 13 I sleep by laying myself on one side. 2.9±0.9 posture Habit 14 I sleep by lying on my back. 2.9±1.1 Habit of sitting Habit 15 When I sit down on the chair, I sit with my legs crossed. 3.1±1.1 with my legs crossed Habit 16 Habit 17 When I sit with my legs crossed, I put alternate leg on. When I sit with my legs crossed, I put my one leg on. 3.1± ±1.0 Walking habit posture Habit 18 Habit 19 Habit 20 I wear my shoes in a bigger size. I stand by leaning on one foot. When I walk, my toes are toward outside. 2.9± ± ±1.0 Habit 21 When I walk, my toes are toward inside. 2.8±1.4 Holding up one Habit 22 leg habit posture Habit 23 Habit 24 When I sleep lying down at side, I put one leg higher than the other. At home I use chairs. When I sit on a chair, I put my ankle on the other side knee. 3.0± ± ±1.1 Wearing shoes habit posture Habit 25 Habit 26 I ordinarily wear running shoes. I ordinarily wear dress shoes. 2.7± ±1.0 Bending waist habit posture Habit 27 Habit 28 Habit 29 When I put a hand under the chin, I use a hand alternatively. When I hold a thing, I bend my knees. When I sit on a chair, I put my buttocks and back to the back of a chair. 2.3± ± ±0.9 Work-related factors (range: 1~5) Repetitiveness Work 1 Work 2 I use key boards or mouse for data entry intensively for more than 4 hours a day. I repeat the same movement for more than 2 hours a day using neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists or hands. 3.2± ±1.0 Awkward working posture Work 3 Work 4 Work 5 I do the movement for more than 2 hours a day holding hands over the head, putting elbows over shoulders, lifting elbows from the body or placing elbows at the behind of the body. I bend or twist neck or waist for more than 2 hours when I am not supported or I cannot change the posture as I want. I squat or bend knees for more than 2 hours a day. 2.8± ± ±1.0 Use excessive force Work 6 Work 7 Work 8 Work 9 Work 10 I transfer a thing or a part of a body heavier than 1 kg using fingers of a hand without supports or hold it with fingers of a hand by adding force equivalent or more than 2 kg for more than 2 hours a day. I life a thing or a part of a body heavier than 4.5 kg using a hand without supports for more than 2 hours a day. I lift a thing or a part of a body heavier than 25 kg more than 10 times a day. I lift a thing or a part of a body heavier than 10 kg from the below of the knees or over the shoulders or with arms straight more than 25 times a day. I lift a thing or a part of a body heavier than 4.5 kg for more than 2 hours a day. 2.6± ± ± ± ±1.1 Repetitive impact Work 11 I do the movement to give impact using hand or knee more than 10 times an hour and for more than 2 hours a day. 2.3± Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

7 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 Table 3. Differences of Musculoskeletal Subjective Symptoms in Body Part according to the Daily Life Posture Habit (N=192) Daily life posture habit items (n=110) Neck Shoulder Upper limbs Waist Lower limbs (n=82) (n=125) (n=67) (n=88) (n=104) (n=123) (n=69) (n=90) M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD (n=102) Habit 5 3.3± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1. t(p) 2.67 (.008) 0.67 (.504) 2.01 (.046) 1.66 (.099) 1.96 (.052) Habit 6 2.2± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.2 t(p) (.028) (.180) 0.55 (.581) (.173) (.002) Habit 7 2.5± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.2 t(p) (.018) 0.02 (.984) (.794) (.871) (.164) Habit ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 t(p) 1.68 (.096) 2.11 (.037) 0.25 (.801) 2.36 (.019) 0.32 (.748) Habit ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 t(p) 1.39 (.167) 2.98 (.003) 0.83 (.407) 1.85 (.066) 0.15 (.880) Habit ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.9 t(p) (.028) (.058) (.413) (.026) (.022) Habit ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±0.9 t(p) (.016) (.035) (.582) (.001) (.047) Of 29 items of daily life posture habits, only statistically significant items are presented according to musculoskeletal subjective symptoms. 의업무특성만이근골격계자각증상에따라통계적으로유의한차이를나타냈다 (Table 4). 목의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 하루 2시간이상머리위에손이있거나, 어깨위에팔꿈치가있거나, 팔꿈치를몸통으로부터들거나, 팔꿈치를몸통뒤쪽에위치한상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=2.46, p=.015) 의점수가높았다. 어깨의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 하루 2시간이상머리위에손이있거나, 어깨위에팔꿈치가있거나, 팔꿈치를몸통으로부터들거나, 팔꿈치를몸통뒤쪽에위치한상태에서이루어지는업무 (t= 2.79, p=.006), 하루 2시간이상지지되지않거나임의로자세를바꿀수없는상태에서목이나허리를구부리거나트는상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=1.99, p=.049), 하루 2시간이상쪼그리거나무릎을굽힌자세에서이루어지는업무 (t=2.25, p=.026) 의점수가높았다. 상지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 (t= 4.60, p<.001), 하루 2시간이상머리위에손이있거나, 어깨위에팔꿈치가있거나, 팔꿈치를몸통으로부터들거나, 팔꿈치를몸통뒤쪽에위치한상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=3.13, p=.002), 하루 2시간이상지지되지않거나임의로자세를바꿀수없는상태에서목이나허리를구부리거나트는상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=2.19, p=.029), 하루 25회이상, 10 kg 이상의물건또는사람을무릎아래, 어깨위또는팔을뻗은상태에서드는업무 (t=1.99 p=.049) 의점수가높았다. 허리의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 하루 2 시간이상머리위에손이있거나, 어깨위에팔꿈치가있거나, 팔꿈치를몸통으로부터들거나, 팔꿈치를몸통뒤쪽에위치한상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=2.33, p=.021) 와 하루 2시간이상지지되지않거나임의로자세를바꿀수없는상태에서목이나허리를구부리거나트는상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=2.52, p=.012) 의점수가높았다. 하지의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 (t= 2.12, p<.035), 하루 2시간이상지지되지않거나임의로자세를바꿀수없는상태에서목이나허리를구부리거나트는상태에서이루어지는업무 (t=3.03, p=.003), 하루 2시간이상지지되지않는상태에서 1 kg 이상의물건또는사람의신체부위를손가락으로집어올리거나, 2 kg 이상의힘을가하여손가락을쥐는업무 (t=2.05, p=.042) 의점수가높았다. Vol ,

8 Table 4. Differences of Musculoskeletal Subjective Symptoms in Body Part according to the Work-related Factor (N=192) Work-related factor items (n=110) Neck Shoulder Upper limbs Waist Lower limbs (n=82) (n=125) (n=67) (n=88) (n=104) (n=123) (n=69) (n=90) M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD M±SD (n=102) Work 2 3.9± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 t(p) 0.96 (.336) 1.90 (.060) 4.60 (<.001) 1.08 (.282) 2.12 (.035) Work 3 3.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.2 t(p) 2.46 (.015) 2.79 (.006) 3.13 (.002) 2.33 (.021) 1.64 (.102) Work 4 3.0± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 t(p) 0.99 (.326) 1.99 (.049) 2.19 (.029) 2.52 (.012) 3.03 (.003) Work 5 2.4± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.0 t(p) 0.13 (.901) 2.25 (.026) 1.50 (.135) 1.03 (.304) 1.11 (.268) Work 6 2.6± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.1 t(p) 0.33 (.739) 0.28 (.783) 1.96 (.051) 1.24 (.217) 2.05 (.042) Work 9 2.1± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±1.1 t(p) (.254) 0.42 (.675) 1.99 (.049) 0.60 (.552) 1.01 (.314) Of 11 items of work-related factor, only statistically significant items are presented according to musculoskeletal subjective symptoms. 5. 생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하기위해통계적으로유의하게나타났던생활습관자세와업무특성만을회귀식에투입하였다 (Table 5). 본연구에서는 Omnibus test 결과 p-value가.05 미만, Hosmer와 Lemeshow test 결과 p-value가.05 이상으로나타나모든근골격계자각증상모형의유의성과적합성이확인되었다. 목의자각증상에영향을미치는요인은 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 으로나타났다. 목의자각증상이나타날가능성은 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 1.38배씩 (95% CI=1.05~1.82) 증가하였으며, 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 0.65배씩 (95% CI=0.45~0.94) 감소하였다. 어깨의자각증상에영향을미치는요인은 양쪽손을번갈아가며턱을고이는습관 으로, 1점씩점수가증가할수록어깨자각증상이나타날가능성은 1.63배씩증가하였다 (95% CI=1.43~1.88). 상지의자각증상에영향을미치는요인은 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 로, 1점씩점수가증가할수록상지의자각증상이나타날가능성은 1.85배씩 증가하였다 (95% CI=1.27~2.68). 허리의자각증상에영향을미치는요인은 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 으로나타났다. 허리에자각증상이나타날가능성은 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 0.50배씩 (95% CI=0.07~1.11), 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 0.46배씩감소하였다 (95% CI=0.30~0.69). 마지막으로하지의자각증상에영향을미치는요인은 운동을하는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 으로나타났다. 하지에자각증상이나타날가능성은 운동을하는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 0.64배씩 (95% CI=0.48~0.85), 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 점수가 1점씩증가할수록 0.68배씩 (95% CI=0.47~1.00) 감소하였다. 논의 환자와직접접촉하여치료, 검사, 간호등의업무를수행해야하는병원의료종사자들은근골격계질환이라는업무상질병에항상노출되어있다. 근골격계질환으로인한의료종사자들의경제적, 산업적문제가이슈화됨에따라이를사전에예방하고효과적으로관리하기위한다양한접근방안들이제시되고있다. 이에본연구에서는환자와직접접촉업무를수행해야하는의사, 응급구조사, 간호사, 물리치료사, 방사선사를 132 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

9 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 Table 5. Influences of Daily Life Posture Habits and Work-related Factors on Musculoskeletal Subjective Symptoms (N=192) Neck Independent variables B SE p OR 95% CI (Constant) Habit 5 Habit 6 Habit 7 Habit 28 Habit 29 Work Omnibus test: x 2 (p)=17.85 (.007), Hosmer and Lemeshow test: x 2 (p)=9.17 (.328) 1.05~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1.54 Shoulder (Constant) Habit 19 Habit 27 Habit 29 Work 3 Work 4 Work Omnibus test: x 2 (p)=23.91 (.001), Hosmer and Lemeshow test: x 2 (p)=8.77 (.362) 0.92~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1.92 Upper limbs (Constant) Habit 5 Work 2 Work 3 Work 4 Work < Omnibus test: x 2 (p)=25.92 (<.001), Hosmer and Lemeshow test: x 2 (p)=5.04 (.754) 0.95~ ~ ~ ~ ~1.61 Waist (Constant) Habit 19 Habit 28 Habit 29 Work 3 Work < Omnibus test: x 2 (p)=27.14 (<.001), Hosmer and Lemeshow test: x 2 (p)=11.18 (.192) 0.91~ ~ ~ ~ ~1.52 Lower limbs (Constant) Habit 6 Habit 28 Habit 29 Work 2 Work 4 Work Omnibus test: x 2 (p)=28.74 (<.001), Hosmer and Lemeshow test: x 2 (p)=9.78 (.281) 0.48~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~1.75 OR=Odds ratio; CI=Confidence interval. 대상으로업무특성뿐만아니라생활습관자세가근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하여잘못된생활습관자세가근골격계건강을위협하는위험요인임을인지시키고자시도되었다. 본연구대상자 192명중, 근골격계자각증상이있다고응답한자는신체부위별로어깨 125명 ( 전체의 65.1%), 허리 123명 ( 전체의 64.1%), 목 110명 ( 전체의 57.3%), 하지 90명 ( 전체의 46.9%), 상지 88명 ( 전체의 45.8%) 의순이었다. 이는선행연구 들 (Kwon, 2008; Park, 2014) 과유사한결과로, 환자나물건을들어올리고내리는동작과같이어깨와허리에힘이많이요구되는병원의료종사자의업무특성이반영되어나타난것이라본다. 연구대상자의특성에따른근골격계자각증상여부를살펴보면, 우선성별의경우, 여성이남성보다각신체부위별로근골격계자각증상있다고보고한경우가많았으며, 특히목과어깨부위는유의하게높은빈도를나타내고있다. 선행연구들 Vol ,

10 (Kim, 2011; Park, Kim, & Seo, 2008) 에서도이와유사한결과가나타났는데, 병원사업장이타산업분야에비해상대적으로여성근로자가많아서나타난것으로추측된다. 본연구에서는연령의경우, 40대가다른연령대에비해각신체부위별로자각증상이있다고보고한경우가많았으며, 특히목, 허리, 하지부위는유의하게높았다. 그러나병원의료종사자를대상으로한 Park 등 (2008) 의연구에서는 20대에서, Choi, Son, Hur와 Park (2008) 의연구에서는 20~30대에서근골격계증상호소가유의하게높았다. 이는연령보다는연구대상자들의고유의업무특성이근골격계자각증상에유의하게영향을주기때문이라본다. 하루평균근무시간의경우, 자각증상이있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹에비해하루평균근무시간이통계적으로유의하게짧았다. 그러나 Choi 등 (2008) 의연구에서는하루평균근무시간이길어질수록근골격계증상호소빈도가높아졌는데, 이또한근무시간보다는연구대상자들의업무특성이영향을주어나타난결과라본다. 하루평균컴퓨터사용시간의경우, 자각증상있는그룹이자각증상이없는그룹보다길었으며, 특히목, 상지, 허리부위는통계적으로유의하게나타났다. 이는컴퓨터사용을위해장시간부동자세를취할수록목, 상지, 허리주변근육의기능및체간의안정성유지능력이떨어져통증등의증상이나타나발생한것이라본다 (Burnett, Corneliusa, Dankaerts, & O'Sullivan, 2004; Dankaerts, O' Sullivan, Burnet, & Straker, 2006; Yoon, Kim, & Park, 2014). 본연구에서는업무직종에따라서는근골격계자각증상이유의한차이를나타내지않았다. 이는본연구에서대상자선정시, 근골격계증상을유발하는작업내용을고려하지않고단순히직군에따라서만연구대상자들을구분하여모집했기때문에발생한결과로보여진다. 추후각직종별, 그리고각근부부서별다양한작업내용을고려하여근골격계건강상태를확인할수있는연구들을제언한다. 본연구에서는일상생활속에서습관적으로취하는 29개의생활습관자세와업무시근골격계에부담을주는 11개의업무특성을조사하고이들이신체부위별근골격계자각증상에미치는영향력을확인하였다. 우선기대는습관자세인 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 의경우, 목과상지부위자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게높은점수를나타냈다. 이는가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관을가진학생일수록머리좌우기울임과어깨상하기울임의변형정도가심하게나타난다고보고한 Lee (2004) 의연구결과로미루어볼때, 연구대상자들의한쪽방향에무게를싣는생활습관은근육과골격간의불완전한상태인척추와상지의기울임 변형을유발하여목과상지부위에통증, 쑤심, 저림과같은증상을발생시키는것이라추측해볼수있다. 운동습관자세인 운동하는습관 은목과하지부위자각증상이있는그룹에서, 준비운동을하는습관 은목부위자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게낮은점수를나타냈다. 본연구에서는연구대상자들이어떤운동을어떻게수행하고있는지에대해구체적으로조사하지않아, 본연구결과를통해목과하지부위의근골격계자각증상과운동과의구체적인관계를설명하기는어렵다. 그러나본연구결과를통해생활속꾸준한운동실천은관절및근육건강에긍정적인영향을주고있음을다시금확인할수있다. 추후생활속에서실천하는운동의특성이근골격계증상에어떠한긍정적인영향을주는지그관계를확인할수있는연구들을제언하는바이다. 본연구에서는어깨와허리부위에각증상이있는그룹에서 짝다리를집고서는습관 의점수가유의하게높게나타났다. 짝다리를집고서는습관 은걸음과관련된습관자세로, 이러한습관은한쪽다리에무게를치우치게하여골반과허리에부담을주고자세변형을일으킬수있다 (Lee, 2004). 따라서본연구결과는몸의일부를균형적인배열에서벗어나게하는한쪽다리로체중을싣는습관은척추의정렬이어긋나게하고골반이틀어지게하여, 어깨와허리부위에통증, 쑤심, 저림등의증상을유발하는것이라볼수있겠다. 허리를구부리는습관인 양쪽손을번갈아가며턱을고이는습관 은어깨부위자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게높게나타났다. 그러나 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 은목, 허리, 하지부위에자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게낮게나타났다. 의자에앉을때허리에신전이나굴곡을작용하지않고, 물건을들때무릎을구부려신체중심선을바르게유지하는것은근골격계손상을예방하는매우중요한행동이다. 이는양손으로번갈아가며턱을고이는학생일수록어깨의상하기울임변형정도가, 물건들때무릎을굽히지않는학생일수록척추측만과전후만의변형정도가크게나타났던 Lee (2004) 의연구를통해서도확인될수있다. 이러한측면에서본연구에서의목, 어깨, 허리, 하지부위의자각증상은턱을고이기위해척추와상지를기울이거나물건을들때척추와근육에무리를주는동작으로인해척추와상지의변형및추간판과근육이손상되어발생한결과라추측해볼수있다. Lee (2004) 의연구에서는엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는학생일수록어깨가중심선을벗어나앞으로나와있는자세인어깨전면편향변형정도가컸다. 그러나본연구에서는 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 은목, 어깨, 허리, 하지부 134 Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

11 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 위에자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게낮게나타났다. 이는고등학생을대상으로한 Lee (2004) 의연구에서연구대상자들이장시간주로사용하고있는학생용의자와, 병원의료종사자를대상으로한본연구에서연구대상자들이주로사용하고있는업무용의자와의의자면의높이, 깊이, 경사등의차이로인해발생된나타난것이라추측된다. 근골격계에부담을주는업무관련유해요인은반복성, 부자연스러운작업자세, 과도한힘, 반복적충격의존재여부로판단된다 (Kim, 2010). 업무특성중반복성업무인 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 는상지와하지부위에자각증상이있는그룹에서유의하게높은점수를나타냈다. 이러한특정신체부위를장시간반복적으로사용하는동작은목, 어깨, 손, 손목, 팔, 허리, 몸통, 골반, 다리, 무릎, 발목모두에영향을미칠수있는데 (Kim, 2010), 주로검사를위해환자를부축하고, 자세를고정하고, X-ray tube를조작하고, Cassette를운반하는등의업무를담당하고있는방사선사의근골격계건강을위협하는유해업무로다루어지고있다 (Lee & Han, 2008). 하루 2시간이상머리위에손이있거나, 어깨위에팔꿈치가있거나, 팔꿈치를몸통으로부터들거나, 팔꿈치를몸통뒤쪽에위치한상태에서이루어지는업무 와 하루 2시간이상지지되지않거나임의로자세를바꿀수없는상태에서목이나허리를구부리거나트는상태에서이루어지는업무 는부자연스런작업자세업무이다. 위업무특성들은목, 어깨, 손, 손목, 팔, 허리, 몸통, 골반에증상을유발할수있는데 (Kim, 2010), 본연구에서도목, 어깨, 상지, 허리부위에, 어깨, 상지, 허리, 하지부위에자각증상이있는그룹에서이들의점수가유의하게높게나타났다. 그러나또다른부자연스런작업자세업무인 하루 2 시간이상쪼그리거나무릎을굽힌자세에서이루어지는업무 는허리, 몸통, 골반, 다리, 무릎, 발목에증상을유발하는업무특성 (Kim, 2010) 이나, 본연구에서는어깨부위자각증상이있는그룹에서통계적으로유의하게높은점수를나타냈다. 이는의료종사자들이쪼그리거나무릎을굽힌상태에서환자이동, 물품운반등을함께수행해야하는업무내용이어깨부위증상에영향을주어나타난결과라추측된다. 추후의료종사자들의근골격계건강증진을위해서는각직종별, 그리고각업무부서별구체적인업무형태를파악할수있는업무동작측정이이루어져야하리라본다. 하루 25회이상, 10 kg 이상의물건또는사람을무릎아래, 어깨위또는팔을뻗은상태에서드는업무 는과도한힘을사용하는업무로분류되어, 목, 어깨, 손, 손목, 팔, 허리, 몸통, 골 반, 다리, 무릎, 발목모두에영향을미친다 (Kim, 2010). 본연구에서는상지부위증상이있는그룹에서높은점수를나타냈다. 그러나과도한힘을사용하는업무중하나인 하루 2시간이상지지되지않는상태에서 1 kg 이상의물건또는사람의신체부위를손가락으로집어올리거나, 2 kg 이상의힘을가하여손가락을쥐는업무 는손, 손목, 팔목에증상을유발하는업무특성 (Kim, 2010) 이나, 본연구에서는하지부위자각증상이있는그룹에서통계적으로유의하게높은점수를나타냈다. 이는의료종사자들이손가락에힘을가하는처치및간호업무를수행하는중거동이불편한환자를위해쪼그리거나무릎을구부리는등의부적절한자세를함께취하게되어하지부위증상에도영향을받아발생된결과라추측된다. 의료종사자들의구체적이고독특한업무및동작을파악하는다양한시도가필요하리라본다. 마지막으로본연구에서는생활습관자세및업무특성중근골격계자각증상에영향을미치는주요예측요인들을확인하였다. 그결과, 목부위는 가방을한쪽어깨에메는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 의기대거나, 허리구부리는생활습관자세가, 어깨부위는 양쪽손을번갈아가며턱을고이는습관 의허리를구부리는생활습관자세가, 상지부위는 하루 2시간이상목, 어깨, 팔꿈치, 손목또는손을사용하여같은동작을반복하는업무 의반복성업무특성이자각증상을일으키는주요예측요인으로확인되었다. 그리고허리부위의경우 무릎을굽히고물건을드는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 의허리를구부리는생활습관자세가, 하지의경우 운동을하는습관 과 엉덩이와등을의자등받이에붙이고앉는습관 의운동, 허리를구부리는생활습관자세가주요예측요인으로확인되었다. 비록본연구와동일한대상과목적으로수행되지는않았지만, 간호대학생을대상으로생활습관자세를측정한 Kwon 등 (2012) 과 Yoon 등 (2014) 의연구에서도기대는습관과허리를구부리는습관이근골격계통증과관련이있었다. 따라서기대거나허리를굽히는등일상생활에서습관적으로하는부적절한자세로인한근골격계손상을예방하기위해서는, 병원의료종사자뿐만아니라예비보건의료인을대상으로올바른자세의중요성을인지시키고잘못된생활습관자세를교정해줄수있는다양하고적극적인중재개입이필요하리라본다. 병원의료종사자의근골격계자각증상을예측하는주요요인으로생활습관자세라는개인적요인을확인한본연구결과를통해, 업무중발생하는무리한힘, 반복동작, 부자연스러운자세등작업관련성요인에국한되어근골격계질환의발병위 Vol ,

12 험성을논하였던종전의관점에서벗어나 (Denis et al., 2008; Kim, 2010; Lee & Cho, 2012), 근골격계질환과관련된다양한개인및사회심리적요인을확인하고이를적극적으로중재할필요성이있음을확인받았다. 특히잘못된생활습관자세로야기되는자세불균형이근육, 혈관, 신경등에손상을일으켜근골격계질환의발병위험성을더욱높일수있음을인지하고 (Epstein et al., 2012), 의료종사자들이직장뿐만아니라가정에서도균형잡히고바람직한자세를유지할수있도록돕는다양한교육및중재프로그램들이개발되어야하리라본다. 결론 본연구에서는병원의료종사자들의업무특성뿐만아니라생활습관자세또한근골격계자각증상에영향을주고있음을확인하였다. 특히한쪽으로기대는습관과허리를부적절하게구부리는습관은목, 어깨, 상지, 허리, 하지부위증상에, 오랜시간상지를반복적으로움직이는업무는상지부위증상에영향을미치는주요요인임을확인하였다. 본연구결과는의료종사자들의근골격계질환예방을위해작업관련성요인뿐만아니라생활습관과같은개인적요인에대한확인및중재가필요함을확인시켰으며, 추후이들의근골격계질환예방및근골격계건강증진을목표로하는중재프로그램전략개발시기초자료로서활용될수있으리라본다. 그러나본연구의제한상근골격계자각증상에영향을줄수있는자세변형, 숙련도, 스트레스, 업무만족도등과같은다양한개인적, 사회심리적요인들을모두포괄하지못하였다. 추후이를추가적으로설명할수있는다른변인들에대한탐색을시도해볼것을제안한다. REFERENCES Abedini, R., Choobineh, A. R., & Hasanzadeh, J. (2015). Patient manual handling risk assessment among hospital nurses. Work, 50(4), Burnett, A. F., Corneliusa, M. W., Dankaerts, W., & O Sullivan, P. B. (2004). Spinal kinematics and trunk muscle activity in cyclists: A comparison between healthy controls and non-specific chronic low back pain subjects-a pilot investigation. Manual Therapy, 9(4), Choi, D. H. (2006). The research about the interrelationship between physical strength and posture of workers auto manufacturing industries suffering from musculoskeletal pain. Unpublished master s thesis, Yong-in Unversity, Yongin. Choi, S. Y., Son, H. W., Hur, K. K., & Park, D. H. (2008). A comprehensive model for musculoskeletal disorders of hospital workers based on ergonomic risk and psychosocial factors. Korea Safety Management & Science, 10(4), Dankaerts, W., O'Sullivan, P. B., Burnet, A. F., & Straker, L. M. (2006). Altered patterns of superficial trunk muscle activation during sitting in nonspecific chronic low back pain patients: Importance of subclassification. Spine, 31(17), Denis, D., St-Vincent, M., Imbeau, D., Jette, C., & Nastasia, I. (2008). Intervention practices in musculoskeletal disorder prevention: A critical literature review. Applied Ergonomics, 39(1), Epstein, R., Colford, S., Epstein, E., Loye, B., & Walsh, M. (2012). The effects of feedback on computer workstation posture habits. Work, 41(1), Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39(2), Ham, Y. L., & Ahn, Y. H. (2008). A study on low back pain prevalence rate and related factors among emergency medical technicians working at fire stations. The Journal of Muscle and Joint Health, 15(2), Kim, C. H. (2011). A study of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in health and medical industries. Journal of the Korean Institute of Plant Engineering, 16(3), Kim, D. S. (2009). Risk evaluation and management of musculoskelectal disorder: Focusing on healthcare workers. Korean Society for Clinical Laboratory Physiology, 2009, Kim, D. S. (2010). A study on the development of a risk assessment tool and management model for the prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Incheon University, Incheon. Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency [KOSHA]. (2013, vember) Industrial accident statistics. Retrieved May 10, 2016, from &menuId=554&boardType=A2 Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency [KOSHA]. (2014, vember) Industrial accident statistics. Retrieved May 10, 2016, from &menuId=554&boardType=A2 Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency [KOSHA]. (2015, vember) Industrial accident statistics. Retrieved May 10, 2016, from Korean Society of Muscle and Joint Health

13 병원의료종사자의생활습관자세와업무특성이근골격계자각증상에미치는영향 &menuId=554&boardType=A2 Kratenova, J., Zejglicova, K., Maly, M., & Filipova, V. (2007). Prevalence and risk factors of poor posture in school children in the Czech Republic. Journal of School Health, 77(3), Kwon, S. B., Yi, Y. J., Han, H. J., Cho, K. S., Lim, N. Y., Lee, E. H., et al. (2012). Leg length inequality, habitual posture, and pain in women's college students. Journal of Muscle and Joint Health, 19(1), Kwon, Y. A. (2008). A study of MSDs and their policy reform for workers in healthcare and medical fields. Unpublished master s thesis, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul. Lee, C. Y. (2004). Postural patterns of daily life of male high school students by positional distortion. Unpublished master s thesis, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju. Lee, H. S., & Han, M. S. (2008). The study on musculoskeletal symptoms and it s related factors in radio-technologists. Journal of Radiological Science and Technology, 31(3), Lee, J., & Cho, J. H. (2012). Survey of the musculoskeletal disorders of radiological technologists. Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology, 6(1), Natioanl Institue of Occupational Safety and Health[NIOSH]. (2016, May 10). Workplace safety & health topics: Ergonomics and musculoskeletal disorders. Retrieved June 10, 2016, from Park, J. K. (2014). Musculoskeletal disorder symptom factors and control strategies in general hospital nurses. Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 24(3), Park, J. K., Kim, D. S., & Seo, K. B. (2008). Musculoskeletal disorder symptom features and control strategies in hospital workers. Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea, 27(3), Vanwonterghem, K., Yoopat, P., & Maes, C. (2012). Musculoskeletal disorders: A new approach. Work, 41, Watson, A. W., & Mac, D. C. (2000). A reliable technique for the assessment of posture: assessment criteria for aspects of posture. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 40(3), Yoon, H. Y., Kim, D. S., & Park, M. J. (2014). Relationship between knowledge of and attitude towards musculoskeletal disorder and bad postural habits in nursing students. Korea Contents, 14(2), Vol ,

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