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1 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE DEC.; 24(12), ISSN (Print)ISSN X (Online) Mobi-Kids Study: II. SAR Mobi-Kids Study: Exposure Assessment of Electromagnetic Radiation from Mobile Phones II. Evaluation Method of Head SAR and Cumulative Dose 이애경 홍선의 최경화 하미나 최형도 Ae-Kyoung LeeSeon-Eui HongKyung-Hwa ChoiMina HaHyung-Do Choi 요약 Mobi-Kids SAR,., 4 SAR. SAR SAR.,. Abstract SAR calculation method following the Mobi-Kids study protocol is analyzed and evaluation method of cumulative RF dose from mobile phones which have been used by a subject of case and control groups is proposed. An SAR database is built by calculating SAR distributions in 4 head models at different ages for representative phone models with the same conducted power. To obtain SAR distribution in a subject s head for a specific commercial phone which had/have been used by him/her, an SAR correction factor using SAR compliance test results is determined. Cumulative dose is calculated by considering mobile phone characteristics and use pattern such as call time and laterality(right and left). Key words : Mobi-Kids, Mobile Phone, RF, SAR, Cumulative Specific Energy. 서론 [1][6]. Interphone Study. (SAR) [W/kg] 2013 (ICT). (EM Environment Research Team, ETRI) * (Dept. of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University) Manuscript received September 30, 2013 ; Revised October 29, 2013 ; Accepted November 4, (ID No ) Corresponding Author : Ae-Kyoung Lee ( aklee@etri.re.kr) 1158 c Copyright The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science. All Rights Reserved.

2 Mobi-Kids Study: 휴대전화의 전자파 노출량 평가 : II. 머리 SAR 및 누적노출 평가 방법 대전화 사용 시간을 곱함으로써 국부적 흡수를 고려 하는 dose index 를 개발하였었다. 일본 Interphone Study의 노출 평가에서는 휴대전화 형상(flip, bar), 안테나 위치(center, top) 및 사용 주파수(800, 1,500 MHz) 등의 사양에 따라 4개 범주로 나누고 SAM (Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin) 팬텀의 접촉 위치에서 휴대전화 최대 SAR 중심으로 표면 및 깊 이 방향으로 3 db 영역을 측정한 결과를 기반으로 SAR 평가를 위한 일본 성인 남자 모델 TARO 머리 내 분포를 추정하는 작업을 수행하였다. SAM 팬 텀 및 접촉 위치에 대해서는 뒤에서 상세히 기술할 것이다. Interphone Study는 성인을 대상으로 한 휴대전화 역학조사였기 때문에, 역학 조사 대상자들의 누적 노출량을 평가하기 위해 표준에 해당하는 성인의 한 가지 머리 모델을 고려하였다. 그리고 SAM 팬텀에 서의 실측정에 기반하여 해부학적 성인 머리 모델을 균질하다고 가정한 뒤, 뇌 위치에서의 SAR(Specific Absortion Rate)을 추정하였으며, 같은 유형의 휴대 전화들에 대해 평균 SAR 값을 일정하게 적용하였 다. 한국에서 출시된 휴대전화 유형의 대표 모델 구 현에 대한 내용을 참고문헌 [10]에서 제시하였다. 동 일한 유형, 예를 들면 휴대전화 하단에 안테나가 내 장된 플립형 휴대전화의 전자파 노출은 그 대표 모 델로서 SAR을 계산한다. 그러나 그러한 유형의 휴 대전화는 수십에서 수백 개의 모델이 출시되었으며, 그들 간의 SAR 레벨은 매우 다양하다. 역학조사 대 상자들 사이의 노출량 차이를 세분화하기 위해서는 동일 유형 내의 휴대전화들 간의 SAR 차이를 반영 하는 것이 바람직하다. 본 논문에서는 Mobi-Kids 연구 프로토콜에 따르 는 SAR 평가 방법을 분석하고, 역학조사 대상자의 누적 노출량을 평가하는 데 있어 한국에서 출시된 휴대전화의 SAR 적합성 시험 결과가 반영될 수 있 는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. [7] 세 여 세 남 (a) 8 Eartha( ) (a) 8y Eartha(female) 세 여 세 남 (b) 11 Billie( ) (b) 11y Billie(female) [8] [7],[9] Ⅱ. 머리 SAR 분포 계산 유형별 대표 휴대전화 Model_1 Model_15 는 그림 1에 보이는 성별 및 연령이 다른 4개 머리 모델 [10] (c) 14 Louis( ) (c) 14y Louis(male) (d) 34 Duke( ) (d) 34y Duke(male) 평가를 위한 휴대전화 위치 (e) SAR (e) Phone position for SAR evaluation 그림 1. SAR 위치 평가용 머리 모델과 휴대전화 사용 Fig. 1. Head models and use position of a mobile phone(eartha and Louis: Virtual Classroom v1.0, Billie and Duke: Virtual Family v1.0, IT IS). 내 SAR 평가에 적용된다. Mobi-Kids 연구에서 역학 연구 조사 대상자들의 연령은 10 24세이며, 현재까 지 수집된 자료에 따르면 한국의 경우 빠르면 약 8 세 쯤에 자신의 휴대전화를 사용하기 시작하는 것으 로 조사되었다. Mobi-Kids 연구의 노출량 평가 위원 회에서는 휴대전화 모델들의 SAR 평가를 위해 IT IS(Information Technologies in Society)에서 평균 신체 조건을 갖는 자원자의 MR(magnetic resonance) 영상을 기반으로 개발된 전신 모델 의 머리 부위를 사용하기로 결정하였다. ETRI에서는 참고문헌 [10] 에서 분류한 각 휴대전화 대표모델을 머리 모델에 정확히 위치시키도록 하기 위해 머리 모델의 좌우측 귀를 연결하는 선(RE-LE extension line), 귓구멍 입구 (EEC), 뒤통수와 입을 연결하는 피부 상의 선(Back-mouth line) 및 입(Mouth point) 등을 모델 내에 복 셀(voxel)로서 삽입한 것이다. 이러한 기준 선 및 점 [11] 1159

3 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 12, DEC () 2() 그림 2. (bar) Billie SAR Fig. 2. SAR distribution in model Billie for exposure from a bar type of mobile phone. SAR [12],[13]. 1 mm, 40. SAR [14] 4-ColeCole model.,. SAR, Mobi-Kids SAR, Mobi-Kids 1(e) θ 5. 2 Billie (bar) 5 SAR. (bar) [10] SAR [10] Model_1, SAR. (cheek position) 1(e) θ 0., SAR. (tilt position) θ 15,. 3 25, 4 5 θ 8, SAR hotspot [10] 1 4 (835 MHz 1,850 1,750 MHz) SAR SAR 600( ). SAR. SAR.,,. [10] Model_8Model_ ( ). SAR SAR, SAR.. 누적노출량평가 SAR, 2. Model_1Model_15 SAR. SAR 1160

4 Mobi-Kids Study: : II. SAR 그림 3. SAR Fig. 3. SAR database.. 3 SAR SAR. 8y, 11y, 14y Adult 5 SAR. 4,, , 1315, 1517, 17, 18.. [10]. IM- XXX [10] Model_14 Model_15. SCH-XXX [10] Model_2 Model_3. [10].,,, (open) (closed). 4 (A) (B), (open) (closed) (G) (H). ( ). (D 1 ) (D 2 ), (E) (F). 1., (A)+(B)=1, (G)+(H)=1, (D 1 )+(D 2 )=1. (E), (F) (). Interphone Study SAR, 1161

5 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 12, DEC 그림 4. RF Fig. 4. Factors required for calculation of cumulative RF exposure. (a) (, =35) (a) Flip type(external antenna, sample size=35) (b) (_, =11) (b) Slide type(antenna_bottom, sample size=11) 그림 5. SAR Fig. 5. SAR of commercial phones. (c) (_, =23) (c) Slide type(antenna_top, sample size=23) 1162

6 Mobi-Kids Study: : II. SAR SAR, [9]. SAR [15] IEC [13]. SAM(Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin) II Model_(cheek position) (tilt position) SAR. SAR SAR. SAR SAR 5 SAR. 5(a), (b) (c), 35, 11, 23 SAR,,., ( ). SAR. 5 SAR. 5 SAR 4 SAR SAR (1). (1) C 1 C 2. SAR compl.cheek SAR compl.tilt ( 4 ) SAR. 1 g SAR. SAR model_i. cheek SAR Model_i.tilt SAM 1 g SAR. 4 PCS, Model_14 Model_15 [10] (A) (B). 11 Model_ 14 Model_15 Billie SAR. 4 (CSE: Cumulative Specific Energy) (2), (TCSE, total CSE) CSE n. (2) Left[SAR i (11y, Model_14, 1765)] Model_14 1,765 MHz 11 Billie i SAR SAR. C i ( i= 15) 5 SAR. SAR SAR,, ( () open/ closed), CSE (SAR =SA [J/kg])

7 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 12, DEC (2) (3). 결론 Mobi-Kids SAR, SAR. SAR,., SAR, (open) (closed),. SAR,. Mobi-Kids Study.. Mobi-Kids,,,,,,,. References [1] J. Schüz, R. Jacobsen, and J. H. Olsen, et al., "Cellular telephone use and cancer risk: update of a nationwide Danish cohort", Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol. 98, pp , [2] A. Auvinen, M. Hietanen, and R. Luukkonen, et al., "Brain tumors and salivary gland cancers among cellular telephone users", Epidemiology, vol. 13, pp , [3] H. C. Christensen, J. Schüz, and M. Kosteljanetz, et al., "Cellular telephones and risk for brain tumors: a population-based, incident case-control study", Neurology, vol. 64, pp , [4] L. Hardell, M. Carlberg, and M. Hansson, "Pooled analysis of two case-control studies on the use of cellular and cordless telephones and the risk of benign brain tumours diagnosed during ", Int. Journal of Oncology, vol. 28, pp , [5] A. Lahkola, A. Auvinen, and J. Raitanen, et al., "Mobile phone use and risk of glioma in 5 North European countries", Int. Journal of Cancer, vol. 120, pp , [6] A. Lahkola, T. Salminen, and J. Raitanen, et al., "Meningioma and mobile phone used a collaborative case-control study in five North European countries", Int. Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 37, pp , [7] Elisabeth Cardis et al., "Estimation of RF energy absorbed in the brain from mobile phones in the interphone study", Occup. Environ. Med., vol. 68, pp ,

8 Mobi-Kids Study: 휴대전화의 전자파 노출량 평가 : II. 머리 SAR 및 누적노출 평가 방법 [8] K. Wake, N. Varsier, and S. Watanabe, et al., "The Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate estimation of 3D SAR distributions in the human (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Commu- head from mobile phone compliance testing data for nications Devices: Measurement Techniques, IEEE epidemiological studies", Phys. Med. Biol. vol. 54, Standard , pp , [13] Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Fields from [9] Elisabeth Cardis et al., "Brain tumor risk in relation Hand-Held and Body-Mounted Wireless Commu- to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPH- nication Devices-Human Models, Instrumentation, ONE international case-control study", Internatio- and Procedures, Part1: Procedure to Determine the nal Journal of Epidemiology, pp. 1-20, 이애경 외, "Mobi-Kids Study: 휴대전화의 전자 파 노출량 평가 I. 노출 유형 분석", 한국전자파 학회 논문지, 24(10), pp , 2013년 10 월. Specific Absorption Rate(SAR) for Hand-Held [11] A. Christ et al., "The virtual family-development [14] C. Gabriel, "Compilation of the dielectric proper- of surface-based anatomical models of two adults ties of body tissues at RF and microwave frequ- and two children for dosimetric simulations", Phys. encies", Air Force Material Command, Brooks Air Med. Biol. vol. 55, pp. N23-N38, 2010, Force Base, TX, AL/OE-TR , [10] Devices Used in Close Proximity to the Ear(Frequency Range of 300 MHz to 3 GHz), International Electrotechnical Committee, Geneva, Switzerland, IEC , Feb [15] [12] IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the 이애 경 년 2월: 중앙대학교 전자공학 과 (공학사) 1992년 2월: 중앙대학교 전자공학 과 (공학석사) 1992년 1월 현재: 한국전자통신연 구원 책임연구원 2003년 8월: 충남대학교 전파공학 과 (공학박사) 2007년 7월 2008년 6월: 미국 NIST Radio-Frequency Fields Group 방문연구원 [주 관심분야] 전자파 인체 노출 평가 1990 국립전파연구원고시 제 호, 전자파흡수율 측정기준. 홍선 의 년 충남대학교 전파공학과 (공 학사 년 충남대학교 전파공학과 (공 학석사) 1999년 현재: 한국전자통신연구원 전자파환경연구팀 선임연구원 [주 관심분야] 전자파 노출량 해석 1997 : ) 1999 : 1165

9 THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 24, no. 12, DEC 최경 화 년 2월: 숙명여자대학교 통계학 과 (이학사) 2011년 8월: 충북대학교 의학과 (의 학석사) 2013년 8월: 단국대학교 보건학과 박사과정 수료 2009년 12월 현재: 단국대학교 의 과대학 예방의학교실 연구조교 [주 관심분야] 전자파 역학 1995 하미 나 년 2월: 서울대학교 의학과 (의 학사) 1996년 2월: 서울대학교 환경보건학 과 (보건학석사) 2000년 2월: 서울대학교 의학과 (의 학박사) 1996년 3월 현재: 단국대학교 의과 대학 전임강사, 조교수, 부교수, 교수 [주 관심분야] 전자파 역학 최형 도 년 2월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학사) 1989년 8월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학석사) 1996년 8월: 고려대학교 재료공학 과 (공학박사) 2004년 6월 2005년 12월: 한국전파 진흥협회 부설 EMC 기술지원센터장 1997년 1월 현재: 한국전자통신연구원 전자파환경연구 실 실장 [주 관심분야] 전자파 인체 노출량 평가, 전자파 저감 소 재 및 부품 등 1986

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