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1 연구논문 Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics, Volume 22, Number 3, June 2011 DOI: /KJOP Lock-in 증폭기를채용한주파수영역확산광단층촬영시스템 전영식ㆍ백운식 경희대학교전자 전파공학과우 경기도용인시기흥구서천동 1 (2010 년 11 월 26 일받음, 2011 년 4 월 7 일수정본받음, 2011 년 4 월 11 일게재확정 ) 본논문에서는생체내부를비침습적으로영상화하기위한방법으로생체내에서의빛의전파가흡수보다는산란이지배적으로작용하는근적외선 (NIR, near-infrared) 영역의레이저광원및광검출기를이용하여주파수영역 (frequency-domain) 확산광단층촬영 (DOT, diffuse optical tomography) 시스템을구현하였으며, 생체조직을모사한액체팬텀에광학적특성이다른이형성분 (anomaly) 을삽입하여실험적으로흡수및산란분포에대한영상을복원함으로써이형성분의위치와형태에대한정보를획득하였다. Frequency-domain Diffuse Optical Tomography System Adopting Lock-in Amplifier Young Sik Jun and Woon Sik Baek Department of Electronics and Radio Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1 Seocheon-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin , Korea (Received November 26, 2010; Revised manuscript April 7, 2011; Accepted April 11, 2011) In this paper, we developed a frequency-domain diffuse optical tomography(dot) system for non-invasively imaging in vivo. The system uses near-infrared(nir) light sources and detectors for which the photon propagation in human tissue is dominated by scattering rather than by absorption. We present the experimental reconstruction images of absorption and scattering coefficients using a liquid tissue phantom, and we obtain the location and shape of an anomaly which has different optical properties than the phantom. Keywords: Diffuse optical tomography, Frequency domain, Liquid phantom OCIS codes: ( ) Imaging systems; ( ) Light propagation in tissues; ( ) Medical and biological imaging; ( ) Imaging through turbid media I. 서론 확산광단층촬영 (DOT, diffuse optical tomography) 은빛의입자성을기반으로하며, 빛의입자인광자 (photon) 는생체조직과같은혼탁한매질에조사되었을때흡수및산란되고, 굴절률이서로다른매질의경계에서는프레넬의법칙에의하여반사및투과되는특성을가진다. 혼탁매질에서의빛의흡수및산란은단위길이당광자가흡수또는산란될확률로써정량화할수있으며이는각각흡수계수 [mm -1 ] 와산란계수 [mm -1 ] 의변수로써표현할수있다. DOT는이러한흡수계수와산란계수가생체조직내부에서국부적인차이를가짐으로써광학적특성이달라질때그렇지않은경우와비교하여생체조직으로부터투과되어나오는광자수가달라지는현상을이용하여비침습적 (non-invasive) 으로조직의기능및대사정보를획득함으로써조직의이상유무를판별할수있는장치이다. 따라서일반적으로생체조직내에서흡수보다는산란되는특성이우월한근적외선 (NIR, near-infrared) 영역의레이저광원과광검출기를이용하며, 이는수 cm 이내의제한적인투과성을가지므로다른신체부위에비해광학적특성의급격한변화요인이상대적 wsbaek@khu.ac.kr Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online. 134
2 연구논문 Lock-in 증폭기를채용한주파수영역확산광단층촬영시스템 전영식ㆍ백운식 135 으로적은여성의유방암이나신생아의뇌종양의비침습적인검출에적합한시스템이다. DOT는광원의변조방식에따라크게 3가지형태의측정방법이존재한다. 즉, 빛의세기에대한감쇄만을측정하는연속파 (CW, continuous-wave) 시스템, 수십 ~ 수백 MHz의정현파로변조된광원을이용하여진폭감쇄및위상천이를측정하는주파수영역 (FD, frequencydomain) 시스템, 1 ns 이하의펄스폭을가지는펄스파로변조된광원을이용하여펄스의퍼짐과지연을측정하는시간영역 (TD, time-domain) 시스템이있다 [1-3]. 본논문에서는위의시스템중주파수영역 DOT 시스템을채택하였다. 이시스템은시간영역 DOT 시스템에비하여상대적으로낮은비용으로구현이가능하고, 연속파 DOT 시스템에비하여많은정보를획득할수있는장점이있다. 본논문에서구현한시스템에서, 이형성분 (anomaly) 이주입된액체팬텀으로부터측정한데이터를영상복원소프트웨어를이용하여흡수계수및산란계수분포영상을복원하였으며, 이를통해이형성분의위치와형태에대한정보를획득하였다. II. 주파수영역확산광단층촬영의이론 생체내부에서의광자의진행은 Boltzmann 전달방정식에의해가장잘기술되나, 이방정식은그형태가매우복잡하고해를도출하기위해서많은변수들을고려해야하기때문에그해를구하기가매우어렵다. 하지만이방정식에확산근사를적용할경우간소화된형태의아래의식 (1) 과같은확산방정식을얻을수있다 [1-3]. 여기서 는매질에서의빛의속도, 은위치벡터, 는시간을나타내고, [mm] 은 으로정의되 는확산계수를, [mm -1 ] 은광자의산란시이방성계수 (anisotropy factor) g에의한영향이내포되어 으로정의되는함축된형태의산란계수이다. 한편 [W/mm 2 ] 는 photon fluence rate, 그리고 [W/mm 3 ] 는매질의표면으로부터 의거리에위치하는등방성광원을나타낸다. 본논문에서구현한주파수영역 DOT 시스템의경우위치 에서의해를 와같이가정하여식 (1) 에적용할경우 항은제거되며, 아래의식 (2) 와같은간략화된형태의주파수영역확산방정식을얻을수있다 [2, 3]. (2) 여기서 [rad] 는광원변조에사용된정현파의각주파수 (1) FIG. 1. Flowchart of inverse problem. 를나타낸다. 식 (2) 에매질의경계에서경계조건을적용하고, 매질에대하여알고있는흡수계수 및확산계수 을대입하여위치 에서의 photon fluence rate 을구할수있으며, 이러한과정을일반적으로순문제 (forward problem) 라한다. 반면 DOT에서는매질의표면에서측정한제한된수의 을이용하여매질내부의전영역에대한흡수계수 및산란계수 의예측값들을추정하게되며, 이로써생체매질에대한광학적특성의분포도를영상으로복원할수있고, 이러한과정을역문제 (inverse problem) 라한다. 이러한과정들은확산방정식에수치해법을적용함으로써그해를구할수있으며, 여기에는유한차분법 (FDM, finite-difference method), Monte-Carlo 방법, 유한요소법 (FEM, finite-element method) 등이있다. 본논문에서는복잡한구조를가지는해석영역에대하여유연하게적용이가능하고연산속도가상대적으로빠른유한요소법 (FEM, finite-element method) 을채택하였다 [4-9]. 그림 1은역문제를풀기위한흡수계수및산란계수의복원알고리즘의순서도 (flowchart) 이며, 여기서 은실제측정된값을, 는광학적특성 (, ) 의예측값으로부터계산된값을나타낸다. 측정값과계산값사이의오차가최소화될때까지광학적특성값들을갱신함으로써매질내부에서의흡수및산란계수의분포에대한정보를획득할수있다.
3 136 한국광학회지제 22 권제 3 호, 2011 년 6 월 III. 주파수영역 DOT 시스템제작 그림 2는본논문에서구현한 Lock-in 증폭기를채용한주파수영역 DOT 시스템을보이고있으며, 그림 2(a) 의모식도는좌측으로부터광원및광원변조모듈, 참조신호용차주파수획득을위한믹서모듈, 검출신호의진폭및위상측정을위한 Lock-in 증폭기 (SRS, SR830), 검출신호용차주파수획득을위한믹서모듈, 그리고검출기모듈를각각보이고있다. 광원으로는 830 nm의파장에서 30 mw의광출력을가지는다이오드레이저 (Sanyo, DL ) 를사용하였으며, LD 드라이버 (Thorlabs, EK1101) 로부터의직류구동전류와신호발생기 (Aeroflex, 2023A) 로부터출력된 70 MHz 정현파신호를 Bias-Tee (Mini-circuits, ZFBT-4R2G) 를통해결합하여 LD에공급함으로써광강도변조 (intensity modulation) 를실행하였다. 광원의변조심도는 85% 이상이었으며, 이는 DOT 시스템의광원으로사용하기에적합한수치이다. 다이오드레이저로부터변조되어출력된빛은 pigtailed LD-to-Fiber (a) Schematic diagram of DOT system 결합기 (OzOptics, LDPC-01) 를이용하여광섬유를거쳐측정대상매질인팬텀으로전달되도록하였으며, 이때결합기의광결합률은 75% 이었다. 검출기모듈은광원으로부터팬텀내부로조사된빛이확산하여다시외부로나오는양을검출하고, 이를전기적인신호로변환하기위한 APD 모듈 (Hamamatsu, C ) 과이로부터얻어진미약한전기신호를증폭하기위한증폭기 (Mini-circuits, ZFL-500HLN) 로구성하였다. 복조기모듈은팬텀을통과한빛의진폭감쇄및위상변화를검출해내기위해헤테로다인검출기법을적용하였으며, 이를위해주파수혼합기 (Mini-circuits, ZFM-3H) 와자체적으로제작한 100 khz의중심주파수를가지는대역통과필터 (BPF) 를사용하였다. 여기서 APD 모듈이가지는 NEP(noise equivalent power) 은 0.3 pw/ Hz이며이는 70 MHz 주파수에대하여출력전압으로환산시 170 μv에해당되고, +20 db의증폭기, 주파수혼합기그리고대역통과필터를거친후의크기는 1 mv 에해당된다. 따라서 Lock-in 증폭기에서측정된진폭의크기가 1 mv(-47 dbm) 이하인경우 APD 모듈의 NEP에해당된다고볼수있으며이러한측정신호에대해서는신뢰성을보장하기가어렵다. 그림 3은 Lock-in 증폭기만의동적영역 (dynamic range) 을실험적으로측정하고여기에 DOT 시스템의신호처리에사용된전자회로들을추가한후다시동적영역을측정하여비교한결과이며, 전자회로들에의한영향으로 80 db의폭으로그범위가감소된것을알수있다. 하지만이는위에서언급한 APD 모듈의 NEP 출력에해당되는 -47 dbm 이하의진폭에대해서도선형적인측정이가능함을보여주는결과이다. 그러므로, 전자회로의추가에의한영향은무시될수있음을나타낸다. 따라서본논문에서구현된시스템의 APD 모듈을포함한최종적인동적영역은 APD의 NEP에의해서만제한됨을확인하였다. 또한생체조직을모사하기위한팬텀은광학적특성의조절이비교적용이한액체팬텀으로구성하였다. 산란계수는 400~1100 nm의파장에대한산란특성이잘알려져있는 (b) Photograph of DOT system FIG. 2. The frequency-domain DOT system using Lock-in amplifier. FIG. 3. Comparison of dynamic ranges of Lock-in amplifier in the DOT system and system including other electrical components.
4 연구논문 Lock-in 증폭기를채용한주파수영역확산광단층촬영시스템 전영식ㆍ백운식 137 (a) Photograph of phantom tank FIG. 4. Absorbance profile of the diluted black ink. Intralipid( 정제대두유 ) 를이용하여구현하였고 [10], 흡수계수는분광계 (Ocean Optics, USB2000) 를이용하여그림 4에나타낸바와같이광원으로사용된 LD의파장에대한흑색잉크의흡수도를측정하여구현하였다 [3]. IV. 실험결과및고찰 실험에사용된액체팬텀은흡수계수및산란계수가각각 =0.002 mm -1, =0.2 mm -1 의값을가지도록 Intralipid-20% ml, 1% 으로희석시킨흑색잉크 0.23 ml 및물 ml를혼합하여총 1000 ml 용량의액체팬텀을제작하였으며, 신호검출은광원으로부터 10 mm 떨어진지점으로부터 5 mm 간격으로 40 mm 거리까지총 7개의검출기를설치하여데이터를측정하고, 다시광원을 7번째검출기의위치로옮겨설치하여추가로 7개의검출값을측정하여총 14개의측정데이터를흡수계수및산란계수의복원에사용하였다. 그림 5는측정에사용된액체팬텀과팬텀내의이형성분 (anomaly) 의위치들을나타내고있으며, 각위치에대하여검출된측정데이터를 NIR optical tomography 모델링및영상복원소프트웨어에적용하여흡수계수및산란계수의분포를계산하였으며 [8], 구현된시스템으로부터의영상복원결과를그림 6에나타내었다. 각각의그림에서좌측에는흡수계수 ( ), 우측에는산란계수 ( ) 의분포를나타내었으며, 하단의 color bar는색상에따른각계수의값을나타낸다. 본실험을위한이형성분으로는나무에흑색페인트로도색된 125 mm 3 크기의정육면체를사용하였다. (b) Front view and coordinates of phantom tank and locations of each anomalies FIG. 5. Liquid phantom for DOT system. (a) (-10, 10) (b) (0, 10) 그림 6 에서보여주는결과는팬텀제작시목표치였던 =0.002 mm -1, =0.2 mm -1 의값을영상복원시배경매질에 대한광학적특성의초기값으로설정하여획득한복원영상이며, 여기서각영상위에표시된정사각형은실험에사용된이형성분의크기, 형태및위치를나타낸다. 그림 6의복원영상에서이형성분의위치변화에따른미미한차이는존재하지만뚜렷한차이를확인하기는어렵다. 이는크게다음 (c) (10, 10) FIG. 6. Reconstruction images for each anomaly locations (x,y) in the phantom.
5 138 한국광학회지제 22 권제 3 호, 2011 년 6 월 의두가지원인에의한것으로판단된다. 첫번째로실험에사용된액체팬텀의제작시발생한흡수계수및산란계수의오차에기인할수있으며, 두번째로본실험에서검출에사용된 600μm 코어의광섬유 (Thorlabs, M21L02) 가좁은측정면적을가지는것에기인한것으로판단된다. 그림 7은팬텀제작시목표값으로설정했던흡수계수및산란계수를적용하여시뮬레이션을통해획득한데이터와실험을통해측정된데이터를, 소스로부터각검출기의거리에따른진폭및위상변화의크기로나타낸비교그래프로써, 이상적인경우라면측정값의기울기가시뮬레이션과일치해야하지만예상한바와같이그렇지못한결과를보여주고있다. 특히, 진폭그래프에서오차가크게발생한것을확인할수있으며, 이는위에서언급한두번째원인에의해 APD로검출신호가전달되는과정에서광학적신호감쇄가크게발생함으로써진폭에큰오차가발생한것으로판단된다. 이는보다큰직경의코어를가지는광섬유를검출에사용하는것으로보완이가능할것으로예상되지만, 본논문에서는이에대한논의는제외하였다. 그림 7의그래프로부터, 제작된팬텀의확산계수 이목표치보다다소낮은것으로추정할수있으며, 이는진폭및위상변화그래프를분석했을때제작된팬텀의흡수계수가목표치보다큰것으로판단할수있다. 그림 8은이러한판단을기반으로흡수계수만을 =0.004 mm -1 으로보정한후시뮬레이션에적용하여획득한데이터를위와동일한측정데이터와다시비교한결과그래프이며, 보정전에비하여그래프기울기의상대오차가진폭의경우 -40% 에서 -27% 으로, 위상의경우 13% 에서 -1% 으로감소하여측정값에보다근접한것을확인할수있었다. 여기서, 흡수계수를 =0.004 mm -1 이상으로보정할경우, 위상그래프기울기의상대오차가음의방향으로다시증가하기때문에본논문에서는흡수계수의보정값을 =0.004 mm -1 으로제한하였다. 그림 9(a)~(c) 는영상복원시광학적특성의초기값중흡수계수만을팬텀제작시의목표치였던 mm -1 에서위의가정및결과에따라 mm -1 으로보정한후의복원영상이며, 그림 6에서보여주는결과에비해상대적으로이형성분의위치가명확하게드러남을확인할수있다. 이는영상복원시측정대상에따라적절한초기값의예측및설정이중요함을보여주는결과이다. 한편, 그림 9(d)~(f) 는이형성분이표면으로부터 5 mm 깊이에존재하는경우에대한복원영상을나타내고있으며, 10 mm 깊이에이형성분이있었던그림 9(a)~(c) 의결과에비해낮은깊이에이형성분이존재함을확인할수있다. (a) amplitude (a) amplitude (b) phase FIG. 7. Amplitude and phase comparison between simulated and measured data without anomaly. (b) phase FIG. 8. Amplitude and phase comparison after correction.
6 연구논문 Lock-in 증폭기를채용한주파수영역확산광단층촬영시스템 전영식ㆍ백운식 139 V. 결론 (a) (-10, 10) (b) (0, 10) (c) (10, 10) 본논문에서는주파수영역 DOT 시스템을구현하여액체팬텀으로부터측정된데이터를영상복원소프트웨어에적용함으로써흡수계수및산란계수분포영상을복원하였다. 팬텀제작시목표로설정했던흡수계수및산란계수의값과실제제작된팬텀사이에서의광학적특성의불일치가영상복원에영향을미칠수있으며, 이를보완하기위해서는영상복원시광학적특성에대한초기예측값의적절한보상이필요하고, 이러한결과로보다개선된영상을획득할수있음을보였다. 본논문에서구현된 DOT 시스템을이용하여 14 개의측정값을검출함으로써실험적으로이형성분의위치를확인할수있었으며, 전체시스템의동적영역이전자장치들에의한영향보다는광신호의측정에사용된 APD의 NEP 에의해동적영역이주로제한됨을확인하였다. 본논문에서는제작된시스템의검증에중점을두어광원과광검출에사용된광섬유가동일한표면에존재하는반사형구조 (reflection geometry) 의측정을수행하였기때문에복원영상에서정확성이다소낮은결과를보였으나, 향후구현된시스템을바탕으로광원과광검출에사용되는광섬유가서로마주보는형태를가지는투과형구조 (transmission geometry) 또는원통형구조 (cylindrical geometry) 의측정을수행할경우보다높은정확성을가지는영상복원이가능할것으로기대된다. 감사의글 이연구는 2004년도경희대학교연구비지원에의한결과임 (KHU ). (d) (-10, 15) References (e) (0, 15) (f) (10, 15) FIG. 9. Reconstruction images after initial correction. 1. D. A. Boas, D. H. Brooks, E. L. Miller, C. A. DiMarzio, M. Kilmer, R. J. Gaudette, and Q. Zhang, Imaging the body with diffuse optical tomography, IEEE Sig. Proc. Mag. 18, (2001). 2. T. Durduran, R. Choe, W. B. Baker, and A. G. Yodh, Diffuse optics for tissue monitoring and tomography, Rep. Prog. Phys. 73, (2010). 3. R. Choe, Diffuse optical tomography and spectroscopy of breast cancer and fetal brain, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania (2005), pp Y. S. Jun and W. S. Baek, Experimental reconstruction images of tissue phantom by diffuse optical tomography, J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 224, (2010). 5. K. D. Paulsen and H. Jiang, Spatially varying optical property reconstruction using a finite element diffusion equation approximation, Med. Phys. 22, (1995).
7 140 한국광학회지제 22 권제 3 호, 2011 년 6 월 6. H. Jiang, K. D. Paulsen, U. L. Osterberg, B. W. Pogue, and M. S. Patterson, Optical image reconstruction using frequency-domain data: simulations and experiments, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 13, (1996). 7. M. Schweiger, S. R. Arridge, M. Hiraoka, and D. T. Delpy, The finite element method for the propagation of light in scattering media: boundary and source conditions, Med. Phys. 22, (1995). 8. M. Schweiger and S. R. Arridge, The finite element method for the propagation of light in scattering media: frequency domain case, Med. Phys. 24, (1997). 9. H. Dehghani, M. E. Eames, P. K. Yalavarthy, S. C. Davis, S. Srinivasan, C. M. Carpenter, B. W. Pogue, and K. D. Paulsen, Near infrared optical tomography using NIRFAST: algorithm for numerical model and image reconstruction, Commun. Numer. Meth. Engng. 25, (2009). 10. H. G. van Staveren, C. J. M. Moes, J. van Marle, S. A. Prahl, and M. J. C. van Gemert, Light scattering in Intralipid-10% in the wavelength range of nm, Appl. Opt. 30, (1991).
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Jul.; 27(7),
THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 16 Jul.; 27(7), 64662. http://dx.doi.org/./kjkiees.16.27.7.646 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print)ISSN 2288-226 (Online) 2D Microwave Image
More information실험 5
실험. OP Amp 의기초회로 Inverting Amplifier OP amp 를이용한아래와같은 inverting amplifier 회로를고려해본다. ( 그림 ) Inverting amplifier 위의회로에서 OP amp의 입력단자는 + 입력단자와동일한그라운드전압, 즉 0V를유지한다. 또한 OP amp 입력단자로흘러들어가는전류는 0 이므로, 저항에흐르는전류는다음과같다.
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