120 한국광학회지제 29 권제 3 호, 2018 년 6 월 I. 서론 수소가스는신 재생에너지원중의하나로서, 에너지발생과정에서오염물질의배출이없는친환경에너지원중하나이다. 그러나수소가스는인화에너지가낮으며, 무색, 무취, 폭발및화염전파성이매우큰위험한물질중하나이다. 또한, 원

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1 연구논문 Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics, Vol. 29, No. 3, June 2018, pp DOI: ISSN : (Print) ISSN : X(Online) Development of On-axis Raman Lidar System for Remotely Measuring Hydrogen Gas at Long Distance In Young Choi 1, Sung Hoon Baik 1, Jae Young Lim 2, Jung Ho Cha 2, and Jin Ho Kim 2 1 Division of Quantum Optics, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, 111, Daedeok-daero 989beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Deajeon 34057, Korea 2 Division of R&D Center, Korea Nuclear Technology Co., Ltd., 277, Baeul 1-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34036, Korea (Received March 30, 2018; Revised May 6, 2018; Accepted May 8, 2018) Hydrogen gas is an important and promising energy resource that has no emissions of pollutants during power generation. However, hydrogen gas is very dangerous because it is colorless, odorless, highly flammable, and explosive at low concentration. Conventional techniques for hydrogen gas detection are very difficult for measuring the hydrogen gas distribution at long distances, because they sample the gas to measure its concentration. Raman lidar is one of the techniques for remotely detecting hydrogen gas and measuring the range of the hydrogen gas distribution. A Raman lidar system with an on-axis optical receiver was developed to improve the range of hydrogen gas detection at long distance. To verify the accuracy and improvement in the range of detecting the hydrogen gas, experiments measuring the hydrogen gas concentration are carried out using the developed on-axis Raman lidar system and a gas chamber, to prevent explosion of the hydrogen gas. As a result, our developed on-axis Raman lidar system can measure a minimum hydrogen gas concentration of 0.66 volume percent at a distance of 50 m. Keywords: Raman lidar system, Hydrogen gas, On-axis optical receiver, Raman scattering signal OCIS codes: ( ) Lidar; ( ) Scattering, Raman; ( ) Backscattering 원거리수소가스원격계측을위한 On-axis 라만라이다장치개발 최인영 1 ㆍ백성훈 1 ㆍ임재영 2 ㆍ차정호 2 ㆍ김진호 2 1 한국원자력연구원양자광학연구부우 대전광역시유성구대덕대로 989 번길 ( 주 ) 한국원자력기술기술연구소우 대전광역시유성구배울 1 로 277 (2018 년 3 월 30 일받음, 2018 년 5 월 6 일수정본받음, 2018 년 5 월 8 일게재확정 ) 수소가스는신 재생에너지원으로서, 에너지의발생과정에서오염물질의배출이없는친환경적인에너지원이다. 그러나수소가스는인화에너지가낮으며, 무색, 무취의화염전파성과폭발성이강한매우위험한물질중하나이다. 수소가스의검출을위한다양한기술이있으나, 대부분센서를이용하여대기중의수소가스를수집하여측정하는근거리측정기술이대부분이다. 수소가스측정기술중하나인라만라이다장치는수소가스의강한라만산란현상을이용하여원거리에서수소가스농도검출및분포를계측할수있는장점을갖고있다. 본연구에서는넓은영역에서 (2~50 m) 누출된수소가스의원거리측정을위한 on-axis 형태를갖는라만라이다장치를개발하였다. 본연구를통하여개발된수소가스원거리탐지거리가향상된라만라이다장치의성능을검증하기위하여, 수소가스폭발을방지및농도변화가가능한가스챔버를이용하여라만라이다장치로부터 50 m 거리에위치한수소가스농도측정실험을수행하였다. 그결과, 개발된라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리에위치한 0.66 Vol.% 의수소가스검출이가능함을증명하였다. Keywords: 라만라이다시스템, 수소가스, On-axis 광학수신기, 라만산란신호 OCIS codes: ( ) Lidar; ( ) Scattering, Raman; ( ) Backscattering iychoi8584@kaeri.re.kr, ORCID: Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online. 119

2 120 한국광학회지제 29 권제 3 호, 2018 년 6 월 I. 서론 수소가스는신 재생에너지원중의하나로서, 에너지발생과정에서오염물질의배출이없는친환경에너지원중하나이다. 그러나수소가스는인화에너지가낮으며, 무색, 무취, 폭발및화염전파성이매우큰위험한물질중하나이다. 또한, 원자력발전소에서중대사고가발생할경우에는핵연료피복의산화과정에서다량의수소가스가발생하며, 밀폐되어있는격납건물내에서 2차사고가발생하는가장큰원인중하나이기때문에수소가스의검출및제거기술은원전의안전을위하여필수적으로요구된다. 수소가스의검출및농도측정방법은크게화학적촉매, 열전도방식등의방법을이용하고있다. 그러나이러한센서를이용한계측방법은측정지점에대한수소가스의검출및농도측정이가능하여원자력발전소와같이넓은공간을측정하기위해선, 다수의센서를위상배열하여설치하여야하는단점을갖고있다. 수소가스의경우, 강한라만산란현상을갖고있는특징을갖고있다. 따라서라만라이다 (Raman lidar) 를이용할경우, 원거리에서도수소가스분포와거리정보및농도를측정할수있다. 라만라이다장치를이용한수소가스원격계측기술은러시아 [1,2], 미국 [3] 및일본 [4-7] 등에서활발히연구되고있으며, 국내의경우, 본연구팀에서직경 50 mm의소형 off-axis 광학수신기가장착된라만라이다장치를이용하여 20 m 거리에위치한수소가스를원격으로검출및농도를측정하였다 [8]. 그러나이전연구를통하여개발된직경 50 mm의 off-axis 형태의라만라이다장치는레이저의발진거리에따른에너지감쇠현상에의하여 20 m 이상의거리에서측정오차가심하게발생하였고, 레이저송신광축과수신광축의불일치로인해넓은영역에서수소가스의검출이어려웠다. 본연구는라만라이다시스템의수소가스탐지거리향상에관한것으로, 50 m 거리의수소가스를원격으로농도및분포측정이가능한라만라이다장치를개발하고, 성능실험을수행하였다. 새로개발된라만라이다장치는기존라만라이다장치의광학수신기에비하여수신광학계의직경이 1.5배크며, 이색성광분할기를사용하여수신효율을높였으며, on-axis 형태의광학수신기구조를사용하였다. 개발된 on-axis 형태의광학수신기가장착된라만라이다장치의원거리수소가스검출능력을검증하기위하여, 수소가스폭발방지및농도조절이가능한가스챔버를사용하여실험을수행하였다. 수소가스의농도변화에따른라만신호의변화를측정하기위하여가스챔버의수소가스농도를 0.66~100 Vol. % 사이에서변화시키면서, 라만신호의변화를측정하였다. 그결과, 50 m 거리의 0.66 Vol. % 의수소가스농도검출이가능하였으며, 측정오차평균이 1% 이하의성능을획득하였다 광학수신기 II. On-axis 라만라이다장치 그림 1은이전연구를통하여개발된 off-axis 라만라이다장치의구성도를나타낸것이다 [8]. Off-axis 방식의광학수신기의경우, 특정위치 ( 거리 ) 에서만레이저송신광축과광학수신기의수신광축이서로교차하게되며, 교차된지점에서발생한라만현상만측정이가능하게된다. Off-axis 광학수신기는수 km의원거리에서의사용에는문제가없지만, 수 m에서수십 m의근거리에서사용할경우에는레이저송신광축과광학수신기의수신광축의교차영역이좁아지는단점이있다. 그림 2는본연구를통하여개발된 on-axis 라만라이다장치구성도를나타낸것이다. On-axis 라만라이다장치의광 Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the off-axis Raman lidar system [8].

3 연구논문 원거리수소가스원격계측을위한 On-axis 라만라이다장치개발 최인영ㆍ백성훈외 121 Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the on-axis Raman lidar system. 학수신기는광학수신기의앞에거울을설치하여레이저를전송하는형태를갖고있다. 따라서광학수신기의광축과레이저전송축을일치할수있는장점을갖고있어, 측정가스에대한거리변화에관계없이라만현상에대한측정이가능한장점을갖고있다. 그러나 on-axis 광학수신기는레이저전송을위한거울에의하여가려지는면적이존재하여, 광학수신기로부터가까운거리에위치한신호를계측할수없는단점을갖고있다 On-axis 광학수신기개발 원자력발전소의격납건물과같이수십 m 거리에서발생한수소가스의원격계측을위한라만라이다시스템을개 발하기위하여광학수신기의광축과레이저전송축이일치하는 on-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다시스템을개발하였다. 표 1은기존 50 mm 직경의 off-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치와 75 mm 직경의 on-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치의주요부품사양을나타낸것이다. 라만라이다장치의성능은라만산란 (Raman scattering) 현상을발생시키기위한레이저의출력및광학수신기의직경에의하여크게달라진다. 따라서동일한출력을갖는레이저를이용하여먼거리의수소가스를측정하기위하여광학수신기의직경을 50 mm에서 75 mm로변경하였다. 또한, 광축정렬및레이저모니터링을위한디지털카메라장치를설치하였는데, 이를위하여 Table 1. Specification of the Raman lidar system 50 mm off-axis Raman lidar system 75 mm on-axis Raman lidar system Laser Max output energy (mj) Telescope diameter (mm) Detection distance (m) Beam splitter (Transmit : Reflect coefficient) General beam splitter (50 : 50) Remark Same condition 75 mm on-axis Raman lidar system Dichroic beamsplitter 1 (95 : 95 at 365 nm) Dichroic beamsplitter 2 (95 : 98 at 409 nm) Pulse laser : Nd : YAG laser (Quantel Brilliant Q - Smart 100, Wavelength: 355 nm, Repetition rate: 20 Hz) PMT (Photo multiplier tube): Hamamatsu (R9880U-210) Band-pass filter 1 (BPF1): ± 0.15 nm (for hydrogen gas) Band-pass filter 2 (BPF2): ± 0.15 nm (for nitrogen gas) Laser line filter (LF): CWL = 355 ± 2 nm, FWHM = 10 ± 2 nm Dichroic beam splitter 1: Semrock, Cut-off wavelength 365 ± 3.0 nm Transmission band (370 to 525 nm > 95% T average) Reflection band (255 to 360 nm > 95% R average) Dichroic beam splitter 2: Alluxa, Cut-off wavelength 409 ± 3.0 nm Transmission band (415 to 850 nm > 95% T average) Reflection band (325 to 403 nm > 98% R average) Digital camera: Basler aca 640-UC

4 122 한국광학회지제 29 권제 3 호, 2018 년 6 월 Fig. 3. Photograph of on-axis Raman lidar system for remotely measuring the hydrogen gas at long distance. 광분할기 (beam splitter) 를추가하였기때문에수소가스에의한라만신호의감소현상이발생하게된다. 따라서광분할기추가에의한라만신호의감소현상의방지및라만신호의증가를위하여, 365 nm 이하의파장만이반사하고나머지파장이통과할수있는이색성광분할기 (dichroic beam splitter 1, Semrock/365) 를디지털카메라앞에설치하였다. 또한기존질소및수소가스에의한라만신호를동시에계측하기위하여사용된일반형광분할기를 409 nm 파장이하의빛만을반사시키고, 나머지파장을투과시키는이색성광분할기 (dichroic beam splitter 2, Alluxa/409) 를설치하여 387 nm의질소가스에의한라만신호와 416 nm의수소가스에의한라만신호를세기를증가시켰다. 그림 3은 50 m 거리에서의수소가스원격계측을위한 on-axis 방식의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치모습이다 라만라이다장치측정알고리즘개발 그림 4는 on-axis 라만라이다장치를이용한원거리수소가스원격측정알고리즘을나타낸것이다. 본알고리즘은라만라이다장치를이용하여수소가스에의한라만신호를계측하기위한장치제어부분과측정된라만신호의신호대잡음비 (signal-to-noise ratio) 향상을위한신호처리부분으로나눠알고리즘을구성하였다. 라만라이다장치의구성장치제어부분은라만라이다장치의정렬상태및모니터링을위한디지털카메라제어부분과수소가스에의하여발생한라만신호의증폭및기록을위한광증배기공급전압제어부분으로나눠개발하였다. 라만라이다시스템의신호처리알고리즘은실시간으로계측된신호의신호대잡음비개선을위한신호처리와측정된라만신호의통계처리알고리즘으로구성되어있다. 라만라이다장치의구성장치제어부분과신호처리부분은병렬프로세싱기법을이용하여프로그램개발툴인 LabVIEW 프로그램을이용하여알고리즘을구현하였다. 그림 5는원거리수소가스원격계측을위한 on-axis 광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치의운영프로그램의인터페이스를나타낸것이다. Fig. 4. Measurement algorithm of the Raman lidar system. Fig. 5. Raman lidar operating program interface.

5 연구논문 원거리수소가스원격계측을위한 On-axis 라만라이다장치개발 최인영ㆍ백성훈외 123 III. 수소가스원격측정실험및분석 3.1. 실험방법 On-axis 형태의광학수신기가장착된라만라이다장치를이용하여원거리수소가스농도측정실험을수행하였다. 수소가스는낮은발화에너지를갖고있으며, 저농도에폭발의위험을갖는매우위험한물질중하나이다. 따라서라만라이다장치의수소가스농도측정을위한실험을수행하기위하여산소의차단이가능한가스챔버를이용하였다. 그림 6은개발된 on-axis 광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치를이용하여원거리수소가스원격측정실험모습을나타낸것이다. 분압조절을통하여수소가스의농도조절이가능한가스챔버를개발된라만라이다장치로부터 50 m 거리에위치할수있도록배치하였으며, 가스챔버의분압조절을통하여 0.66~100 Vol. % 사이에서수소가스농도를 Fig. 6. Photograph of 75 m on-axis Raman lidar system for remotely measurement of the hydrogen gas in distance of 50 m. 변화시키며수소가스에의한라만신호의세기를측정하였다. 개발된라만라이다장치를이용하여 0.66~100 Vol. % 의수소가스농도에서 9 단계로나눠수소가스농도측정을수행하였다. 수소가스에의한라만신호는매우미약한신호로서, 신호대잡음비가낮다. 따라서각단계에서수소가스에의한라만신호 100개를평균으로총 30번의반복측정을통하여개발된라만라이다장치의측정오차및정밀도를도출할수있도록하였다 [8]. 또한전체실험을 2회반복하여라만라이다장치의수소가스농도측정반복성을확인할수있도록하였다. 수소가스에의한라만신호를계측하기위하여사용된광증배기의신호증폭을위하여고전압공급장치의입력전압을 560 V로설정하였다. 100번획득한 data를평균하여 1회측정값을도출하게되므로수소가스농도와분포위치의측정시간은 5초가된다 실험결과및분석 그림 7(a) 와 7(b) 는 on-axis 라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리에위치한수소가스를원격측정한결과를나타낸그래프이다. 측정결과의 X 축은실제수소가스의농도값을나타내며, Y 축은 on-axis 라만라이다장치를이용하여측정한수소가스농도값을나타낸것이다. 두그래프에나타난것과같이, 라만라이다장치를이용하여측정한수소가스농도측정값과선형추세선과의유사도를나타낸결정계수 (R 2 ) 과 을나타내는것을알수있다. 표 2(a) 와 2(b) 는 on-axis 라만라이다장치를이용하여측정한수소가스농도결과값을정량적으로분석한것이다. 표에서보는것과 on-axis 라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리에위치한 0.66 Vol. % 의수소가스농도측정이가능함을알수있다. 표 3은 on-axis 형태의광학수신기가적용된라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리에위치한수소가스농도반복측정결과를비교한것이다. 두번의반복실험결과, 측정오차평균은 에서 사이의값으로서 1% 미만의 (a) (b) Fig. 7. Results of the hydrogen gas concentration measuring experiment by using the on-axis Raman lidar system in distance of 50 m. (a) First experiment results, (b) Second experiment results.

6 124 한국광학회지제 29 권제 3 호, 2018 년 6 월 매우좋은정확도를갖고있음을알수있으며, 표준편차는 ~3.1889로서반복성이매우우수한것을알수있다. 이와같은결과는이전연구를통하여개발된 off-axis 광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치를이용하여 20 m 거리에서 0.66 Vol. % 의수소가스농도검출한결과와거의대등한결과로서 [8], 본연구를통하여개발된라만라이다장치의수소가스검출거리가 2.5배향상된것을알수있다. 기존 off-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치와새롭게개발된 on-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치는동일한레이저를사용하였다. 또한광증배기의증폭량을조절하기위하여기존 off-axis 형태의광학수 신기를갖는라만라이다장치는 20 m 거리에서수소가스의농도를측정하기위하여 590 V의전압을인가하였으나, 새롭게개발된 on-axis 라만라이다장치는광증배기에 560 V 의전압을인가하여광증배기에의한라만신호의증폭효율을감소시켜실험을수행하였다. 따라서동일한농도의수소가스에의하여발생한라만신호의세기는레이저의거리에따른감쇠현상에의하여 50 m 거리에서발생한신호가 20 m 거리에서발생한신호에비하여 6.25배작게된다. 또한새롭게개발된라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리의수소가스에의하여발생한라만신호를계측하기위하여광증배기의증폭효율을높이기위하여입력하는전압이오히려낮 Table 2. Analysis results of the hydrogen gas concentration measuring experiment by using the on-axis Raman lidar system in distance of 50 m (a) First experiment results Hydrogen gas concentration Raman signal (V/100) Measured value of hydrogen gas concentration Error rate (%) Standard deviation (%) Average (b) Second experiment results Hydrogen gas concentration Raman signal (V/100) Measured value of hydrogen gas concentration Error rate (%) Standard deviation (%) Average Table 3. Results of the hydrogen gas measuring experiments First experiment Second experiment Coefficient of determination (R 2 ) Average error rate (%) Average standard deviation (%)

7 연구논문 원거리수소가스원격계측을위한 On-axis 라만라이다장치개발 최인영ㆍ백성훈외 125 기때문에라만신호의세기가훨씬작게측정된다. 그러나새롭게개발된장치의경우, 2배의거리에서이전에개발된라만라이다장치에비하여수소가스농도계측결과거의대등한결과를나타냈었다. 이와같은결과는광학수신기의직경이 50 mm에서 75 mm로 1.5배증가 { 광학수신기의수신면적증가 : 1.9배증가 (on-axis 광학수신기의레이저전송을위한거울에의한면적제외 )} 와, 이색성광분할기를이용하여라만신호의세기가 4배증가및 on-axis 형태의광수신기를사용하여송신광축과수신광축의일치도가향상에의한라만신호발생면적의증가로인한결과로판단된다. IV. 결 본연구는원거리수소가스원격계측이가능한라만라이다장치의수소가스탐지거리향상에관한것으로서, 개발된 on-axis 형태의광학수신기가장착된라만라이다장치를이용하여 50 m 거리에위치한수소가스원격측정실험을수행하여다음과같은결론을얻을수있었다. 기존에개발된 50 mm 직경을갖는 off-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치에비하여새롭게개발된직경 75 mm 직경을갖는 on-axis 형태의광학수신기를갖는라만라이다장치는, 동일한레이저출력으로수소가스원격탐지거리가 2.5배향상된결과를얻었다. 50 m 거리에서수소가스를측정한결과선형성 99.9%, 정확도 1% 이하, 표준편차 3% 의결과를얻었다. 추가적인연구를통하여개발된 on-axis 라만라이다시스템을이용하여수소가스이외의다른가스에대한원거리농도측정연구를진행할예정이다. 론 References 1. R. N. Verem ev, V. E. Privalov, and V. G. Shemanin, Optimization of a semiconductor lidar for detecting atmospheric molecular iodine and hydrogen, Tech. Phys. 45, (2000). 2. E. I. Voronina, V. E. Privalov, and V. G. Shemanin, Proving hydrogen molecules with a laboratory Raman lidar, Tech. Phys. Lett. 30, (2004). 3. A. J. Ball, Investigation of gaseous hydrogen leak detection using Raman scattering and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, M. S. Thesis, University of Florida (2005). 4. Z. Rovert and B. Nick, Wide area and distributed hydrogen sensors, in Proc. International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (France, Sep. 2009), pp H. Nynomiya, S. Yeashima, and K. Ickawa, Raman lidar system for hydrogen gas detection, Opt. Eng. 49, (2007). 6. Y. Noguchi, T. Shiina, K. Noguchi, T. Fukuchi, H. Ninomiya, I. Asahi. S. Sugimoto, and Y. Shimamoto, Detection of low concentration hydrogen gas by compact Raman lidar, in Proc. IQEC/CLEO Pacific Rim (Australia, Aug. 2001), paper C I. Asahi, S. Sugimoto, H. Ninomiya, T. Fukuchi, and T. Shiina, Remote sensing of hydrogen gas concentration distribution by Raman lidar, Proc. SPIE 8526, (2012). 8. I. Y. Choi, S. H. Baik, N. G. Park, H. Y. Kang, J. H. Kim, and N. J. Lee, Development of a Raman lidar system for remote monitoring of hydrogen gas, Korean J. Opt. Photon. 28, (2017). 감사의글 본연구는산업통상자원부 (MOTIE) 와한국에너지기술평가원 (KETEP) 의지원을받아수행한연구과제입니다 (No ).

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4)

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. vol. 29, no. 10, Oct ,,. 0.5 %.., cm mm FR4 (ε r =4.4) THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE. 2018 Oct.; 29(10), 799 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2018.29.10.799 ISSN 1226-3133 (Print) ISSN 2288-226X (Online) Method

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