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1 대한내과학회지 : 제 89 권제 4 호 특집 (Special Review) - 대동맥질환의최신지견 대동맥박리증의분류에따른비중재적및중재적치료 1 부산대학교의학전문대학원부산대학교병원순환기내과, 2 인제대학교의과대학교부산백병원순환기내과 이한철 1 진한영 2 Non-Interventional and Interventional Treatment of Aortic Dissection Han Cheol Lee 1 and Han-Young Jin 2 1 Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan; 2 Department of Cardiology, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea A new appraisal of the management of acute aortic dissection is timely because of recent developments in diagnostic strategies (including biomarkers and imaging), endograft design, and surgical treatment. These have led to a better understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors, and molecular nature of aortic dissection. Although open surgery is the main treatment for proximal aortic repair, the use of endovascular management is now established for complicated distal dissection and distal arch repair and has recently been discussed as a pre-emptive measure to avoid late complications by inducing aortic remodeling. (Korean J Med 2015;89: ) Keywords: Aortic dissection; Stents; Aorta 서론대동맥박리는대동맥을침범하는가장치명적질환중하나로연간발생률은 10만명당 3-30명정도로보고되고있다 [1-4]. 대동맥박리는혈관내막 (intima) 의일차적인파열로인해대동맥내혈류가중막 (media) 으로흘러들어와박리를일으키거나, 혈관중막에존재하는혈관맥관 (vasa vasorum) 의파열로인해발생한혈관벽내출혈 (intramural hematoma) 이내막을손상시켜이차적인파열을일으켜발생시킨다고알려져있다. 흉부혈관내대동맥치료 (thoracic endovascular aortic repair, TEVAR) 는 1988년외상성흉부대동맥류환자에서처음으로시행되었고 [5], 대동맥박리에서의첫연구는 1999년에 Dake 등 [5-7] 이보고한것으로, 혈관내치료가대동맥박리환자의임상결과를개선시켰다고발표하였다. 이후많은연구에서혈관내치료가낮은시술관련합병증및사망률, 짧은입원기간등향상된초, 중기성적을보인다고알려지면서, 수술적및보존적치료가대부분이었던기존의치료방법에서점차영역을넓혀가게되었다. 특히, 하행대동맥박리의외과적치료에있어서는현재수술보다는혈관내대동맥치료 Correspondence to Han Cheol Lee, M.D. Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: , Fax: , glaraone@hanmail.net Copyright c 2015 The Korean Association of Internal Medicine This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 89, No. 4, 가우선적으로권고되고있는상황이다. 하지만흉부혈관내대동맥치료는여전히장기성적, 하행대동맥박리환자에서내과적치료에대비한임상결과, 시술적응증등에서논란이남아있으며, 시술방법적인측면에서도아직정립되지않은부분이있다. 향후스텐트그라프트 (stent graft) 의개선, 시술방법의발전및혈관내치료에관한더많은연구를통해, 혈관내대동맥치료의명확한치료지침확립과함께치료영역의확대를기대해볼수있겠다. 진단대동맥박리는증상발생후첫 48시간에가장높은사망률을보이며, 치료받지않은급성 A형박리의경우첫 24시간동안의사망률이시간당 1-2%, 48시간동안 30%, 1주내에약 50% 에서사망하는것으로알려져있다 [4]. 따라서정확하고빠른진단이치료성적과예후를개선시키는데중요한부분이되겠다. 이러한측면에서영상검사의목적은대동맥박리의진단및다른형태의급성대동맥증후군 ( 혈관벽내 혈종, 대동맥궤양 ) 을감별하는것뿐아니라, 박리의분류, 내막파열의위치, 박리의침범범위및응급처치의필요성여부에대한정보를얻어올바른치료계획을확립하는데있다. 대표적인영상검사로는 computed tomography (CT), 경식도초음파및 magnetic resonance imaging이있다. 세가지검사모두 95% 이상의민감도와특이도를가지고있어각병원의여건에맞는검사법을선택하면될것이다. 하지만조영증강 CT가가장널리쓰이는진단방법으로, 검사시간이적게소요되고박리의진단뿐아니라치료계획에필요한다양한정보를제공해주기때문에우선적으로고려되어야한다. 분류대동맥박리는일반적으로박리의해부학적위치에따른분류방법이널리쓰이고있고, 그외발생시간, 합병증의유무에따른분류방법이있다. 해부학적위치에따른분류방법중가장흔히쓰이는분류체계는 DeBakey 와 Stanford Figure 1. Anatomical classification of aortic dissection. Aortic dissection described by the DeBakey and Stanford classifications (Nienaber et al., Lancet 2015 [8])

3 - Han Cheol Lee, et al. Treatment of aortic dissection - 분류로다음과같다 (Fig. 1) [8]. 해부학적위치에따른분류 DeBakey 분류 ( 일차적내막파열의위치에따른분류 ) I형 : 상행대동맥에서박리가시작되어대동맥궁과하행대동맥을모두침범하는경우 II형 : 상행대동맥에서박리가시작되고국한된경우 III형 : 하행대동맥에서박리가시작되고위치하는경우로, 주로좌측쇄골하동맥직하방에발생하여원위부로진행 IIIa형 : 흉부하행대동맥에만박리가국한된경우 IIIb형 : 박리가횡경막이하로진행된경우 Stanford 분류 ( 대동맥박리의기시와관계없이위치에따른분류 ) A형 : 하행대동맥으로의진행여부와관계없이박리가상행대동맥을침범한경우 B형 : 박리가대동맥궁을포함한하행대동맥에만국한된경우내막파열은상행대동맥에위치하는경우가약 65% 로가장흔하고, 다음으로는 30% 에서하행대동맥에위치하며, 10% 미만에서대동맥궁, 약 1% 에서복부대동맥에위치한다. 상행대동맥을침범하는급성박리의경우응급수술이필요하며하행대동맥을침범하는경우내과적치료를선택하는것이일반적인치료지침이다. 시간에따른분류전통적으로증상발생후 2주이내를급성박리, 2주이상을만성박리로정의하고있으며, 대부분의연구및치료지침에서이러한분류를사용하고있다. 이는 1958년에발표된대동맥박리환자의부검연구에서 74% 의환자가 2주이내에합병증으로사망했다는결과를근거로 2주를기점으로급성과만성으로나누게되었다 [9,10]. 하지만, 이는근래의진단기법및치료방법이사용되기전의결과로이를지금에도적용해야되는가에대한논란이있다. 특히, 급성박리직후의기간 (> 2주 ) 인아급성 (subacute) 기간에도임상사건의발생빈도가높고 [11,12], 혈관내대동맥치료의적절한시행시점과관련하여서도아급성기간의정의가필요해, 최근에는아급성기간을따로구분해서정의하고있다 [13,14]. 하지만아급성박리기간을유럽심장학회에서는 15-90일로정의하고있으나, 다른연구들에서는 8-30일 [12], 15-30일 [14], 2-6주 [15] 등일관되지않아공통된정의의확립이필요하겠다. 합병증유무에따른분류합병증의유무에따른분류는특히 Stanford B형대동맥박리환자에서치료방향을결정하는데중요한방법으로, 합병증이있는대동맥박리 (complicated aortic dissection) 와없는대동맥박리 (uncomplicated aortic dissection) 로나눌수있다. 여기서, 합병증이있는대동맥박리는혈관파열이발생했거나임박한경우, 장기 ( 뇌, 신장, 장, 간, 비장 ) 및상하지의혈류장애로인한허혈, 치료에반응없는고혈압및통증이있는경우로정의하고있으며, B형대동맥박리환자의약 30% 에서초기진단시동반되어있다 [16]. 치료약물치료대동맥박리의치료는약물치료가기본이되고적응증이된다면추가적으로수술적치료혹은혈관내치료를시행하게된다. 약물치료는통증조절과함께혈압과맥박수를조절함으로써좌심실압력상승의 dp/dt를감소시켜혈관의전단스트레스 (shear stress) 를줄이는것이일차적목표이다. 급성박리에서는베타차단제를우선적으로정주투여하며, 추가적혈압조절을위해니트로푸루시드나트륨 (sodium nitroprusside) 을사용할수있다. 하지만니트로푸루시드나트륨을단독투여하는경우 dp/dt가오히려증가할수있기때문에반드시베타차단제와함께사용하여야한다. 흉부혈관내대동맥치료 (TEVAR) 대동맥박리에서혈관내치료는혈관내막의파열된부위를스텐트그라프트로덮어가강 (false lumen) 으로의혈류유입을차단시킴과동시에진강 (true lumen) 으로의혈류를증가시키기위해시행된다. 이러한원리로사지허혈및장기허혈을보이는 B형대동맥박리환자에서스텐트그라프의삽입은원위부의관류를개선시키게된다. 또한, 혈류가차단된가강에는혈전이생성되고시간이경과하면서가강은위축되고진강은확장되는대동맥재형성 (aortic remodeling) 이나타나최종적으로는혈관의동맥류성확장및파열을억제함으로써사망위험을낮추게된다. 분류에따른치료방법의선택급성 A형대동맥박리급성 A형대동맥박리는내과적치료만을받은경우일주

4 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 89 권제 4 호통권제 662 호 Figure 2. Two-week mortality rates for acute aortic dissection according to dissection type and medical or surgical treatment (Hagan et al., JAMA 2000 [4]). 일이내에절반이사망하는치명적인형태이다. 이전 international registry of acute aortic dissection (IRAD) 등록연구결과를보면, 내과적치료를받은경우보다수술적치료를받은경우사망률을절반이하로감소시킬수있었고 (58% vs. 26%) (Fig. 2) [4], 이는많은다른연구에서도증명되었다. 현재모든치료지침에서는급성 A형대동맥박리의경우수술적치료를 class I으로권고하고있다 [13,17,18]. 하지만수술적치료의비교적높은수술사망률 (26%) 및신경학적합병증 (18%) 과수술이후남아있는 B형대동맥박리등이개선되어야할부분이다 [19,20]. 이런문제점을해결하기위해수술고위험환자군에서탈분지 (debranching) 혹은대동맥궁치환 (arch replacement) 수술후스텐트그라프트를삽입하는혼합치료 (hybrid procedure) 가하나의대안으로제시되고있다. 유럽심장학회에서는급성 A형박리환자에서장기및상하지허혈이동반되어있다면혼합치료를고려해볼것을권고하고있다 (IIa) [13]. 다른연구에서는수술적치료를받은 A형급성대동맥박리환자의 CT 영상을분석한결과, 30-40% 의환자에서이론적으로혈관내대동맥치료가가능한해부학적구조를가지고있다고보고하였으며 [21,22], 이러한결과를바탕으로수술적치료가어렵고해부학적구조가적합한 A형박리환자에서혈관내치료를시행한결과도보고되었다 (n = 15, 원내사망률 0%) [23]. 합병증이동반된 B형대동맥박리합병증이동반된 B형대동맥박리의치료는수술적치료와흉부혈관내대동맥치료가있다. 합병증이동반된박리의경우수술적치료는 25-50% 에이르는높은사망률과함께척수허혈 (spinal cord ischemia, 6.8%), 뇌졸중 (stroke, 9%), 장간막허혈 (mesenteric ischemia, 4.9%) 및급성신부전 (acute renal Figure 3. In-hospital Kaplan-Meier mortality estimates by management (Fattori et al., JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008 [16]). failure, 19%) 과같은치명적합병증이비교적높은빈도로보고되고있다 [16,24]. 치료방법에따른임상결과를보면, 합병증이동반된 B형대동맥박리환자에서혈관내치료가수술적치료에비해유의하게생존율을개선시켰고 (33.9% vs 10.6%, p = 0.002) (Fig. 3) [16]. 이이외에여러메타연구들에서도혈관내치료가수술적치료에비해사망률및합병증의빈도를감소시킨다고보고되었다 [25,26]. 이러한연구들을근거로, 현재대부분의치료지침에서는합병증이동반된 B 형대동맥박리의경우우선적으로혈관내재건술을권고하고있다 [13,17]. 흉부혈관내대동맥치료의임상결과에관한메타분석을보면, 급성기의경우에는초기사망률 10.2%, 뇌졸중및척수허혈은각각 4.9%, 4.2.% 이었고, 급성기이후 (> 2주 ) 에는초기사망률 6.6%, 뇌졸중및척수허혈은각각 1.9%, 1.5% 로보고되었다 [15]. 급성기에혈관내재건술은 2주이후에시행한경우보다비교적높은빈도의사건발생을보이지만, 현재까지적절한치료시점에대한연구는부족하고, 또한혈관내치료의장기성적, 그리고혈관내치료와수술적치료의성적을직접비교한무작위배정연구는없어향후추가적인연구가필요하겠다. 합병증이없는 B 형대동맥박리 합병증이동반되지않은안정적인 B형대동맥박리의치료는전통적으로내과적치료를권고하고있다. 초기연구들에서합병증이없는 B형대동맥박리환자에서보존적치료가수술적치료에비해입원중사망률이현저히낮고 [4], 수

5 - 이한철외 1 인. 대동맥박리증의치료 - Figure 4. Kaplan Meier estimates of clinical outcomes and landmark analysis with a breakpoint at 24 months after randomization to the end of the trial are shown for optimal medical treatment (OMT) and OMT + TEVAR (Nienaber et al., Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013 [31]). TEVAR, thoracic endovascular aortic repair. HR, hazard ratio. 술과관련된합병증및사망률의빈도가상당히높아현재치료지침에서는우선적으로내과적치료를할것을권고하고있다. 하지만불행히도약물치료를한 B형대동맥박리환자의장기임상결과를살펴보면, 1년사망률 9.7%, 3년사망률 22.4%, 5년사망률 30% 로장기추적시높은사망률을보이며 [27], 박리후가강의후기확장 (delayed expansion) 도 4년에 20-50% 에이르는것으로알려져있어 [28], 보존적치료이외의추가적치료전략이필요해보인다. 이러한임상적필요성에따라합병증이동반되지않은 B 형대동맥박리환자에서혈관내치료에대한연구들이진행되어왔다. 대표적후향적연구로는, 혈관내치료또는약물치료를받은 B형대동맥박리환자 1,129명의 IRAD 등록자료를비교분석한결과로, 1년추적시에는양군간에유의한차이를보이지않았으나, 5년추적에서는혈관내재건술을받은군에서사망률이유의하게낮았다 (15.5% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.018) [29]. 가장주목할만한연구로는, 합병증이동반되지않은 B형대동맥박리환자를대상으로보존적치료와혈관내치료 를무작위배정비교한 INSTEAD 연구와 ADSORB 연구가있다 [30-32]. 1년추적시, 두연구모두에서가강의혈전형성및진강의확장으로정의되는대동맥재형성 (aortic remodeling) 에서는혈관내치료가보존적치료에비해유의하게좋은결과를보여주었지만, 실망스럽게도생존율및임상사건에서는양군간유의한차이가없었다 [30]. 하지만 5년간추적한결과에서는약물치료를받은군에서보다, 혈관내치료를받은군이질환악화의빈도 (27.0% vs. 46.1%; p = 0.045) 뿐아니라대동맥관련사망률 (6.9% vs. 19.3%; p = 0.041) 을개선시켰다는획기적인결과를발표하였다 (Fig. 4) [31]. 이러한결과들을바탕으로, 현재유럽심장학회치료지침에서는합병증이동반되지않은안정적인 B형대동맥박리환자에서도혈관내치료를고려해볼것을권고 (IIa) 하고있다 [13]. 후기대동맥관련합병증 (delayed aortic related complications) 과흉부혈관내대동맥치료급성기 B형대동맥박리환자에서합병증이동반되어있지않은경우에는약물치료가권고된다. 하지만 5년사망률이 30% 까지보고되고있고, 사망원인의대부분은동맥류성

6 - The Korean Journal of Medicine: Vol. 89, No. 4, 확장 (aneurysm dilatation) 및박리의진행과같은후기합병증들로인한동맥류파열에의한것으로알려져있다. 대동맥관련사망및합병증발생가능성이높은박리의특징에관한연구결과를정리해보면, 1) 박리가 mm 이상의동맥류성확장을보이는경우 2) 급성기에대동맥박리의직경이 40 mm 이상인경우 3) 가강이열려있는경우 (patent false lumen) 나가강내에부분적인혈전이생성된경우 4) 급성기에가강의직경이 22 mm 이상인경우 5) 동맥류성확장이진행되는경우 (4-10 mm/year) 이고, 이러한환자에게는흉부혈관내대동맥치료가고려되어야한다. 현재치료지침에서는만성대동맥박리환자에서 6개월에 5 mm 이상의확장 [18], 대동맥직경이 mm 이상인경우에 class I으로치료를할것을권고하고있고 [13,17,18], 국내혈관내치료의현행보험기준에는 1) 대동맥직경이급성대동맥박리시 40 mm 이상, 만성의경우는 60 mm 이상 2) 대동맥박리와함께합병증이동반된경우 3) 박리가진행되는경우로고시하고있다. 대동맥박리환자에서혈관내치료의방법합병증이동반된대동맥박리환자에서시술방법은크게 3가지로나누어진다. 흉부혈관내대동맥치료, 가강에의하여진강으로의혈류가차단된신장동맥 (renal artery), 경동맥 (carotid artery), 상장관막동맥 (superior mesenteric artery) 등의분지동맥에서의선택적인스텐트삽입술 (selective stenting), 진강과가강간의개창술 (fenestration) 이있다. 환자의상황에따라서시술방법을선택하게되는데, 위의치료들을동시에같이시행하여야하는경우들도적지않다. 인하여야한다. 만일혈류가회복되지않았다면추가적으로신장동맥, 상장간막동맥등에대한스텐트시술이필요하다. 진강에서기시하는대퇴동맥을수술적인절개 (cut down) 를하거나, 봉합방식의지혈기구인 perclose를사용하여서매듭을준비해놓은후에시술을시작한다. 대동맥조영술을통하여병변을평가하고내막파열부위가확인이되면그부위에스텐트그라프트로충분히덮힐수있도록계획한다. 적절한근위부착지부위 (proximal landing zone) 의경우에는내막파열부위가좌쇄골하동맥 (left subclavian artery) 에서 15 mm 이상떨어져있어야한다. 응급으로위험한상황에서는좌쇄골하동맥을막는시술도가능하다. 그러나응급상황이아니라면좌총경동맥과좌쇄골하동맥을인조혈관으로연결하는우회수술 (left common carotid artery to left subclavian artery bypass operation) 을시행한후에스텐트그라프트를삽입하는것이바람직하다. 흉부혈관내대동맥치료후에는스텐트그라프트가잘펴지도록 5-20분정도기다려서대동맥조영술을실시하여혈관내누출여부와가강으로의혈류가잘차단되었는지평가하고상장간막동맥, 신장동맥, 경동맥, 하지혈관동맥등주요혈관의혈류가잘회복되었는지를평가한다. 혈류가회복되지않은주요혈관이있다면추가적으로스텐트시술이필요하다. 스텐트그라프트의선택국내에서대동맥박리에사용가능한스텐트그라프트는 3종류가있다. 각각의허가상황을살펴보면 S&G사 seal stent graft가국내에서대동맥박리에허가를받았지만국외허가 흉부혈관내대동맥치료 시술방법흉부혈관내대동맥치료는대동맥박리의내막파열부위 (intimal tear) 를찾아서스텐트이식편으로막아서진강으로의혈류를회복하고가강을막아서가강으로가는혈류를차단하는시술이다 (Fig. 5). 시술전에 CT를자세히평가하는것이무엇보다중요하다. 내막파열부위가어디에있는지를잘찾아야하며대동맥박리가장골동맥까지진행된경우에는진강에서기시하는대퇴동맥을천자하여야한다. 상장간동맥, 신장동맥, 경동맥등의주요분지혈관이진강또는가강에서기시하는지를잘평가하여야하고시술후에도대동맥조영술 (aortography) 을통하여주요혈관의혈류가회복되었는지확 Figure 5. Stent graft covers the intimal tear and blocks blood flow to false lumen. Stent graft induces aortic remodeling

7 - Han Cheol Lee, et al. Treatment of aortic dissection - 는아직없는상태이고, Gore 사 TAG stent graft는대동맥박리에미국, 유럽의허가와임상결과를가지고있고, 국내허가는진행중이다. Medtronic사의 Valiant stent graft는스텐트부분이노출되지않고갈고리고정장치 (barb) 를가지지않은제품만이미국, 유럽, 국내에대동맥박리에허가를받은상태이다. 스텐트그라프트의크기는대동맥박리가없는근위부와원위부혈관의크기를참조하여서 10-20% 정도더큰크기의기기를선택하여시술한다. 특히대동맥궁의굴곡부위에는스텐트그라프트에의한혈관손상을줄이기위해 10% 정도큰스텐트그라프트의크기를사용하는것이권고된다. 대동맥박리가길게있는경우스텐트를길게넣을것인지짧게넣을것인지에대해서각각의장단점이있기때문에아직은이견이있는상태이다. 짧은스텐트그라프트을이용하는경우에는스텐트그라프트하방에서혈류가가강내로역방향으로유입될수있는위험이증가한다. 반면긴스텐트그라프트를삽입하는경우에는사지마비의위험이증가할수도 있다. 대동맥박리증환자에서스텐트그라프트를삽입하는경우에는스텐트그라프트의원위부가추가적인내막파열을유발시킬수있기때문에원위부직경이점차감소하는직경감소형스텐트그라프트를이용하는것도적절한선택이될수있다. 그외에는척수로혈류를공급하는혈관이진강이아닌가강에서기시하는경우에사지마비가발생할수있다는의견도있다. 환자의상태를고려하여서적절한선택이필요할것으로생각된다. 스텐트그라프트하방에길게추가적인 bare metal stent를넣는시술방법의임상성적은기대만큼좋지않았다. 신장동맥, 상장간막동맥, 장골동맥, 경동맥등주요혈관의선택적스텐트삽입술 (selective branch artery stenting) 대동맥박리가발생해서복강동맥 (celiac trunk), 상장간막동맥, 신동맥, 장골동맥등주요혈관의혈류를차단하는경우스텐트시술이필요하다. 시술전에 CT를평가해서진강에서기시하는대퇴동맥으로천자하여시술을시행한다. 혈관촬영을시행하면가강에의하여막힌혈관의기시부를찾을수있 A B C D E F Figure 6. Celiac trunk and left renal artery are compromised by the false lumen of aortic dissection (A). The stent is inserted in the left renal artery across the false lumen (B). Another stent is inserted in the celiac trunk (C, D, E). Aortography shows complete restoration of blood flow for the renal artery and celiac trunk (F)

8 - 대한내과학회지 : 제 89 권제 4 호통권제 662 호 고풍선확장술후에스텐트삽입술을한다. 이때스텐트는길게주요혈관에서가강을가로질러서진강까지이어지는다리를만드는형태로시술한다 (Fig. 6). 진강과가강간의개창술 (fenestration) 과거에많이시행되던방법으로진강과가장사이에큰통로를만들어서진강과가강간의혈류소통을만드는방법이다. 이방법은장기간관찰시에대동맥류발생등합병증이많고, 예후가좋지않아서현재는잘사용하지않는방법이다. 시술방법은혈류를개통하고자하는부위에중격천자바늘 (septal puncture needle) 로천자후에유도철선을가강과진강을관통시킨후 mm 직경의풍선을이용하여확장술을시행하고필요시스텐트를삽입하여치료한다. 결 흉부대동맥박리환자에서혈관내치료는안전하고양호한임상성적들을나타내고있다. 대동맥박리증환자에서합병증이동반된경우에는상황에따라다양한혈관내시술방법이필요하다. 그러나스텐트그라프트는삽입후제거가어렵고장기추적관찰시재시술이필요한경우가적지않음으로시술전영상소견을정확히평가하고모든상황을고려하여치료여부를결정하는것이중요하다. 시술후에는정기적인추적검사를시행하는것이바람직하다. 합병증이동반되지않은 B형대동맥박리증환자에서는현재혈관내치료의장기적인성적에대한데이터가충분하지않음으로더많은연구가필요할것으로사료된다. 론 중심단어 : 대동맥박리 ; 스텐트 ; 대동맥 REFERENCES 1. Clouse WD, Hallett JW Jr, Schaff HV, et al. Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture. Mayo Clin Proc 2004;79: Mészáros I, Mórocz J, Szlávi J, et al. Epidemiology and clinicopathology of aortic dissection. Chest 2000;117: Mehta RH, Manfredini R, Hassan F, et al. Chronobiological patterns of acute aortic dissection. Circulation 2002;106: Hagan PG, Nienaber CA, Isselbacher EM, et al. The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD): new insights into an old disease. JAMA 2000;283: Dake MD, Kato N, Mitchell RS, et al. Endovascular stentgraft placement for the treatment of acute aortic dissection. N Engl J Med 1999;340: Nienaber CA, Fattori R, Lund G, et al. Nonsurgical reconstruction of thoracic aortic dissection by stent-graft placement. N Engl J Med 1999;340: Volodos NL, Karpovich IP, Shekhanin VE, Troian VI, Iakovenko LF. A case of distant transfemoral endoprosthesis of the thoracic artery using a self-fixing synthetic prosthesis in traumatic aneurysm. Grudn Khir 1988; Nienaber CA, Clough RE. Management of acute aortic dissection. Lancet 2015;385: Hirst AE Jr, Johns VJ Jr, Kime SW Jr. Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta: a review of 505 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 1958;37: Crawford ES. The diagnosis and management of aortic dissection. JAMA 1990;264: Steuer J, Björck M, Mayer D, Wanhainen A, Pfammatter T, Lachat M. Distinction between acute and chronic type B aortic dissection: is there a sub-acute phase? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2013;45: Booher AM, Isselbacher EM, Nienaber CA, et al. The IRAD classification system for characterizing survival after aortic dissection. Am J Med 2013;126:730.e19- e Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, et al ESC Guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of aortic diseases: Document covering acute and chronic aortic diseases of the thoracic and abdominal aorta of the adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2014;35: Lombardi JV, Cambria RP, Nienaber CA, et al. Prospective multicenter clinical trial (STABLE) on the endovascular treatment of complicated type B aortic dissection using a composite device design. J Vasc Surg 2012;55: e Fattori R, Cao P, De Rango P, et al. Interdisciplinary expert consensus document on management of type B aortic dissection. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: Fattori R, Tsai TT, Myrmel T, et al. Complicated acute type B dissection: is surgery still the best option?: a report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2008;1: Hiratzka LF, Bakris GL, Beckman JA, et al ACCF/ AHA/AATS/ACR/ASA/SCA/SCAI/SIR/STS/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for

9 - 이한철외 1 인. 대동맥박리증의치료 - Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine. Circulation 2010;121:e266-e JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection (JCS 2011): digest version. Circ J 2013;77: Chiappini B, Schepens M, Tan E, et al. Early and late outcomes of acute type A aortic dissection: analysis of risk factors in 487 consecutive patients. Eur Heart J 2005;26: Trimarchi S, Nienaber CA, Rampoldi V, et al. Contemporary results of surgery in acute type A aortic dissection: The International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129: Moon MC, Greenberg RK, Morales JP, et al. Computed tomography-based anatomic characterization of proximal aortic dissection with consideration for endovascular candidacy. J Vasc Surg 2011;53: Sobocinski J, O'Brien N, Maurel B, et al. Endovascular approaches to acute aortic type A dissection: a CT-based feasibility study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2011;42: Lu Q, Feng J, Zhou J, et al. Endovascular repair of ascending aortic dissection: a novel treatment option for patients judged unfit for direct surgical repair. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61: Lansman SL, Hagl C, Fink D, et al. Acute type B aortic dissection: surgical therapy. Ann Thorac Surg 2002;74:S1833- S1835; discussion S1857-S Cheng D, Martin J, Shennib H, et al. Endovascular aortic repair versus open surgical repair for descending thoracic aortic disease a systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative studies. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55: Moulakakis KG, Mylonas SN, Dalainas I, Kakisis J, Kotsis T, Liapis CD. Management of complicated and uncomplicated acute type B dissection. A systematic review and metaanalysis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2014;3: Tsai TT, Fattori R, Trimarchi S, et al. Long-term survival in patients presenting with type B acute aortic dissection: insights from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection. Circulation 2006;114: Akin I, Kische S, Ince H, Nienaber CA. Indication, timing and results of endovascular treatment of type B dissection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2009;37: Fattori R, Montgomery D, Lovato L, et al. Survival after endovascular therapy in patients with type B aortic dissection: a report from the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection (IRAD). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6: Nienaber CA, Rousseau H, Eggebrecht H, et al. Randomized comparison of strategies for type B aortic dissection: the INvestigation of STEnt Grafts in Aortic Dissection (INSTEAD) trial. Circulation 2009;120: Nienaber CA, Kische S, Rousseau H, et al. Endovascular repair of type B aortic dissection: long-term results of the randomized investigation of stent grafts in aortic dissection trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2013;6: Brunkwall J, Kasprzak P, Verhoeven E, et al. Endovascular repair of acute uncomplicated aortic type B dissection promotes aortic remodelling: 1 year results of the ADSORB trial. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014;48:

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