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1 연구논문 Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics, Volume 21, Number 1, February 2010 DOI: /KJOP 광섬유방사선량계를이용한선량보강영역에서의심부선량백분율과피부선량률측정 조동현 1 ㆍ장경원 1 ㆍ유욱재 1 ㆍ서정기 1 ㆍ허지연 1 ㆍ이봉수 1 ㆍ조영호 2 1 건국대학교의료생명대학의학공학부, 의공학실용기술연구소우 충청북도충주시 2 대구가톨릭대학교보건과학대학방사선학과우 경상북도경산시 (2009 년 10 월 13 일받음, 2010 년 1 월 11 일수정본받음, 2010 년 1 월 12 일게재확정 ) 본연구에서는고에너지광자선을조사할때, 선량보강영영에서의피부선량률을측정을위해유기섬광체와플라스틱광섬유를사용한광섬유방사선량계를제작하였다. 광섬유방사선량계의센서부에서발생된섬광빛은 30 m 길이의광섬유를통해전달되어광증배관과전류계로측정된다. 광섬유방사선량계로측정한선량보강영역에서의피부선량률은이온전리함및 GAFCHROMIC EBT 필름의측정결과와비교및분석하였다. Measurement of Skin Dose and Percentage Depth Does in Build-up Region Using a Fiber-optic Dosimeter Dong Hyun Cho 1, Kyoung Won Jang 1, Wook Jae Yoo 1, Jeong Ki Seo 1, Ji Yeon Heo 1, Bongsoo Lee 1, and Young-Ho Cho 2 1 School of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju , Korea 2 Department of Radiological Science, College of Health & Medical Science, Catholic University of Daegu, Gyeongsan , Korea (Received October 13, 2009; Revised manuscript January 11, 2010; Accepted January 12, 2010) In this study, we have fabricated a fiber-optic dosimeter using an organic scintillator and a plastic optical fiber. The dosimeter measure skin dose and percentage depth dose in a build-up region for an incident high energy photon beam. The scintillating light generated in the organic sensor probe embedded in a solid water phantom is guided by 30 m plastic optical fiber to a light-measuring device such as a PMT or an electrometer. In addition, using a fiber-optic dosimeter or a GAFCHROMIC EBT film, skin dose and percentage depth dose in the build-up region are measured and compared. Keywords: Fiber-optic dosimeter, Build-up region, Skin dose OCIS codes: ( ) Fiber optics sensors; ( ) Fiber optics sources and detectors; ( ) Radiation I. 서론 방사선치료를위한고에너지 X-선은표면선량 (surface dose) 이낮고, 피부표면에서부터최대선량깊이까지선량이급격하게증가하는선량보강 (build-up) 영역을형성시킨다. [1] 이러한특징은방사선치료시피부보호효과의장점이있는반면, 피부표면에가까이위치한종양의경우, 불충분한선량분포를형성하여치료에장애가될수있으므로 신중한치료계획이요구된다. [2] 사람의피부는 3개의주요한층인표피층, 진피층, 피하지방층으로구성되고, 표피층은다시각질층, 과립층, 유극층, 기저층으로나누어진다. 표피층을이루는 3개의층들중, 가장아래에위치하는기저층은모근을새로이생산하는기능을수행하고, 방어기능을유지하는새로운세포들을생산한다. [3-5] 그러나이와같이중요한역할을수행하는기저층은다른주요층들과비교해볼때, 방사선량에의해쉽게손상 bslee@kku.ac.kr 16

2 연구논문 광섬유방사선량계를이용한선량보강영역에서의심부선량백분율과피부선량률측정 조동현ㆍ장경원외 17 되고, 두께가얇기때문에선량측정이매우어려운것으로알려져있다. [6] 고에너지 X-선조사시, 매질의선량보강영역에서흡수선량분포는 X-선의조사야 (field size) 와에너지에따라차이를보이고, 작은깊이의변화에도매우급격한선량변화를나타내므로이영역에서흡수선량분포를정확하게측정하는것은매우어렵다. 또한, 선량보강영역에서의흡수선량분포는사용된선량계의형태와선량측정방법에따라많은차이를보이기때문에선량계의선택및측정방법이대단히중요시되고있다. 그러므로선량보강영역에서의선량측정에사용할수있는이상적인선량계는급격한선량변화에대해정확한측정이가능하도록높은공간분해능을가져야하며, 그에따라선량계의센서부 (sensing probe) 는작은부피로구성되어야한다. [7] 일반적으로방사선흡수선량측정에가장널리사용되고있는이온전리함 (farmer type ionization chamber) 의경우, 표면선량률및선량보강영역에서의선량을정확히측정하기에는선량계의부피가크다는단점이있다. 또한, GAFCHROMIC R EBT 필름은선량측정을할수있는횟수에한계가있고, 실시간측정이불가능하다는단점이있다. [8-10] 이에따라인체에조사되는방사선을복잡한보정작업없이실시간으로측정하기위한새로운선량계의개발이절실히요구되고있다. 최근유기섬광체 (organic scintillator) 를이용한광섬유방사선량계 (fiber-optic dosimeter, FOD) 에대한연구가활발히진행되고있다. [11-13] 광섬유방사선량계는섬광체, 광섬유그리고광계측장비로구성된다. [14] 광섬유방사선량계의센서부는부피가매우작고, 물과등가인성질 (water-equivalent) 을갖는유기섬광체로구성되어있으므로높은공간분해능을가지며, 복잡한보정작업을필요로하지않는다. 그리고선량률 (dose) 에비례하여발생되는섬광량및에너지에대한독립성은치료용방사선선량계측에있어서큰장점이라고할수있다. [15] 또한, 광전달매체인광섬유를사용함으로써전자기파의영향을받지않고, 실시간으로선량계측이가능하다. [16-17] 본연구에서는광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량을광증배관 (photo-multiplier tube, PMT) 과전류계 (electrometer) 를사용하여 ExeLINX 프로그램으로측정하였다. 그리고광섬유방사선량계의섬광량을측정하여선량보강영역에서의피부선량률 (skin dose) 을측정하였고이온전리함및 GAFCHROMIC R EBT 필름을이용한측정결과와비교하였다. 는 0.01 mm이며자켓 (jacket) 을포함한외경은 2.2 mm이다. 센서부에사용된섬광체는원통형의유기섬광체 (BCF-20, Saint- Gobain Ceramic & Plastics, Inc.) 로서지름이 1.0 mm, 길이는 10 mm이다. 섬광체에서발생된섬광빛은광증배관 (H7546B, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Co.) 과전류계 (6514 electrometer, Keithley Inc.) 를사용하여계측하였다. 방사선원으로는선형가속기 (CLINAC 2100C/D, Varian Medical Systems, Inc.) 에서발생되는 6 MV 에너지의 X-선을사용하였다. III. 실험결과 그림 1은선량보강영역의심부선량백분율과피부선량률을측정하기위한실험장치구성을보여준다. 일반적으로심부선량백분율은솔리드워터팬텀 (solid-water phantom) 이나워터팬텀 (water phantom) 에이온전리함 (PTW 30006, Radiation Products Design, Inc.) 을넣고, 표면에서부터이온전리함까지의깊이를증가시키면서측정한다. 선형가속기의방사선원 -표면간거리 (source to surface distance, SSD) 는방사선원으로부터솔리드워터팬텀표면까지의거리를말하며, 본실험에서는선형가속기의교정조건인 100 cm로고정하였다. 조사야는 10 cm 10 cm로하였고, 모니터선량단위 (monitor unit) 는 25, 50 MU을사용하였다. 그림 2는실험에사용된광섬유방사선량계의재현성을보여주고있다. 광섬유방사선량계의재현성실험은 10번반복측정하였고측정결과는오차범위 3% 이내이다. 그림 3은선형가속기의모니터선량단위와광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량과의관계를보여주고있다. 선형가속기의모니터선량단위는빔이조사될때조정제어기의모니터에나타나는선량계의지시값으로빔의조사시간에의해결정되고, 축적된조사량을나타낸다. 본실험에서는선형가속기의모니터선량단위를 100 MU에서부터 500 MU까 II. 실험방법 본연구에사용된광섬유 (SH-4001, Mitsubishi Inc.) 는계단형굴절율 (step-index) 을갖는멀티모드 (multi-mode) 플라스틱광섬유로서코어 (core) 와클래딩 (cladding) 의재질은각각폴리메틸메타아크릴레이트 (polymethyl-methacrylate, PMMA) 와불소중합체 (fluorinated polymer) 이다. 코어와클래딩의굴절율은각각 1.492, 1.402이고, 개구수 (numerical aperture, NA) 는 0.510이다. 광섬유의직경은 1.0 mm이고, 클래딩의두께 FIG. 1. Experimental setup for measuring skin dose and percentage depth dose in build-up region.

3 18 한국광학회지제 21 권제 1 호, 2010 년 2 월 FIG. 2. Reproducibility of a FOD outputs with 6 MV photon beams. FIG. 4. Dependence of a FOD on the dose. FIG. 3. Measurements of scintillating lights according to the variations of the monitor unit. (a) 25 MU 지 100 MU씩증가시키면서광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량을측정하였다. 모니터선량단위가높아짐에따라광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량이선형적으로증가함을알수있다. 그림 3에서의추세선식은 y=0.001x 이고, 측정된섬광량에대한추세선식의정확도는 99.8% 이다. 그림 4는선형가속기의선량률에따른광섬유방사선량계의섬광량을측정한결과이다. 선형가속기의선량률을 100 cgy/min부터 500 cgy/min까지 100 cgy/min 씩증가시키면서광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량을측정하였다. 선량률이높아짐에따라광섬유방사선량계에서발생되는섬광량이선형적으로증가함을알수있다. 그림 4에서의추세선식은 y=0.002x-0.042이고, 측정된섬광량에대한추세선식의정확도는 99.5% 로실험에사용된광섬유방사선량계의선량률의존성은매우적은것을확인할수있다. 선량률의존성이낮으면선형가속기의방사선량과광섬유방사선량계의섬광량사이에비례관계가성립하기때문에방사선계측기로사용하기에용이하다. [14] 그림 5는선형가속기의조사야가 10 cm 10 cm 그리고모니터선량단위를 25, 50 MU로조사할때, 광섬유방사선량계와이온전리함을사용하여계측한선량보강영역에서의심부선량백분율과피부선량률을보여준다. 고에너지 X-선을환자에게조사할때, 조사선의에너지와조사야, 환부의 (b) 50 MU FIG. 5. Measurements of skin dose and percentage depth dose in build-up region using a FOD and an ion chamber. 깊이, 방사선원으로부터의거리그리고빔조준장비등에의해서심부선량백분율은변하게된다. 고에너지 X-선의심부선량백분율은선속중심축상기준깊이인최대흡수선량깊이 (d max) 에서흡수되는선량 (D dmax) 과심부선량을계측한깊이 (d) 에서의흡수선량 (D d) 의비로나타내고, 그관계식은식 (1) 과같다. [18] (1)

4 연구논문 광섬유방사선량계를이용한선량보강영역에서의심부선량백분율과피부선량률측정 조동현ㆍ장경원외 19 직경이 10 mm인이온전리함은두께 20 mm의솔리드워터팬텀에넣고측정하기때문에깊이 0 mm에서의피부선량계측이불가능하며, 선량보강영역에서의계측이제한적이다. 그러므로광섬유방사선량계를이용하여깊이 0 mm에서부터 6 MV X-선의최대선량깊이인 15 mm까지 1 mm 간격으로심부선량을측정하였다. 광섬유방사선량계의피부선량률은모니터선량단위가 25 MU 일때 37.1%, 50 MU 일때 35.7% 인것을알수있다. 이온전리함은깊이 9 mm부터측정이가능하며, 이온전리함과광섬유방서선량계의심부선량백분율은매우유사함을알수있다. 그림 6은그림 5의실험조건과같이 X-선을조사하였을때, 광섬유방사선량계와 EBT 필름을사용하여계측한선량보강영역에서의심부선량백분율과피부선량률을보여준다. 모니터선량단위가 25 MU 일때, EBT 필름의피부선량률은 18.27%, 광섬유방사선량계의피부선량률은 35.3% 이며, 50 MU 일때 EBT 필름의피부선량률은 20.4% 이고광섬유방사선량계의피부선량률은 35.7% 이다. 피부선량률을제외한선량보강영역에서광섬유방사선량계와 EBT 필름의심부선량백분율은비슷한결과를보였다. 광섬유방사선량계는지름이 1 mm, 길이가 1 cm로지름이 0.21 mm인 EBT 필름보다지름이약 5배크기때문에선량계주변에서생성된 2차전자의영향으로높은피부선량률이측정되었다. 정확한피부선량측정을위해정확한측정위치와부피가작은광섬유방사선량계의제작이필요하다. IV. 결 본연구에서는고에너지 X-선을사용하여방사선치료를할때, 작은깊이의변화에도매우급격한선량변화를나타내어정확한측정이매우어려운선량보강영역에서심부선량백분율과피부선량률을측정하기위해서광섬유방사선량계를제작하였다. 또한, 광섬유방사선량계를이용하여피부선량률및선량보강영역의깊이에따른심부선량백분율을측정한뒤, 이온전리함및 EBT 필름을사용하여얻은결과와비교하였다. 실험결과, 본연구에서제작한광섬유방사선량계는재현성이뛰어나며모니터선량단위및선량률에대해서선형성을보였다. 조사야를 10 cm 10 cm하고, 6 MV의고에너지 X-선의모니터선량단위를 25, 50 MU로조사하였을때, 광섬유방사선량계는이온전리함으로측정하지못하는피부선량률및보강영역의선량또한측정가능하였다. EBT 필름의측정결과와비교시, 비슷한보강영역선량을얻을수있었으며, EBT 필름보다다소높은피부선량률이계측되었다. 이온전리함및 EBT 필름은구성물질과특성때문에실시간측정이불가능하다. 그러나연구에사용된광섬유방사선량계는구성물질이물과등가인성질을가지기때문에복잡한보정작업없이실시간으로선량률측정이가능하다. 앞으로의연구방향은센서팁의직경을 0.5 mm로제작하여공간분해능을높이고, 다양한에너지와조사야에대한실험을수행한뒤, 기존의선량계를사용하여얻은결과와비교, 분석하는것이다. 론 감사의글 (a) 25 MU 이논문은 2009년도정부 ( 과학기술부 ) 의재원으로한국과학재단의지원을받아수행된연구임 (No ). References (b) 50 MU FIG. 6. Measurements of skin dose and percentage depth dose in build-up region using a FOD and a EBT film. 1. F. M. Khan, The Physics of Radiation Therapy, 2nd ed. (Williams & Wilkims, Maryland, USA, 1984) pp D. Dubois, W. Bice, B. Braddord, T. Schneid, and R. Engelmeier, Moldable tissue equivalent bolus for high-energy photon and electron therapy, Med. Phys. 23, (1996). 3. J. W. Hopewell, Biological effects of irradiation on skin and recommended dose limits, Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 39, (1991). 4. ICRP Publication 60, 1990 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection, 1991.

5 20 한국광학회지제 21 권제 1 호, 2010 년 2 월 5. ICRU Report 39, determination of dose equivalent resulting from external radiation sources, international commission on radiation units and measurements, Bethesda, T. Kron, A. Elliot, T. Wong, G. Showell, B. Clubb, and P. Metcalfe, X-ray surface dose measurement using TLD extrapolation, Med. Phys. 20, (1993). 7. D. J. Manson, D. E. Velkey, J. A. Purdy, and G. D. Oliver, Measurement of surface dose using build-up curve obtained with extrapolation chamber, Radiology 115, (1975). 8. B. M. Rogina and B. Vojnovic, Application of optical fiber sensors for radiation dosimetry, Radiat. Meas. 26, (1996). 9. T. Aoyama, S. Koyama, M. Tsuzaka, and H. Maekoshi, A depth-dose measuring device using a multichannel scintillating fiber array for electron beam therapy, Med. Phys. 24, (1997). 10. M. J. Butson, T. Cheung, P. K. N. Yu, S. Pricd, and M. Bailey, Measurement of radiotherapy superficial x-ray dose under eye shields with radiochromic film, Phys. Medica 24, (2008). 11. K. W. Jang, D. H. Cho, W. J. Yoo, S. H. Shin, H. S. Kim, S. C. Chung, B. Lee, H. Cho, and S. Kim, Development of two-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor for high energy photon beam therapy dosimetry, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. supplement 5, (2008). 12. D. H. Cho, K. W. Jang, W. J. Yoo, S. C. Chung, G. R. Tack, G. M. Eom, B. Lee, H. Cho, and S. Kim, Performance evaluation of one-dimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor for measuring high energy electron beam using a charge-coupled device, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. supplement 5, (2008). 13. D. Letoumeau, J. Pouliot, and R. Toy, Miniature scintillating detector for small field radiation therapy, Med. Phys. 26, (1999). 14. A. S. Beddar, T. J. Kinsella, A. Ikhlef, and C. H. Sibata, A miniature scintillator-fiberoptic-pmt detector system for the dosimetry of small fields in streotactic radiosurgery, IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 48, (2001). 15. L. Archambault, A. S. Beddar, L. Gingras, F. Lacroix, R. Roy, and L. Beaulieu, Water-equivalent dosimeter array for small-field external beam radiotherapy, Med. Phys. 34, (2007). 16. A. S. Beddar, Plastic scintillation dosimetry and its application to radiotherapy, Radiat. Meas. 41, S124-S133 (2007). 17. D. H. Cho, K. W. Jang, W. J. Yoo, B. Lee, H. S. Cho, and S. Kim, Fabrication and performance evaluation of onedimensional fiber-optic radiation sensor for x-ray profile irradiated by clinical linear accelerator, J. Kor. Sensors. Soc. 16, (2007). 18. W. R. Hendee, G. S. Ibbott, and E. G. Hendee, Radiation Therapy Physics, 3rd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2005), p. 130.

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