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1 프리즘이미지센서개발에관한연구 박지연 *, 김윤경 ** 이논문은 2017 년대한민국교육부와한국연구재단의생애첫연구사업의지원을받아수행된연구임 (NRF-2017R1C1B ). 요약 고해상도카메라의수요가증가함에따라 이미지센서의픽셀사이즈는 μ 이하로작아지고있다 하지만픽셀의높이는기존과동일하게유지되면서픽셀의크기만작아지게된다면 감도의저하와크로스토크의증가로인해이미지센서의성능열화를초래할것으로예상된다 본논문에서는 μ 이하의매우작은픽셀에적용시키기위한프리즘이미지센서를제안하였다 광학시뮬레이터를사용하여픽셀의사이즈가 μ 인경우에대해서프리즘의굴절률과높이에대한분광특성을시뮬레이션하였다 그결과 프리즘으로컬러필터를대체하여원하는파장의빛으로분광시킴과동시에전체픽셀의높이를줄일수있어작은픽셀사이즈를가지는차세대이미지센서에적용가능성을확인하였다 Abstract As the demand for high-resolution cameras increases, the pixel size of a CMOS image sensor is shrinking to less than 1.0 μm. However, if the pixel size is only reduced without changing the its height, it is expected that the pixel performance of the image sensor deteriorate due to the degradation of sensitivity and the increase of crosstalk. In this paper, a prism image sensor is proposed for adapting in very small pixels of 1.0 μm and below. An optical simulator was used to simulate the spectral characteristics for the prism's refraction index and height when the pixels were 0.75 μm in size. As a result, prism can be used to replace the color filters with desired wavelength of light and to reduce the height of the entire pixel, thus, it can be applicable to the next generation image sensor with a small pixel size. Keywords CMOS image sensors, prism, color separation, color filter, fdtd simulation 동아대학교전자공학과 - ORCID: 동아대학교전자공학과조교수 교신저자 - ORCID: ž Received: Dec 29, 2017, Revised: Feb. 06, 2018 Accepted: Feb. 09, 2018 ž Corresponding Author: Yunkyung Kim Dept. of Electronics Engineering, Dong-A University, 550-gil 37, Nakdong-daero, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Korea Tel.: yunkkim@dau.ac.kr
2 102 프리즘이미지센서개발에관한연구 서론최근 UHD 등과같이고해상도디스플레이기술이발전함에따라 4K 또는그이상의해상도가요구되고있다. 이로인해고해상도카메라에대한요구가커지고있어이러한카메라를구현하기위한이미지센서가개발되고있다. 수백만개이상의픽셀로이루어진이미지센서의칩면적은카메라모듈사이즈의한계에따라해상도가높아진다고해서칩면적을넓힐수가없다. 그러므로한정된센서칩면적으로이미지의고해상도를실현하기위해픽셀의크기가 1.0μm 이하로작아지고있는추세이다 [1]. 픽셀사이즈가감소함에따라크로스토크 (Crosstalk) 의증가와감도 (Sensitivity) 의감소로이미지센서의성능이열화될것으로예상되고있다 [2]. 또한현재이미지센서에사용되는컬러필터는약 5000 ~ 7000 정도의두께로적층되어있어픽셀사이즈가작을수록크로스토크를야기시키는원인이될수있다. 이때크로스토크란원하지않는영역, 즉인접한픽셀로빛이들어가영향을미치는것을의미한다. 크로스토크를줄이기위해픽셀의높이를낮추고, 컬러필터의두께를줄이는것이좋다. 하지만컬러필터물질의낮은흡수계수로인해현상태의수천 보다얇게만들수없다고알려져있다 [3]. 이처럼이미지센서의픽셀크기를최소화하는데한계가있어, 이런문제점들에대한대안을제시하기위해다양한연구들이이루어지고있다. 그예로플라즈모닉컬러필터를이용한 CMOS 이미지센서 [4], 색분리기 (Color Splitter) 를사용한 CMOS 이미지센서 [5] 그리고적층형컬러이미지센서 [6] 가있다. 플라즈모닉컬러필터에관한연구는다양하게이루어지고있는데이중에서는나노크기의구멍배열 (Hole Array) 를가진금속박막에서플라즈몬공명현상을이용하여특정파장을선택적으로투과시킬수있는플라즈모닉컬러필터를이용한이미지센서 [4] 를개발하였다. Hole을통해빛이투과됨으로총광량이감소하는한계가생각된다. 또한 color splitter 이미지센서 [5] 는마이크로렌즈아래에 color splitter 를삽입하여파장에따라회절되는정도의차이로색을분리한 다. 기존의이미지센서는컬러필터의투과율에의존함으로입사된빛의광량이감소할수있으나 splitter 를통해분리된빛은모두투과되어손실이없다. 그러나 splitter 의사용으로인해렌즈의높이를낮출수없어, 이미지센서의높이가오히려높아지는한계가생각된다. foveon 센서 [6] 는실리콘에서파장에따라흡수되는깊이가다른성질을이용하여색을구분하는데서로다른포토다이오드 3개를수직으로적층하여컬러필터없이색을인식한다. 모든픽셀이색에관한정보를가지고있어 RGB(Red, Green, Blue) 이외에도 CYM(Cyan, Yellow, Magenta) 과같이다양한색을재현할수있지만포토다이오드를적층으로공정하는과정이힘들고아직 BSI(BackSide-Illuminated) 구조는존재하지않는다고알려져있어 BSI와비교하여 FSI(FrontSide- Illuminated) 가가지는단점들을극복할필요가있다. 그리고이적층형컬러이미지센서를유기물로제작하는연구도소개되었다 [7]. 이것은두께가굉장히얇은유기광도전막을사용하여픽셀의높이를낮출수있으나양자효율이 12% 정도로매우낮은한계가보인다. 본논문에서는픽셀사이즈가 1.0μm 이하로작아질때픽셀의높이도함께작게구현하면서기존의픽셀의기능을구현할수있는픽셀구조를제안하였다. 기존의픽셀구조는픽셀사이즈가 1.0μm 이하로작아지더라도컬러필터와마이크로렌즈의높이는낮출수가없다 [8]. 그러므로컬러필터와마이크로렌즈의총높이가 1.0 ~ 1.4μm 인것과비교하여본연구에서제안하는프리즘의높이는 1.0μm 이하이며, 픽셀사이즈가아주작은 0.75μm 일때, 프리즘픽셀에대해검토하였다. 이러한프리즘픽셀을실제 BSI 픽셀구조에적용하여이미지센서로서의실현가능성을광학시뮬레이션을통해확인하였다. 프리즘이미지센서본연구에서제안하는프리즘픽셀구조의분광기능을확인하기위해광학시뮬레이터를이용하였다 [9]. 이미지센서의광학해석에널리사용되고
3 있는방법중에하나인 FDTD(Finite-Difference Time- Domain, 유한차이시간영역 ) 방법을통하여제안한구조의광학해석에사용하였다 [10][11]. 그림 1 은시뮬레이션에사용된구조를나타내었다. 그림 1(b) 에나타내었듯이, w는프리즘아래변의길이이고, α는프리즘의꼭지각을의미한다. 하나의픽셀사이즈는 0.75μm 0.75μm 이고, 실리콘 ( 포토다이오드 ) 의두께는 3.0μm 이다. 픽셀의배열은 3 3의배열로구성하였기때문에전체시뮬레이션구조의사이즈는 2.25μm 2.25μm 이고프리즘의폭은 2.25μm 이다. 이때프리즘의구조와굴절률의변화에따른특성을해석하기위해프리즘의높이와물질을바꾸어시뮬레이션하였다. 프리즘의높이 (h) 는기존컬러필터와마이크로렌즈의총높이보다훨씬낮은 0.5μm ~ 1.0μm으로변화시키고, 프리즘물질을 ML(MicroLens), SiO, HfO, HfO (2) 로설정하여시뮬레이션하였다. 이물질들의경우 CMOS 이미지센서의평탄층과절연막, 그리고마이크로렌즈에주로사용되는물질들로이것들의굴절률을표 1에나타내었다. 되도록다양한굴절률을사용하기위하여선택하였으며, SiO와 HfO는본연구에서사용된범용시뮬레이터 [9] 에사용되고있는굴절률을사용하였으며, HfO (2) 의경우에는일반적으로알려진물질의굴절률 [12] 을사용하였다. 또한 ML은범용시뮬레이터에서 CMOS 이미지센서의마이크로렌즈용으로사용하는물질을일컫는다. 입사광은수직으로입사되었을때로가정하였으며, 프리즘이기존의컬러필터와같이입사광을 R, G, B로분광시키는것을확인하기위해입사광을세가지파장 (650nm, 540nm, 450nm) 으로사용하였다. 시뮬레이션결과프리즘의분광결과를확인하기위하여우선실리콘표면에서빛이어떤부분에흡수되는가를먼저확인하였다. 이를위하여실리콘표면에서의전속력밀도 (Power Flux Density) 를그림 2에나타냈다. 이때분광된빛의크기가색으로표현되어있는데흡수되는빛의크기가클수록빨간색으로표현되어있다고생각할수있다. 그러므로빨간색으로표현된위치가실제로분광된빛이흡수되는위치로간주된다. 먼저프리즘물질의종류와프리즘의높이에따라분광결과에미치는영향을확인하기위해표 1에나타낸물질을사용하고, 프리즘의높이를 0.5μm ~ 1.0μm 로변화시켰을경우가장분광이우수하다고판단되는구조의결과를그림 2에나타내었다. λ μ λ μ λ μ
4 104 프리즘이미지센서개발에관한연구 이때, 하나의프리즘아래에있는 3 3 배열의 0.75μm 픽셀의위치를점선으로표시해두었다. 기존의컬러필터가 Red(650nm), Green(540nm), 그리고 Blue(450nm) 의세가지색을구현하기때문에동일한파장의빛을투과시켰을때분광이우수한구조는아래와같았다. 450nm 파장의빛이입사되었을경우 ( 그림 2(a)) 프리즘의물질이 HfO (2) 이고높이가 0.6μm 일때왼쪽의픽셀과오른쪽픽셀사이에서분광되어흡수됨을보였다. 540nm 파장 ( 그림 2(b)) 에서는프리즘의물질이 HfO 이고높이가 0.9μ m인경우중간픽셀로분광되었다. 또한 650nm 파장 ( 그림 2(c)) 에서는물질이 HfO 이고높이가 0.8μm 일때가장오른쪽픽셀과중간픽셀사이의흡수되었으며이결과를통해서로다른파장의빛이서로다른위치에서흡수됨을확인할수있다. 그림 3에는프리즘높이, 물질, 그리고입사파장의모든경우에대해시뮬레이션한결과를나타내었다. 입사광의파장에따라분광되어실리콘에흡수되는위치와범위를블록으로나타낸것으로, 그림 2에서빨간색으로나타난위치와크기만큼블록으로그림 3에나타내었다. 세가지파장 (450nm - 파란색블록, 540nm - 초록색블록, 650nm - 빨간색블록 ) 의빛이입사된경우에대해프리즘의높이가 0.5μm ~ 1.0μm 일때 y축으로구분하고, 0.75μm 사이즈의픽셀의구분을 x축으로나타내었다. 이때, 시뮬레이션의픽셀의배열은 3 3이나그림 2에서와같이분광의차이는가로방향으로만존재하기때문에세로방향은평균을구하여가로방향의분광 특성에대해서만그래프로나타내었다. 그러므로그림 3의 x축은그림 2의가로방향의특성에따라주로변한다. 프리즘의물질이 SiO 일때의결과를보면, 가운데픽셀이가장많이흡수되는위치였는데그중에서도높이가 0.5μm 일때는 540nm 파장의빛이, 0.6μm일때는 450nm 파장의빛이, 0.8μm 인경우에는 650nm 파장의빛이분광되어나타났다. 또한프리즘의물질이 ML인경우에서도 0.7μm 인경우를제외하고중앙의픽셀에서분광특성이잘나타났으며 0.5μm, 0.8μm인경우 450nm 파장의흡수가두드러지게잘나타났다. 그리고프리즘의물질이 HfO 인경우에는왼쪽의픽셀이가운데픽셀보다분광이잘드러났다. 높이가증가함에따라 0.5μm ~ 0.6μm에서는 450nm 파장이분광되었고, 0.6 μm ~ 0.9μm에서는 650nm 파장의분광이두드러졌다. 그중에서도높이가 0.7μm 일때다른결과들과달리세파장의빛이모두분광되어흡수되는것을알수있다. 하지만하나의픽셀안에두개의파장이흡수되기때문에프리즘픽셀로서의유용성은불가능할것으로판단된다. 그리고굴절률이 2.0μ m 이상인 HfO (2) 에서는, 450nm 파장은높이가 0.6 μm에서분광특성이잘나타났고, 540 nm 파장은 0.6μm, 0.8μm, 0.9μm 에서, 650nm 파장은 0.5μm ~ 0.7μm, 1.0μm에서분광특성이잘보였다. 이러한결과중프리즘픽셀로가장사용이유용할것으로판단되는구조는물질이 HfO (2) 이면서높이가 0.6 μm일때로, 세개의파장의빛이서로다른픽셀에잘흡수되는것을볼수있었다.
5 서로다른픽셀에잘흡수되는것을볼수있었다. 그러므로이구조가프리즘픽셀에적용될수있다고생각된다. 이는기존의컬러필터와마이크로렌즈의높이는 1.0 ~ 1.4μm 정도로더이상낮추기힘든구조와비교하면본연구에서제안하는프리즘구조가훨씬픽셀의높이가낮아지는것을알수있다. 이러한결과들을통해본논문에서제안하는프리즘구조가소형화되는 CMOS 이미지센서의픽셀에적용하여컬러필터와동일한기능을할수있는구조임이확인되었다. 지금까지는실리콘표면의결과를통해분광결 과를해석해보았는데, 이것이실리콘내부에도동 일한위치에흡수되는것을확인하기위해그림 4 와같이시뮬레이션한결과를나타내었다. 프리즘 물질의굴절률이 2.0 이고프리즘의높이가 0.9μm 인 구조에서의전속력밀도의결과로, 각파장별로픽 셀의표면 (Top-view) 에서흡수결과와단면에서의 흡수결과그리고 3 차원픽셀구조에서의흡수결 과이다. 점선은각픽셀의위치를구분해둔것으로 450nm, 540nm, 650nm 파장의빛이입사되었을때 프리즘아래에분광된패턴과동일하게실리콘내 부에서도흡수되었다는것을알수있었다. 결론 본논문에서는프리즘이미지센서구조를제안 하여이미지센서의컬러필터를사용하지않고분 광가능한광학구조를제안하였다. 픽셀사이즈가 0.75μm 일때, 픽셀상부의프리즘은높이를기존의 마이크로렌즈와컬러필터를포함한높이보다낮 은 0.5μm ~ 1.0μm 으로하였고이미지센서에주로 사용되고있는물질들을프리즘에적용해보았다. 그결과프리즘의물질이굴절률 2.1 정도인 HfO (2) 이면서높이가 0.6μm 일때세개의파장의빛이 [1] T. Hirayama, "The evolution of CMOS image sensors", 2013 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 5-8, Nov [2] Y. W. Cheng, T. H. Tsai, and C. H. Chou, "Optical performance study of BSI image sensor with stacked grid structure", 2015 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting, pp , Dec [3] S. Yokogawa, S. P. Burgos, and H. A. Atwater, "Plasmonic Color Filters for CMOS Image Sensor Applications", Nano Letters, Vol. 12, No. 8, pp , Jul [4] S. P. Burgos, S. Yokogawa, and H. A. Atwater, "Color imaging via nearest neighbor hole coupling in plasmonic color filters integrated onto a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor image sensor", American Chemical Society Nano, Vol. 7, pp , Oct [5] S. Nishiwaki, T. Nakamura and M. Hiramoto, "Efficient colour splitters for high-pixel-density image sensors", Nature Photonics, Vol. 7, pp , Feb [6] R. B. Merrill, "Color Separation in an Active Pixel Cell Imaging Array using a Triple-Well Structure", U.S. Patent No.5,965,875, Oct [7] J. Cheon, J. Kim, and H. J. Chung, "Study on Fabrication and Characteristics Analysis of a Red
6 106 프리즘이미지센서개발에관한연구 Light-Sensitive Organic Photoconductive Film for a Stacked Color Image Sensor", The Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 7-15, Feb [8] S. Takahashi, Y. M. Huang, and J. J. Sze, "A 45 nm Stacked CMOS Image Sensor Process Technology for Submicron Pixel", Sensors, Vol. 17, No. 12, pp. 2816, Dec [9] [Accessed: Jan. 27, 2018]. [10] C. C. Fesenmaier, Y. Huo, and P. B. Catrysse, "Optical confinement methods for continued scaling of CMOS image sensor pixels", Optics Express, Vol. 16, No. 25, pp , Dec [11] Y. K. Kim, "A Double-Layered Microlens for High-Sensitivity CMOS Image Sensors", The Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp , Aug [12] refractiveindex.info [Accessed: Jan. 27, 2018]. 저자소개 박지연 (Jiyeon Park) 년 월 동아대학교전자공학 공학사 년 월 현재 동아대학교전자공학과석사과정관심분야 이미지센서 김윤경 (Yunkyung Kim) 년 월 동경대학교전자공학 공학박사 년 년 삼성전자 사업부책임연구원 년 월 현재 동아대학교전자공학과조교수관심분야 이미지센서 픽셀광학구조개발
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