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1 Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng. A, Vol. 41, No. 11, pp. 1091~1097, < 응용논문 > DOI ISSN (Print) (Online) 방산용전자장비의팬선정및검증에관한연구 진성은 * 김환구 * 윤의열 * 전희호 * 이승준 * * LIG 넥스원기계기술팀 A Study on Alternative Fan Selection and Verification in Military Electronic Equipment Sung Eun Jin *, Hwan Gu Kim *, Eui Youl Yoon *, Hee Ho Jeon * and Seung Jun Kim * * Mechanical Engineering Team, LIGNex1 Co., Ltd (Received January 20, 2017 ; Revised August 24, 2017 ; Accepted September 2, 2017) Key Words: Military Electronic Equipment( 방산용전자장비 ), Fan Selection( 팬선정 ), Thermal Design( 방열설계 ), Electronic Cooling( 전자냉각 ), Computational Fluid Dynamics( 전산유체역학 ) 초록 : 상용 (Commercial type) 냉각팬이적용된방산용전자장비는생산기간중팬단종이빈번하게발생된다. 팬단종문제의해결을위해서는대체팬선정이필요하며, 고온동작시험등의장비성능및신뢰성검증이요구된다. 따라서본논문에서는생산과정에서활용가능한효과적인대체팬선정및검증방안에대해연구하였다. 먼저, 장비냉각에필요한유량및압력을계산하여대체팬을선정하였고, 신뢰성을확보한 CFD 방열해석모델을활용해팬선정의타당성을검증하였다. 이후대체팬을장비에적용하여고온운용시험을수행하였다. 그결과장비는고온환경에서정상적인기능을발휘하였으며, 주요부품및내부공기온도는열적으로안정된상태임을확인하였다. Abstract: Sales of commercial-type cooling fans intended for application in military electronics are often discontinued during equipment production. This results in requirements for alternative fan selection as well as equipment performance and reliability tests, such as high-temperature operation testing. This study deals with alternative fan selection and verification methods that can be used during the production process. First, an alternative fan was selected by calculating the flow and pressure required to effectively cool the equipment, then the feasibility of the selected fan was verified using a reliable CFD heat dissipation analysis model. Following this, a high-temperature operation test was performed using the alternative fan in the equipment. Results demonstrated that the equipment satisfied its required function in a high-temperature environment, and the main parts as well as internal air temperature were found to be thermally stable. - 기호설명 - : 유량 : 시스템내부발열량 : 밀도 : 공기비열 : 허용가능시스템내부온도변화 : 허용가능시스템내부온도 이논문은대한기계학회 2016 년도학술대회 ( , 강원랜드컨벤션센터 ) 발표논문임. Corresponding Author, yooneuiyoul@lignex1.com C 2017 The Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers : 대기온도 : 압력 : 유량에따른팬정압 : 유동저항 1. 서론방산용전자장비는긴개발기간과양산기간, 소량생산의특징이있다. 따라서원활한생산을위해서는제품제작에필요한주요부품을지속적으로확보하는것이무엇보다중요하다. 하지

2 1092 진성은 김환구 윤의열 전희호 이승준 체선정및검증을통해생산과정에서효과적으로활용가능한팬대체선정방안을제시하고자한다. 먼저, 보수적인가정및경험적관계식을활용하여방열을위한팬선정의주요변수를계산하고, CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) 방열해석을수행하여대체팬을선정하였다. 이후대체팬적용장비에대해고온운용시험, 열안정성분석을수행하여고온신뢰성을검증하였다. Fig. 1은대상장비의주요모듈과소자정보에대한개략형상을나타내고있으며, 대체팬선정및검증의세부절차는 Fig. 2와같다. Fig. 1 System of electronic equipment Fig. 2 Procedure for alternative fan selection and verification 만강제대류방식의방열구조가적용된전자장비의핵심부품인냉각팬은상용 (Commercial Type) 부품이적용된경우가많아제조사의사정에따른부품단종등수급애로문제가자주발생되고있는실정이다. 팬단종이발생될경우문제해결을위해장비냉각에적합한대체팬선정및고온신뢰성재검증이요구된다. 만약적합한대체팬이없는경우에는장비내부공기유로 (Air flow Path) 개선및전열면적 (Heat Transfer Area) 증가, 팬크기및수량변경등의방열구조재설계를함께진행해야하며구조신뢰성재검증이추가적으로필요하다. 본논문에서는통신용전자장비의냉각팬대 2. 대체팬선정 대체팬선정시, 수급가능한팬이장비의냉각을적절히수행할수있는지판단하는것이무엇보다중요하다. 만약적절한냉각을수행하지못할경우에는장비에대한전반적인방열구조재설계를수행해야하므로수급가능팬의장비적용가능여부를빠르고정확하게판단할필요가있다. 본연구에서는이에대한방안으로이론적인계산과 CFD 방열해석을수행하였다. 통상적으로 CFD 방열해석은해석모델구성과신뢰성확보등의절차로인해검토시간이많이소모되는것으로알려져있지만, 생산과정에서는시제장비를활용해신뢰성확보를비교적빠르고정확하게진행할수있는이점이있다. 팬선정의주요변수인최소유량과작동압력을계산하여수급가능팬의장비적용가능여부를검토하였으며, 이후신뢰성을확보한해석모델로방열해석을수행하여대체팬을최종적으로선정하였다. 2.1 냉각팬선정장비냉각에필요한최소유량은수식 (1), (2) 를이용해계산한결과 3.2(Cubic Feet per Minute) 으로나타났다. 계산을위한발열량은장비의열안정성확보를위해장비소모전력의 % 로가정하였으며, 밀도와비열은표준대기상태로가정하였다. 그리고허용가능내부온도는 Table 1에나타난 Power Module의허용운용온도값에약 20% 의안전율을적용하여 65 로선정하였다. 마지막으로, 외부대기온도는장비의고온운용조건인 43 를적용하였다. (1)

3 방산용전자장비의팬선정및검증에관한연구 1093 Table 1 Thermal Spec. of component & system System & components Power consumption Operating temperature System 40.0W Air : 43 (System operating temperature) Power module 13.0 W Air : 80 Digital modem 18.0 W Air : 60 (Conduction heat dissipation) RF distributor 7.0 W - QFP Chip.1 QFP Chip.2 FPGA chip 1.5 W 0.5 W 4.0 W Max juntion:150 ( ) Max juntion:150 ( ) Max juntion:120 ( ) EMI filter 1.5 W Air : 85 LCD Screen 0.5 W Air : 80 Type of Pressure Drop Head Note Filter_Air 2.56 Size : 54x36x3mm Area ratio: 30.0%(assumption) Filter_EMI 0.16 Inlet & Outlet Filter Filter Expansion 0.00 Air guide (Nozzle) Housing (Duct) Compression 0.02 Pressure Drop (P1-P4) Table 2 Calculation of pressure drop Size : 54x36mm Area ratio : 41.3%(Datasheet) Size : 54x36mm Area ratio : 79.6%(Datasheet) Inlet Equivalent Dia : 49.8mm Outlet Equivalent Dia : 176.5mm Inlet Equivalent Dia : 176.5mm Outlet Equivalent Dia : 52.6mm Length of Nozzle : 2mm Cross Section Area : 86x12mm Length of Pipe : 430mm Inlet Equivalent Dia : 176.5mm Outlet Dia : 50mm (2) 팬작동압력은시간, 비용측면에서효율적이라판단되는유동회로망모델 (FNM : Flow Network Modeling) 을이용해계산하였다. 시스템내부유동경로는 Fig. 3과같이가정하였으며, 이후질량보존관계식과압력 / 유동저항관계식을활용하였다. 장비내부의대표적인유동절점들에대한압력을 P1, P2, P3, P4라하고, 유량은앞서계산한 3.2이입구와출구, 그리고 RF Distributor 과 Power Module 에서일정하게흐른다고가정하였다. 이에따라시스템의압력손실은식 (6) 에의해결정된다. (3) (4) (5) (6) 유동저항은필터, 유로확대 / 축소손실, 유동가이드 ( 노즐 ), 하우징 ( 덕트 ) 과같은여러가지전자부품및유동요소들에대한경험적상관관계식 (6) 을이용해계산하였으며, 관련계산조건및결과는 Table 2에나타내었다. 계산에필요한조건중확인이어려운값은보수적인가정 Fig. 3 Flow network model 을통해도출하였다. 에어필터의면적비는 30% 로가정하였으며, 하우징 ( 덕트 ) 의단면적은내부모듈, PCB 및와이어등의저항을고려하여실제단면적의 20 % 로축소가정하여계산을수행하였다. 계산결과 3.2의공기가흐를경우시스템에약 3.1 mmh2o의압력손실이발생된다. Table 3은계산된유량및압력값과장비성능요구조건을바탕으로도출한팬요구성능과대체팬 2종의정보를나타내고있다.

4 1094 진성은 김환구 윤의열 전희호 이승준 Table 3 Allowable fan spec & info. of replaceable fan Allowable fan spec Original fan (Maker: ETRI) Replaceable fan. 1 (Maker: ETRI) Replaceable fan. 2 (Maker: 동양 ) Max. Air Flow Max. Pressure - 8.0mmH2O 6.2mmH2O 4.3mmH2O Air Flow (@ 3.1mmH2O) Size (mm) 50x50x15 50x50x15 50x50x15 50x50x15 Voltage (Vdc) Noise (db) Max Lifetime (hour) 40,000 70,000 70,000 43,900 Fig. 4 Measuring temperature in system Fig. 5 Measuring volume flow of fan outlet 2.2. 팬선정타당성검증 해석모델신뢰성검증계산을통해선정된대체팬이장비의냉각을적절히수행할수있는지확인하기위해 CFD 방열해석을수행하였다. 이에앞서방열해석모델의신뢰성검증을수행하였으며, 기존팬이장착된장비의주요부품및내부공기온도, 팬유량을측정한후이를동일한외부조건으로수행된방열해석결과와비교하였다. 온도측정은대표적인접촉식온도측정방법인열전대 (Thermo-Couple) 를이용하였으며, 유량측정은열선풍속계 (Hot Wire Anemometer) 를이용하 였다. 측정방법에대한세부정보는 Fig. 4 및 Fig. 5에나타내었다. 장비를고온조건인 43 로유지되는항온항습조에넣고주요모듈및소자들이열평형상태에도달할때까지구동시킨후온도및유량을측정하였으며, 온도측정시시스템내부공기온도는면적대비발열량이가장높은 Power Module 주변부를측정하였다. 그리고유량은측정오차가가장적을것이라판단되는팬출구에서실시하였으며, 측정지점의공기유속을일정한상태로유지하기위하여 Fig. 5에나타낸것처럼덕트를이용하였다. 방열해석은상용소프트웨어인 Icepak17.0을통해수행하였으며, 해석시사용된난류모델및경계조건은 Table 4와같다. 여기서, 발열량은주요모듈및소자에대한경험적가정치를차등적용한값이다. 발열량산정을위해 Table 1의소모전력값대비 30% 로발열량을가정하여상온조건으로해석을수행한후, 해석과동일한조건에서구동하는장비의온도값을측정하여이를비교하였다. 대부분의모듈및소자는해석결과및측정값의차이가 5% 이내임을확인하였고, 5 % 이상차이가나는 QFP Chip. 1과 QFP Chip. 2에대해서는각각보정치를적용하여 5% 이내로차이가나도록발열량을선정하였다. 그리고팬경계조건은해석프로그램에서제공하는 Non-Linear Curve 기능을활용하여압력및유량의성능곡선형태로입력하였으며, 제품 Data Sheet를바탕으로유량및압력정보를기입하였다. 또한, 팬입 / 출구의 Air 및 EMI 필터경계조건은 Table 2에나타낸값을동일하게입력하였다. 해석모델의형상은수렴향상을위해육면체형태로간략화하였으며, 주요모듈및경계층에더욱많은격자가구성되도록하였다. 그리고격자구성의적절성확인을위해격자수변화에따른해석결과의차이를분석하였

5 방산용전자장비의팬선정및검증에관한연구 1095 Table 4 Info. of calculation and boundary condition Turbulent model Zero equation Environmental condition 43, 1atm Heat dissipation System 12W Power module 3.9W (30% of power Digital modem 5.4W consumption) RF distributor 2.1W QFP Chip W (15%) QFP Chip.2 0.1W (20%) FPGA Chip 1.2W EMI filter 0.45W (30%) LCD screen 0.15W Fig. 8 Temperature contour & air flow distribution Fig. 9 Comparison of CFD & measurement Fig. 6 Analysis of CFD results by mesh number Fig. 10 Comparison of CFD results Fig. 7 Information of meshing 다. 분석결과, Fig. 6에나타난것처럼격자수가 55만개이상일경우주요해석값의차이에변화가거의없는것을알수있다. 이를바탕으로격자구성을 Fig. 7과같이최종완료하였다. 위과정을통해구성된해석모델로방열해석을수행한후그결과를 Fig. 8 및 Fig. 9에나타내었다. Fig. 9에나타난것처럼방열해석결과는실제온도및유량측정값과비교적잘일치함을알수있다. 온도오차범위는최대 7.7% 이내이 며유량오차는 4.9% 이다. 이는발열량의가정에의한오차, 케이블유동저항및유체마찰등해석시고려되지않은변수에의한오차, 측정에의한오차등으로판단된다 방열해석앞절을통해검증된해석모델에대체팬정보를입력하여방열해석을수행한후그결과를 Fig. 10에나타내었다. 해석결과, Replaceable Fan. 1을장비에적용할경우주요부품의온도가원품팬대비최대 1 상승하며, Replaceable

6 1096 진성은 김환구 윤의열 전희호 이승준 Table 5 Thermal stability analysis of systems installed replaceable fan Table 6 Thermal stability verification of system installed replaceable Fan. 2 Allowable Temperature Original Fan Replaceable Fan. 1 Replaceable Fan. 2 Air flow Air in system Chip.1 Chip.2 Chip Allowable temperature System installed replaceable Fan. 2 Air flow Air in system Chip.1 Chip.2 Chip Fan. 2를적용할경우에는최대 2.5 상승할것으로예측된다. 하지만이는원품팬대비 1.3% 와 3.9% 수준의변화율이므로미미한수준으로판단된다. 해석결과값을바탕으로장비의열안정성을분석하여 Table 5에나타내었다. 여기서허용가능온도는장비의열안정성확보와 2.2.1장의해석모델신뢰성검증결과에따른오차를고려해보수적인값으로선정하였다. 시스템내부공기온도는앞서 2.1장과동일하게 65 로선정하였으며, 주요소자의허용가능케이스온도는제품데이터시트에나타난허용기준대비 30~40% 의안전율을적용하여선정하였다. 분석결과, 대체팬 2종모두장비냉각에필요한최소유량인 3.2 이상이발생된다. 그리고내부공기온도및주요부품온도는허용가능온도대비각각 24.8%, 22.7% 이상의마진을확보하고있다. 따라서대체팬은장비의방열구조변경없이적용가능할것으로판단된다. 3. 시험검증 대체팬선정의타당성을입증하기위해선정된대체팬을실제장비에적용한후고온운용시험을수행하였다. 시험시료는대체팬중성능이상대적으로낮은 Replaceable Fan.2를적용하였다. 항온항습조에대체팬이적용된장비를넣은후고온운용시험을수행하였으며, 제품성능요구조건에명시된표준시험절차의요구기능이정상작동함을확인하였다. 또한, 2.2.1절의 Fig. 4 및 Fig. 5와동일한방법으로대체팬장착장비의주요부품및내부대 기온도, 팬출구유량을측정한결과장비는열적으로안정된상태임확인하였다. 관련분석결과는 Table 6 과같다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는방산용전자장비생산과정에서자주발생되는냉각팬단종문제의효과적인해결방안을모색하였다. 보수적인가정과경험적관계식을활용하여팬선정에필요한주요변수를계산하였으며, 신뢰성을확보한 CFD 방열해석모델을이용해장비냉각에적합한대체팬을선정하였다. 이후대체팬을장비에적용하여고온운용시험을수행한결과, 장비는고온환경조건에서정상적인기능을발휘하였으며, 주요부품및내부공기온도는열적으로안정된상태임을확인하였다. 그러므로상기기술된대체팬선정및검증과정은군용전자장비생산중발생되는상용팬단종문제, 전자장비방열설계등에폭넓게활용될수있을것으로기대된다. 참고문헌 (References) (1) Lee, C., Yun, J. H. and Gwon, O. K., 2007, "Selection and Noise Evaluation Methods of the System Electronic Cooling Fan," Korean Society for Fluid Machinery., Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 33~38. (2) Lee, W. H., Yu, Y. J. and Kim, H. Y., 2011, "A Study on the Thermal Design for A Signal Processor in the Micro-Wave Seeker," The Korean Society For Aeronautical And Space Sciences., Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 76~83. (3) Incropera, F. P., Dewitt, D. P., Lavine, A. S. and

7 방산용전자장비의팬선정및검증에관한연구 1097 Bergman, T. L., 2005, "Introduction to Heat Transfer," JOHN WILEY & Sons. (4) Kwon, S. J., Kim, S. Y., Kim, G. S. and Byun, C., 2016, "Thermal Design of Electronic Packages and Systems," Kerea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology. (5) Kim, J. Y., 2014, "ICEPAK Basic," TSNE. (6) "

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