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1 Korean J. Soil Sci. Fert. Vol.51, No.2, pp , 2018 Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Short communication pissn : eissn : Effect of Veterinary Antibiotics on the Growth of Lettuce Hye Ji Kim, Seung Hyun Lee, Young Kyu Hong, and Sung Chul Kim* Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea *Corresponding author: sckim@cnu.ac.kr A B S T R A C T Received: May 31, 2018 Revised: June 4, 2018 Accepted: June 4, 2018 Veterinary antibiotics (VAs) has been used to treat animal disease and to increase body weight. However, released VAs in the soil via spreading of compost can transport to plant and affect its growth. Main purpose of this research was i) to monitor VAs concentration in plant and ii) to evaluate inhibition effect of VAs residuals on the plant growth. Red lettuce (Lactuca sativa) was cultivated for 35 days in the pot soil spiked with 3 different concertation (0.05, 0.5, 5.0 mg kg -1 ) of chlortetracycline (CTC) and sulfamethazine (SMZ). After 35 days of cultivation, concentration of CTC and SMZ in the plant was measured. Residual of CTC and SMZ was only quantified at the range of mg kg -1 and mg kg -1 in the leaf and root respectively when high concentration (5.0 mg kg -1 ) of antibiotic was spiked in the soil. Leaf length and root mass was statistically reduced when 0.05 mg kg -1 of CTC was spiked in the soil while no statistical difference was observed for SMZ treatment. This result might indicated that high K ow and K d value are the main parameters for inhibiting plant growth. Antibiotics that has a high K ow causing hydrophobicity and easy to bioaccumulate in the lipid cell membrane. Also, antibiotics that has a high K d properties can be sorbed in the root causing growth inhibition of the plant. Overall, management of VAs should be conducted to minimize adverse effect of VAs in the ecosystem. Keywords: Veterinary antibiotics, Lettuce, Growth inhibition, Electrolyte leakage Uptake of veterinary antibiotics in crops and adverse effect on crop growth. C The Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non- Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 120 Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Vol. 51, No. 2, 2018 Introduction 동물용항생제는주로동물의질병치료또는생육을촉진시키는용도로사용되어진다 (Wegener, 2003). 이러한동물용항생제는목적에따라동물에투여된후약 10~20% 만이체내에서사용되어지고나머진 80~90% 는체외로배출된다 (Elmund et al., 1971; Halling-Sorensen et al., 2002; Sarmah et al., 2006). 따라서동물용항생제는가축의분뇨을통해직접토양에유입되거나분뇨을이용하여제조한퇴비의형태로토양에유입된다. 토양에잔류하는항생제의농도는여러연구에서발표되고있다. 토양내잔류하는항생제의평균농도는약 0.20~60.1 µg kg -1 의농도이며항생제의종류에따라토양에잔류하는특성이매우다르다. 토양에잔류하는항생제는식물의뿌리로흡수되어작물에전이가가능하며선행연구에의하면다양한종류의작물체내에잔류하는항생제의농도는 1.0~10.0 mg kg -1 의범위이다 (Boxall et al., 2006; Ferro et al., 2010; Hillis et al., 2011). 항생제의작물전이는항생제의구조적특징에의해발생한다. 대부분의항생제는이온화될수있는작용기를가진극성분자이기때문에다양한환경변화 (ph, 수분, 및미생물활동등 ) 에의해이온화되어작물로전이된다 (Pan and Chu, 2017). 작물로전이된항생제는식물의뿌리또는잎에서의생리작용에저해를나타낸다 (Hills et al., 2011; Michelini et al., 2012). 선행연구에의하면설폰아마이드계열의항생제인 sulfadimethoxine이작물에전이되었을경우뿌리의형태를변형시켜작물의생장을저해하였으며 (Michelini et al., 2013) sulfadiazine을 10, 200 mg kg -1 의농도로토양에인위적으로주입한후작물을재배하였을때잎에서는탄질비 (C/N ratio) 와 chlorophyll의농도를저감시켜작물의생장에저해를준다는보고가있다 (Michelini et al., 2012). 본연구에서는토양에서의거동특성이다른 2종류의항생제종류인테트라사이클라인과설폰아마이드계열의항생제를대상으로토양에인위적으로주입한후작물에흡수된항생제의잔류특성과작물의생장에대한저해를평가하였다. Materials and Methods 시약및재료동물용항생제가작물에미치는영향을평가하기위해대표적인동물용항생제계열인테트라사이클라인 (tetracycline) 과설폰아마이드 (sulfonamide) 계열의항생제중가장많이사용되는클로르테트라사이클라인 (CTC, chlorotetracycline hydrochloride, , SIGMA-ALDRICH, USA) 과설파메타진 (SMZ, sulfamethazine, , SIGMA-ALDRICH, USA) 을사용하였다. 시료의추출용매로사용된메탄올 (DAEJUNG, , Korea) 과, 아세토나이트릴 (DAEJUNG, , Korea) 은 HPLC 등급을사용하였다. 고형상추출법 (SPE, solid phase extraction) 에사용된카트리지는 Oasis HLB 카트리지 (Waters, 30 cc, 60 mg, USA) 를사용하였으며내부표준물질로는 simeton (P-501S, 100 µg ml -1, USA) 을사용하였다. 내부표준물질인 simeton은 10 mg L -1 으로희석하여냉장보관하였으며, 실험을위해서는 0.24 mg L -1 로제조하여사용하였다. 작물재배시험재배시험에사용한토양은충남대학교농업생명과학대학부속농장내밭토양 ( 잔류항생제의농도가검출한계미만 ) 을사용하였다. 토양내항생제 (CTC, SMZ) 의농도가 0.05, 0.5, 5.0 mg L -1 이되도록습윤토양약 1.6 kg에증류수 50 ml를사용하여균질화한후하루동안상온보관하여작물재배시험에사용하였다. 재배시험

Effect of Veterinary Antibiotics on the Growth of Lettuce 121 작물은적상추 (Lactuca sativa) 로선정하였으며약 3 cm 자란묘를포트 ( 23 18 cm) 에정식후총 5주동안시험재배하였다 (Fig. 1).

Picture of lettuce growing in the pot (DAP: Days after planting). 토양의이화학적특성및작물생장분석토양의이화학적특성인토양 ph, 전기전도도 (EC), 유기물함량, 유효인산에대한분석은농촌진흥청토양화학분석법에준하여실시하였다.

유기물함량 (Organic Matter) 과유효인산은각각 Walkley & Black법과 Bray No.1법을적용하였으며함량분석은 spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240, SHIMADZU) 를이용하여 660과 610 nm에서비색정량하였다.

3 Effect of Veterinary Antibiotics on the Growth of Lettuce 121 작물은적상추 (Lactuca sativa) 로선정하였으며약 3 cm 자란묘를포트 ( cm) 에정식후총 5주동안시험재배하였다 (Fig. 1). 대조구 ( 잔류항생제농도가검출한계미만 ) 를포함한각처리구는 3반복으로처리후임의배열방식으로배열하여재배하였으며매일정해진시간에물주기를실시하였다. 정식후 5주가경과한뒤재배가끝난적상추는가식부와뿌리로분리하여분석에사용하였다. 토양의경우암조건에서풍건한뒤 2 mm로체거름하여분석에사용하였다. 0 DAP 35 DAP Fig. 1. Picture of lettuce growing in the pot (DAP: Days after planting). 토양의이화학적특성및작물생장분석토양의이화학적특성인토양 ph, 전기전도도 (EC), 유기물함량, 유효인산에대한분석은농촌진흥청토양화학분석법에준하여실시하였다. 토양 ph 와 EC는풍건토양 10 g에증류수 50 ml를가하여 1시간동안 150 rpm으로진탕후 Whatman No2 여과지를이용하여여과시켜각각 ph (MP 220 Mettler Toledo, USA) 와 EC (Mettler Toledo, S230, USA) 기기를이용하여측정하였다. 유기물함량 (Organic Matter) 과유효인산은각각 Walkley & Black법과 Bray No.1법을적용하였으며함량분석은 spectrophotometer (UVmini-1240, SHIMADZU) 를이용하여 660과 610 nm에서비색정량하였다. 작물의생육조사는작물재배가끝난뒤각처리구에서엽장이가장긴 3장을선별한후토양을완전제거하기위해가식부와뿌리를증류수로 3회세척하였으며뿌리의경우토양을최대한분리하기위해서초음파세척기 (Powersonic 420, Hwasin, Korea) 를활용하여세척후생육조사를실시하였다. 세척한작물은종이타올을이용하여물기를완전제거한후한장씩분리하여생중량과엽장을측정하였다. 토양및작물체의항생제분석토양및작물체내잔류항생제분석은풍건된토양과동결건조후분말의형태로파쇄한작물체시료를이용하였다. 추출방법은시료 ( 토양 1 g, 작물체 0.1 g) 를칭량하여 50 ml 원심분리기용튜브에담은후 Mcllvain Buffer 20 ml, 5% EDTA 250 µl를넣은후진탕기 (JSOS-500, JSR, Japan) 를사용하여 150 rpm 에서 15분간진탕하였다. 진탕된시료는원심분리기 (MF 80, Hanil, Gimpo, Korea) 를이용하여 4,000 rpm으로 15분동안원심분리후상등액은여과지 (0.45 µm) 로감압여과하여 250 ml 삼각플라스크에옮겨담았다. 상등액을분리한후남은시료는위의추출방법을 1회반복하여동일한플라스크에수집후상등액약 40 ml에증류수 80 ml를추가하여총 120 ml가되도록한후최종적으로 0.2 µm Cellulose Acetate Membrane Filter (Adventec, Japan) 를이용

4 122 Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Vol. 51, No. 2, 2018 하여감압여과하고그여과액은고형상추출법으로정제하였다. 고형상추출법은 Oasis HLB Extraction Catridge (3 cc/60 mg, Waters, USA) 를사용하였다. 카트리지를활성화시킨후전처리가끝난시료를 Teflon Tube와연결하여카트리지에항생물질을포집한후초순수를 3 ml 씩 3회흘려보내주어카트리지를세척하였다. 세척후각각의튜브에 0.24 mg L -1 simeton 을 50 µl씩넣어준후카트리지에 methanol을 2.5 ml 씩 2번가하여항생물질을용리 (elution) 하여튜브에수집하였다. 용리된항생물질은질소농축기 (N-EVAP-11, OASYS, MA, USA) 를사용하여항온수조 50 C에서 50 µl까지농축한후 mobile phase A (0.1 Table 1. Parameters of high performance liquid chromatography-ms/ms for quantification of veterinary antibiotics in soil and crops. Equipment Agilent 1200 High performance liquid chromatograph-api 4000 liquid chromatograph Tandem Mass spectrometry HPLC MS/MS Column Zorbax Eclipse Plus-C µm ( mm) Guard Column Security Guard catridge Kit Column temperature 25 C Mobile Phase A : 99.9% HPLC grade water +0.1% formic acid (v/v) B : 99.9% acetonitrile + 0.1% formic acid (v/v) Flow rate 0.7 ml/min Inject volume 5 µl Gradient condition 0 min : A 90% + B 10% 2 min : A 90% + B 10% 8 min : A 50% + B 50% 10 min : A 100% + B 0% 11 min : A 0% + B 100% 11.1 min : A 90% + B 10% 15 min : A 90% + B 10% Mode Electronic Spray Ionisation (ESI) Drying and Nebulizer gas Nitrogen gas Drying gas flow 10.0 L/min Drying gas temperature 350 C Capillary Voltage 5,500 V Table 2. Fragmented ions of four veterinary antibiotics depending on collosion energy and deculstering energy. Compound Precursorion Production CE DP RT SIMETON SMZ CTC

5 Effect of Veterinary Antibiotics on the Growth of Lettuce 123 formic acid % HPLC grade water (v/v)) 를 70µL 넣고진동혼합후 0.22 µm Nylon filter가포함된 1.5 ml centrifuge (spin-x centrifuge tube filter, COSTAR, NY, USA) 에전량넣고 15,000 rpm으로 3분동안원심분리하였으며, 그여과액 120 µl를 2 ml 갈색 vial에옮겨담고 20 C 냉동고에보관후분석에사용하였다. 항생제의분석에사용된기기는충남대학교공동실험실습관의 High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometer (HPLC/MS/MS, 4000 Q trap, ABSCIEX, CA) 를이용하여분석하였다. 분석기기조건및최적화된생성이온은 Tables 1, 2에정리하였다. 작물체전해질손실 (electrolyte leakage) 분석항생제농도에따른작물체의전해질손실량을산출하기위해비이커에 3차증류수 500 ml와가식부 3장을담은후 6시간동안 150 rpm에서교반하여전기전도도 (EC) 를측정하여초기 EC 측정값으로정하였다. 그후가식부가담긴비이커를 90 C 오븐에넣고 2시간가열한후상온에서냉각시켜 EC를측정하였다. 각각의초기 EC값과오븐에서가열한후측정한 EC값의비율을이용하여항생제농도에따른작물체의전해질손실을분석하였다. EC Leakage = (Initial EC value)c O / (EC value after heating at 90 C in oven)c i (Eq. 1) 통계적기법본연구에서수행한실험은 3반복으로진행하였으며, 통계분석은 SPSS (IBM SPSS ver. 22) 프로그램을사용하여 duncan s multiple range test로분석후각실험처리구간의유의성을검정하였다. 실험처리구간의유의성은 95% 신뢰수준 (p=0.05) 에서분석하였다. Result and Discussion 토양특성및항생제분석 QA/QC 작물재배에사용된공시토양의화학적특성은토양 ph: 6.2 ± 0.1, EC: 0.55 ± 0.05 ds m -1, 유기물함량 : 8.44 ± 0.87 g kg -1, 유효인산 : ± 0.55 mg kg -1 이었으며토성은사양토 (sandy loam) 로서작물재배에적합한토양이었다. 토양과작물체의항생제분석에대한회수율은 CTC의경우 83%, 54% 였으며 SMZ의경우 91%, 30% 를나타내었다 (Park et al., 2016). 선행연구의경우고압용매추출법을사용하여항생제를추출하였을때약 46~52% 의작물체내항생제회수율을나타내었다. 검출한계 (Maximum Detection Limit) 와정량한계 (Limit of Quantification) 는 CTC의경우 0.19, 0.50 µg kg -1 과 SMZ의경우 0.15, 0.04 µg kg -1 로산출되었다 (Park et al., 2016). 토양및작물체내항생제농도작물의생육이끝난후각처리구의토양및작물체내항생제의농도는 Table 3에나타내었다. 토양내잔류농도는초기처리농도에따라 CTC의경우 0.16~2.80 mg kg -1 의농도를나타내었으며 SMZ의경우 0.01~0.92 mg kg -1 의농도를나타내었다. 두종류의항생제를각각 5.0 mg kg -1 처리하였을경우 SMZ보다는 CTC의잔류특성이높은것으로나타났다. CTC를 5.0 mg kg -1 의농도로처리하였을경우전체농도의약 56% 인 2.80 mg kg -1 의농도가잔류하였으며 SMZ의경우 5.0 mg kg -1 을처리하였을경우약 2% 인 0.92 mg kg -1 의농도가잔류하였다. Boxall et al. (2006) 의연구에의하면 CTC와같은테트라사이클라인계열의항생제는 2가양이온과의결합이강하여토양에잔류하는특성이강하며 SMZ와같은설폰아마이드계열의항생제는자연적인토양환경조건

6 124 Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Vol. 51, No. 2, 2018 에서이동성이높은특성이있다. 이와같이두종류의항생제가고형상에잔류하는특성이상이하여같은농도를처리하였을경우에도서로다른토양내잔류특성을나타내었다. Table 3. Antibiotic concentration in soil and plant (Unit: mg kg -1 ). Antibiotics Spiked concentration Soil Plant Leaf Root CTC SMZ 작물로전이되는항생제의농도를조사한결과 CTC와 SMZ 모두 0.05와 0.5 mg kg -1 을처리하였을경우작물체의잎과뿌리에서는항생제가검출되지않았다. 하지만 CTC와 SMZ를 5.0 mg kg -1 으로처리하였을경우잎에서는 0.007, mg kg -1 이검출되었고뿌리에서는 0.017, mg kg -1 의농도로검출되었다. 작물체의부위별검출농도는통계적유의성이없었으며작물체내에서가장높은항생제는뿌리에서검출된 CTC로조사되었다. Pan and Chu (2017) 의총설연구에의하면 CTC와 SMZ의작물체내검출농도는상추의경우잎에서약 n.d-0.001, n.d mg kg -1 의농도로검출되었으며뿌리에서는두종류의항생제모두검출되지않았다. 항생제농도에따른작물생장영향항생제의농도에따른적상추의엽장길이와뿌리및작물체의전체무게를 Fig. 2에정리하였다. 각처리구별가장긴 3장의엽장평균길이 (cm) 는대조구 : 13.6, CTC 0.05:10.2, CTC 0.5: 11.4, CTC 5.0: 10.2, SMZ 0.05: 13.4, SMZ: 0.5: 13.4, SMZ: 5.0: 12.4 였으며엽장길이의경우대조구와각기다른농도를처리한항생제처리구를비교하였을때 95% 신뢰수준에서의통계적유의성은없었다 (p=0.07). 하지만 CTC 의경우대조구와비교하였을때엽장의길이가 2.5~3.4 cm 정도짧았으며농도에따른경향은나타나지않았다 Length (cm) or Mass (g) Leaf length Root Mass Mass (g) Total Mass Control CTC 0.05 CTC 0.5 CTC 5.0 SMZ 0.05 SMZ 0.5 SMZ 5.0 Control CTC 0.05 CTC 0.5 CTC 5.0 SMZ 0.05 SMZ 0.5 SMZ 5.0 Treatments Treatments (A) (B) Fig. 2. Plant growth with varied concentration of antibiotics spiked in soil.

7 Effect of Veterinary Antibiotics on the Growth of Lettuce 125 작물의생장요소중뿌리의무게와전체적상추의무게는대조구와비교하여 CTC 처리의경우통계적으로유의성이있었으며 (p=0.02) SMZ의경우대조구와비교하였을때통계적유의성은없었다 (p=0.21). Michelini et al. (2012) 의연구에의하면설폰아마이드계열의항생제인 sulphadiazine을각각 10, 200 mg L -1 의농도로처리하였을경우작물체내 (Willow와 Maize) 의탄질비 (C/N ratio) 와클로로필의함량이각각 40~88%, 13~30% 정도감소하는결과를도출하였다. 특히 sulphadiazine의농도가 200 mg L -1 를처리하였을경우작물생장의저해가더뚜렷하였다. 고농도의항생제를처리하였을경우뿌리의생장이대조구에비해저해되었으며그결과작물체내수분흡수가저하되어작물의생장이저해됨을보고하였다. 본연구에서도선행연구와같이 CTC 처리구에서뿌리의생장에저해를나타내전체작물체의중량이대조구에비해통계적으로유의하게낮은값을나타내었다. 항생제농도에따른전해질누출작물체의스트레스에따른생장저해요인중전해질의누출을평가하기위해각처리구의전해질누출비를대조구와비교하였다 (Fig. 3). 적상추잎에서의전해질누출비를평가한결과 CTC의경우처리농도에따라 0.05 mg kg -1 (55.9%) > 0.5 mg kg -1 (6.6%) > 5.0 mg kg -1 (-13.3%) 의누출비를나타냈으며 SMZ의경우 5.0 mg kg -1 (23.5%) > 0.5 mg kg -1 (0.0%) > 0.05 mg kg -1 (-20.7%) 의누출비를나타내었다. Michelini et al. (2013) 의연구에의하면설폰아마이드계열의항생제인 sulfadimethoxine (SDM) 과 sulfamethazine (SZ) 를약 10 mg L -1 로처리하였을경우 27시간이지난뒤뿌리에서의전해질누출비가대조구에비해 56~92% 높았다. 이는주로 K + 이온의누출에의한것으로 SDM과 SZ의영향에의해뿌리세포가상해되어결국대조구에비해높은전해질누출비를나타내었다. 본연구에서는누출된전해질의성분은확인이되지않았으나전해질누출비가가장높았던 CTC 0.05 mg kg -1 처리구의경우엽면길이 (10.2 cm) 와뿌리의무게 (4.5 g) 가다른처리구에비해가장낮은값을나타내었다. 따라서 CTC의경우높은농도 (5.0 mg kg -1 ) 에노출되었을때보다는오히려낮은농도 (0.05 mg kg -1 ) 에노출되었을경우작물저해가더심한것으로나타났다. SMZ의경우 CTC와는반대로높은농도 (5.0 mg kg -1 ) 에노출되었을경우전해질누출이가장높았으며낮은농도에서의전해질누출은나타나지않았다. 하지만작물생육적측면에서는전해질누출이가장높았던높은농도에서의엽면길이 (12.4 cm) 와뿌리의무게 (5.9 g) 가대조구의엽면길이 (13.6 cm) 와뿌리의무게 (12.8 g) 에비해낮은값을나타내었다. 이와같이 CTC와 SMZ의작물저해와전해질누출 Electrolyte Leakage (%) EL (%) Control CTC 0.05 CTC 0.5 CTC 5.0 SMZ 0.05 SMZ 0.5 SMZ 5.0 Treatments Fig. 3. Electrolyte leakage in the leaf with varied concentraion of antibiotics spiked in soil.

8 126 Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer Vol. 51, No. 2, 2018 양상이농도에따라서로다른이유는명확하지않으나 Michelini et al. (2013) 의연구에의하면 K d 값이높을수록작물의뿌리에저해가크며 CTC와 SMZ를비교하였을경우 CTC의 Kd (L kg -1 ) 값이약 680~1,030으로 STZ의 0.6~3.21 보다훨씬커서 SMZ 보다는 CTC의작물저해가더큰것으로사료된다 (Tolls, 2002). 또한항생제의특성중 Kow 값이높을경우소수성특징이있어세포의지질층에잔류할수있는확률이높아식물의세포발달에저해를미칠수가있다 (Michelini et al., 2013). Conclusions 동물용항생제의토양잔류에따른작물생장의저해를평가하기위해 2종류의서로다른계열의항생제인 CTC와 SMZ를인위적으로토양에각각 0.05, 0.5, 5.0 mg kg -1 으로처리하여항생제의작물전이및생장저해를평가하였다. 작물에전이되는항생제의농도는 CTC와 SMZ 모두고농도인 5.0 mg kg -1 의농도로토양에처리하였을경우잎에서는 0.007~0.008 mg kg -1, 뿌리에서는 0.006~0.017 mg kg -1 의낮은농도가검출되었다. 항생제의작물잔류에따른생장을평가한결과 SMZ의경우작물의뿌리및잎의생장에저해가적은반면 CTC의경우높은농도보다는낮은농도인 0.05 mg kg -1 의농도로토양에처리하였을경우뿌리의생장및전체작물의무게에가장많은저해를나타냈다. 작물에저해를미치는항생제의가장큰특성은 Kow와 Kd의특성에따라 Kow 값이높을수록세포의지질층에잔류되어세포의발달에저해를미치며 Kd 값이높을수록뿌리입자에흡착되어뿌리의생장을저해하게된다 (Michelini et al., 2013). 본연구의결과를바탕으로동물용항생제의작물저해메커니즘을이해하는기초를마련하였으며추후작물의뿌리에대한형태변화또는작물의유전체변이에대한연구가필요할것으로사료된다. Acknowledgement This study was financially supported by research fund of Chungnam National University in References Boxall, A.B.A., P. Johnson, E.J. Smith, C.J. Sinclair, E. Stutt, and L.S. Levy Uptake of veterinary medicines from soils into plants. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54: Elmund, G.K., S.M. Morrison, D.W. Grant, and M.P. Nevins Role of excreated chlortetracycline in modifying the decomposition process in feedlot waste. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6: Ferro, S., A.R. Trentin, S. Cafffieri, and R. Ghisi Antibacterial sulfonamides: accumulation and effects in barley plants. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 19: Halling-Sorensen, B., G. Sengelov, and J. Tjornelund Toxicity of tetracyclines and tetracycline degradation products to environmentally relevant bacteria including selected tetracycline resistant bacteria. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 42: Hills, D., J. Fletcher, K. Solomon, and P. Sibley Effect of ten antibiotics on seed germination and root elogation in three plant species. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60: Michelini, L., F. Meggio, L.N. Rocca, S. Ferro, and R. Ghisi Accumulation and effects of sulfamethoxine in Salix fragills L. plants: a preliminary study to phytoremediation purposes. Int. J. Phytorem. 14:

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환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010

11-1480523-000702-01 환경중잔류의약물질대사체분석방법확립에 관한연구 (Ⅱ) - 테트라사이클린계항생제 - 환경건강연구부화학물질연구과,,,,,, Ⅱ 2010 목차 ⅰ ⅱ ⅲ Abstract ⅳ Ⅰ Ⅱ i 목차 Ⅲ Ⅳ i 목차 ii 목차 iii Abstract α β α β iv Ⅰ. 서론 Ⅰ 1 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법 Ⅱ. 2 Ⅱ. 연구내용및방법