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1 36 / J. Comput. Fluids Eng. Vol.18, No.1, pp.36-42, EDISON_ 전산열유체를활용한풍력발전기타워의후류불안정성억제에관한수치연구 김수용, 1 진도현, 1 이근배, 2 김종암 *1 1 서울대학교기계항공공학부 2 서울대학교협동과정계산과학전공 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR SUPPRESSING UNSTEADY WAKE FLOW ON WIND TURBINE TOWER USING EDISON_CFD S.Y. Kim, 1 D.H. Jin, 1 K.B. Lee 2 and C. Kim *1 1 Dept. of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul Univ. 2 Interdisciplinary Program in Computational Science & Technology, Seoul Univ. The performance of the wind turbine is determined by wind speed and unsteady flow characteristics. Unsteady wake flow causes not only the decline in performance but also structural problems of the wind turbine. In this paper, conceptual designs for the wind turbine tower are conducted to minimize unsteady wake flow. Numerical simulations are performed to inspect the shape effect of the tower. Through the installation of additional structures at the rear of the tower, the creation of Karman vortex is delayed properly and vortex interactions are reduced extremely, which enhance the stability of the wind turbine. From the comparative analysis of lift and drag coefficients for each structure, it is concluded that two streamwise tips with a splitter plate have the most improved aerodynamic characteristics in stabilizing wake flow. Key Words : 전산유체역학 (CFD), 풍력발전기 (Wind Power Generator), 비정상유동 (Unsteady Flow), 와류진동 (Vortex Shedding), 에디슨 _ 전산열유체 (EDISON_CFD) 1. 서론 최근들어화석에너지의점진적고갈로인해친환경에너지에대한경제적, 사회적인관심이대두되고있다. 또한석탄, 석유와같은화석에너지의사용은이산화탄소및기타유해가스배출로인한지구온난화를유발시키므로, 이에대한대책마련을위해친환경에너지의필요성이제기되고있다. 풍력발전은활발한연구가진행되고있는친환경에너지분야중하나로서, 바람이라는무제한적인환경에너지를이용하여전기에너지를생산하며전기이외의다른부산물을 Received: September 10, 2012 Revised: February 26, 2013, Accepted: February 27, * Corresponding author, chongam@snu.ac.kr DOI C KSCFE 2013 발생시키지않기때문에미래친환경에너지원으로주목받고있다. 풍력발전기에대한연구는주로운용환경과성능개선에대해진행되어왔으며, 크게유체역학적, 진동학적, 구조역학적연구로구분지을수있다. 이중에서유체역학적인연구는풍력발전기의성능을결정짓는블레이드형상설계와밀접한관련이있으므로그에대한다양한실험적, 수치적연구가진행되어왔다. Barber et al.[1] 은블레이드에서의비정상유동이풍력발전기성능에미치는영향에대한수치해석및실험적연구를수행하였으며, Enevoldsen and Mork[2] 는블레이드주위비정상유동으로인해발생하는진동현상억제에대한연구를수행하였다. 블레이드뿐만아니라발전기타워후류에서발생하는유동불안정성은풍력발전기전체에진동을유발시키기때문에풍력발전기설계시그영향을면밀히고려해야한다. 타워후류불안정성에대한선행연구로실린더후류의유동불안정성에관한연구들이수행되었다. Zdravkovich[3] 는실린더후

2 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR SUPPRESSING UNSTEADY WAKE FLOW Vol.18, No.1, / 37 Fig. 2 Definition of parameter ; (a) radial structure, (b) streamwise structure Fig. 1 Structure of wind turbine tower; (a) base structure, (b) splitter plate, (c) radial structure, (d) streamwise structure, (e) combined structure 1, (f) combined structure 2 류의비정상유동을억제하기위해실린더표면에다양한구조물을부착하여그영향을분석하는실험적연구를수행하였으며, Kwon and Lee[4] 는원기둥에나선형구조물을부착하여수행한실험을통해후류의유동특성을분석하였다. Kim et al.[5] 은풍력발전기타워의고유진동수와와류의고유진동수가비슷할때발생하는공명현상에대한수치연구를수행하였으며, Apelt et al.[6] 과 Kwon and Choi[7] 는실린더에부착된 Splitter plate의길이와레이놀즈수를변화시켜가며수치해석을수행하였고그에따른비정상유동특성을분석하였다. 선행연구에서풍력발전기타워주위의비정상유동을억제할수있는방법을제안하였으나, 대부분실제풍력발전기가운용되는영역보다매우낮은레이놀즈수영역에한정되어있으며, 와류를억제하는부가구조물형상이복잡하거나길이방향으로연속적이므로실제발전기타워에적용하는것이매우제한적이다. 본연구에서는풍력발전기타워후류에서발생하는유동불안정성을효과적으로억제할수있으며실제발전기타워에서적용가능하도록타워후면에부착가능한단순한형상을설계하고, 다양한형상하에서나타나는공력특성을분석하고자한다. 2. 연구방법 본연구는 EDISON_ 전산열유체시스템 [8-11] 을활용하여수행하였다. EDISON_ 전산열유체시스템 ( edison.re.kr/index.php/welcome) 은웹기반의교육 연구용시스템으로서, 격자제작, 수치해석, 결과가시화등수치해석의전과정을시공간에구애받지않고웹상에서수행할수있다. 2.1 구조물형상본연구에서사용된구조물형상은총 6가지이다. Fig. 1은풍력발전기타워의단면을나타낸것으로 Fig. 1(a) 의풍력발전기타워기본형상을기준으로 5가지형태의구조물을부착하여모델링하였다. Fig. 1(b) 는풍력발전기타워에 Splitter plate 를설치한형상이며, Fig. 1(c) 는 Zdravkovich[3] 의선행연구에서제시한형상에근거하여반지름방향의구조물을설치한것이다. Fig. 1(d-f) 는본연구에서제안한형상으로서, Fig. 1(d) 는선행연구 [3] 에서제시한형상을변형시켜자유류방향의구조물을설치한형태이며, Fig. 1(e) 는 Splitter plate 와반지름방향의구조물을조합한형태이다. 마지막으로 Fig. 1(f) 는 Splitter plate 와자유류방향의구조물을조합한형태이다. 각형상은 Fig. 1(a) 에서 Fig. 1(f) 순서로 Base structure, Splitter plate, Radial structure, Streamwise structure, Combined structure 1, Combined structure 2로명명한다. Fig. 2는타워형상을결정짓는파라미터를나타내며, Splitter plate 의길이를 s 로, 반지름방향구조물의길이를 t로, 자유류방향구조물의길이를 p로명명하였고, 타워반지름길이 R에대한길이 s/r, t/r, p/r을변화시켜가며수치해석을수행하였다. s/r은 1/2, 1, 3/2에대하여, p/r과 t/r은 1/8, 1/4, 1/2에대하여각각계산을수행하였다. 2.2 지배방정식본연구에서는풍력발전기타워주위유동을해석하기위하여 2차원비정상비압축성 RANS (Reynolds-Averaged

3 38 / J. Comput. Fluids Eng. S.Y. Kim D.H. Jin K.B. Lee C. Kim Fig. 4 Pressure contour(left) and aerodynamic coefficients(right) of base structure 확도, 점성항은 2차정확도로계산되었다. 시간전진은내재적시간적분법인 LU-SGS 방법이사용되었고, 난류유동장해석을위해 Menter s SST 난류모델이사용되었다. 적용된수치해법의자세한내용은참고문헌 [12] 에잘나와있다. 3. 연구결과 Fig. 3 Pressure distribution(up) and skin friction(down) of base structure Navier-Stokes) 방정식을적용한 EDISON_ 전산열유체시스템의 2D_Incomp 해석자 [8] 를사용하였으며, 지배방정식은다음과같다. 여기서위첨자 ( ) 는레이놀즈평균값을나타낸다. (1) (2) 비압축성방정식은속도장과압력장이연결되어있지않으므로각 sub-iteration마다연속방정식을만족시키는 pseudo compressibility 방법이적용되었다. (3) 여기서 는 pseudo time, 는 pseudo compressibility parameter 를나타낸다. 2D_Incomp 해석자에적용된수치기법은다음과같다. 비정상유동장을해석하기위하여이중시간전진법 (dual time stepping) 이사용되었으며, 비점성항은 flux difference splitting 방법에기초한풍상차분법을, 점성항은중앙차분법이적용되었다. 또한 MUSCL 을이용하여비점성항은 3차정 해석격자는모든케이스에대하여약 4만 ~4.5만개의 O-type으로제작하였고, 표면에서첫번째격자간격은 y+ 가 1일때의간격으로, 원방길이는지름의 20배로구성하였다. 일반적인풍력발전기주변의평균풍속은약 10 m/s 이며, 본연구에서적용한풍력발전기는정격출력이 2MW로서타워의지름은 5 m, 높이는 80 m이다 (Reynolds 수 = ). 무차원시간간격은 0.05 (0.025초) 로두었으며, 타워후류의유동이충분히발달된후의결과를분석하기위하여 6,000번의반복계산 (150초) 을수행하였다. 수치계산결과를검증하기위하여기본형상의표면압력계수및마찰계수를기존선행연구결과들 [13-15] 과비교하였다. Fig. 3은레이놀즈수 에대한실험결과및선행수치해석결과들을본연구의해석결과와비교한그림이다. 그림을통해실험결과와수치해석결과들에서값의차이는존재하나경향성은상당히유사하게나타남을확인할수있고, 수치해석결과들은대체적으로서로잘맞는것을확인할수있다. 또한, 세가지조밀도 (3.5만, 4.5만, 6.5만 ) 의격자에대한수치해석을통해서세격자들의해석결과가서로유사함을확인할수있었다. 따라서본연구에서는약 4만 ~4.5만개의격자를제작하여해석을수행하였다. 3.1 Base structure 타워후방에부착한부가구조물의효과를비교하기위하여 Base structure 주위유동해석을수행하였다. Fig. 4는 Base structure 주위압력장과시간에따른공력계수를나타낸다. 타워상부와하부에서주기적으로떨어져나가는와류의영향으

4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR SUPPRESSING UNSTEADY WAKE FLOW Vol.18, No.1, / 39 Fig. 5 Pressure contour and streamline(a, b) and aerodynamic coefficients(c, d) of splitter plate Fig. 6 Pressure contour and streamline(a, b) and aerodynamic coefficients(c, d) of radial structure 로양력계수와항력계수가 Fig. 4에서와같이진동하는것을알수있다. Base structure 에서후류재순환영역의평균크기는타워반경의약 1.3배정도이다. 3.2 Splitter plate Fig. 5(c), (d) 는 s/r이 1/2, 1, 3/2 일때의시간에따른양력계수와항력계수를나타낸다. s/r이 1/2일때 Base structure 에서발생하는와류의평균크기에대한 Splitter plate 의길이의비는 0.38 정도이다. 이때 Base structure 에비해양력계수의진폭은약 1/3정도로감소하고항력계수의평균값은약 1/2수준으로감소한다 (Table 1). Splitter plate 는 Fig. 5(a), (b) 와같이타워후방에서발생하는와류의상호간섭을방해하여후류의불안정성을억제시키므로양력계수진폭과항력계수의평균값이감소하게된다. 그러나 Splitter plate 의길이가 Base structure에서발생하는와류의크기와비슷하거나커질때양력계수진폭이 Base structure보다오히려더커지는경향을볼수있다. 이는 Splitter plate 가길어지면와류간상호간섭이방해되긴하지만, 타워후방에서와류가 Splitter plate 길이에비례하여더크게성장하고성장한와류가 Splitter plate 끝부분에서박리되면서더큰압력변화를만들기때문이다. 3.3 Radial structure Fig. 6(c), (d) 는 t/r이 1/8, 1/4, 1/2일때양력계수와항력계수값을나타낸다. Radial structure 는 Fig. 6(a), (b) 에서와같이타워윗면과아랫면에서자유류유동의흐름을방해하므로, Radial structure 바로앞의유동속도가주변보다상대적으로낮아진다. 유동정체로인한속도의감소는그부근에서압력증가를의미하며, 결과적으로타워윗면과아랫면에서의유동박리에의한압력손실을보상시키므로, Base structure 에비해양력계수의진폭이작아진다. 양력계수진폭의크기는구조물의길이가길어질수록감소하는경향을보이는데 (Table 1), 이는구조물의길이가길어짐에따라자유류유동의흐름을더정체시켜속도장과압력장에영향을미치기때문이다. 반면항력계수의평균값은구조물길이가길어질수록증가한다. 이는구조물면적증가로인한항력의증가이외에도, Fig. 6(a), (b) 와같이길이가증가할수록타워후방에생성되는와류의크기가커지고생성된와류가타워뒷면에서보다오래유지되므로상대적으로큰압력손실이발생하기때문이다. 3.4 Streamwise structure Fig. 7(c), (d) 는 p/r이 1/8, 1/4, 1/2일때양력계수와항력계수값을나타내며, 구조물길이가길어질수록양력및항력계수진폭이현저히감소하는것을알수있다. 이는 Fig. 7(a), (b) 에서볼수있듯이 Streamwise structure 의길이가짧을때는구조물이없을때와유사하게와류박리가일어나지만, 구조물의길이가길어지면두개의 Streamwise structure 사이에와류의크기가제한된채로박리가지속적으로발생하기때문이다. 그에따라상대적으로 p/r=1/4, 1/8일때보다 1/2일때양력및항력계수의진폭이감소하게되는것이다. p/r=1/2은

5 40 / J. Comput. Fluids Eng. S.Y. Kim D.H. Jin K.B. Lee C. Kim Fig. 7 Pressure contour and streamline(a, b) and aerodynamic coefficients(c, d) of streamwise structure 양력및항력계수의진폭을효과적으로억제시키지만, 후류에서나타나는주기적인유동박리현상은지속되는것을볼수있다. 3.5 Combined structure 1 Fig. 8(c), (d) 는 s/r=1인 Splitter plate에 t/r=1/8, 1/4, 1/2인 Radial structure를함께설치한 Combined structure 1의양력및항력계수이다. Table 1에서와같이 Radial structure 의길이가길수록양력계수의진폭이증가하고, 항력계수평균값이높아지는경향을보인다. 이는 Fig. 8(a), (b) 에서나타나는것과같이 t/r=1/2인경우에 t/r=1/8에비해 Radial structure 와 Splitter plate 사이에갇힌와류가더크게발달되어박리되기때문이다. Combined structure 1의경우앞선구조물에비해후류유동의불안정성은감소하지만, 여전히타워후류의주기적인유동박리현상이나타나는것을볼수있다. Fig. 8 Pressure contour and streamline(a, b) and aerodynamic coefficients(c, d) of combined structure Combined structure 2 Splitter plate(s/r=1/2) 는와류간상호간섭을효과적으로억제시키지만 Splitter plate 의길이로인해 Base structure 보다와류의크기가더크게발달되어불안정성을유발시킨다. Radial structure(p/r=1/2) 의경우구조물사이에박리된유동을정체시켜상하방향의불안정성은다소줄어들지만타워전후의불안정성은크게증가하는것을알수있다. Streamwise structure(t/r=1/2) 의경우에는구조물사이에박리된와류의크기를효과적으로제한시켜타워상하및전후방향의불안정성을억제시킴에도불구하고유동불안정성이존재하는것을알수있다. Combined structure 1은앞선 3가지구조물에비해후류의유동장이상대적으로안정적이긴하지만, 불안정성이여전히존재하는것을알수있다. Splitter plate와 Streamwise structure를함께설치한 Combined Table. 1 Non-dimensional parameters for each structure Base Structure Splitter plate Radial Structure Streamwise Structure C L Amp. C D Aver. St s/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St t/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St p/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St / / / / / / / / Combined Structure 1 (s/r=1) Combined Structure 2 (s/r=1/2) Combined Structure 2 (s/r=1) Combined Structure 2 (s/r=3/2) t/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St p/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St p/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St p/r C L Amp. C D Aver. St 1/ / / / / / / / / / / /

6 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS FOR SUPPRESSING UNSTEADY WAKE FLOW Vol.18, No.1, / 41 structure를함께설치한구조물은주변부의유동을유선형으로유도할뿐만아니라, 와류를 Splitter plate와 Streamwise structure 사이에정체시켜타워의후류불안정성을가장효과적으로억제함을확인할수있었다. 실제풍력발전기타워후류는블레이드가발생시키는와류에의한영향을받게되는데, 이러한특성을고려하여후류유동구조연구가진행된다면, 본연구의결과와더불어향후풍력발전기타워형상의기초설계시공력불안정성을효과적으로억제시킬수있는선행연구가될것이다. 후기 본논문은 2012년도교육과학기술부의재원으로한국연구재단첨단사이언스교육허브개발사업 (EDISON) 의지원 ( ) 과, 국토해양부건설기술혁신사업초장대교량사업단 (08기술혁신E01) 의연구비지원으로수행되었습니다. Fig. 9 Pressure contour and streamline(a, b) and aerodynamic coefficients(c, d) of combined structure 2 structure 2의경우각구조물효과의단순중첩이아니라, 새로운유동특성이나타난다. Table 1을보면 Splitter plate 만설치한경우와는달리 s/r이증가할수록전반적으로양력계수의진폭이감소하는결과를확인할수있다. 특히 s/r=3/2이고 p/r=1/2인경우양력계수와항력계수가기본형상에비해각각 99.9% 와 86.1% 만큼감소하였다. Fig. 9(b) 의 s/r=3/2, p/r=1/2과 Fig. 4의 Base structure의유선분포를비교해보면, 기본형상에서는와류가주기적으로박리되는반면, s/r=3/2, p/r=1/2인경우와류가 Splitter plate 와 Streamwise structure 사이에완전히정체되어주변유동을유선형으로유도한다. 이로인해타워후방의압력장이상하대칭적이고, 압력의급격한감소가사라져양력계수와항력계수가크게감소한결과가나타난다. 4. 결론 본연구에서는풍력발전기타워후류의유동불안정성을억제하기위하여총 6가지형상에대해, EDISON_ 전산열유체시스템을활용하여 2차원비정상비압축성난류유동해석을수행하였다. 5가지형상중 3가지형상은선행연구에근거한형상이고, 2가지형상은단순한형태의 3가지형상을복합적으로조합하여본연구에서새롭게제시한형상이다. 해석결과, s/r=3/2 인 Splitter plate 와 p/r=1/2인 Streamwise 참고문헌 [1] 2011, Barber, S., Chokani, N. and Abhari, R.S., "Effect of wake flow non-uniformity on wind turbine performance and aerodynamics," Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo. [2] 2007, Enevoldsen, I. and Mork, K.J., "Effects of a vibration mass damper in a wind turbine tower," MECH. STRUCT. & MACH., Vol 24(2), pp [3] 1981, Zdravkovich, M.M., "Review and classification of various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic means for suppressing vortex shedding," Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, pp [4] 1994, Kwon, K.J. and Lee, S.J., "Experimental Study on the Vortex Suppression in the Wake of a Cylinder by Surface Protrusions," KSME, pp [5] 2010, Kim, J.O,, Cho, L. and Kim, S.,"Vortex-Shedding and vibration at the towers of wind-turbine generators," Trans of KSME, pp [6] 1973, Apelt, C.J. et al., "The effects of wake splitter plates on the flow past a circular in the range," J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 61, pp [7] 1994, Kwon, K. and Choi, H., "A Passive Control of Vortex Shedding Using a Splitter Plate Attached to a Circular Cylinder," KSME, pp [8] 2011, Lee, K.B., Lee, S., Lee, C., Choi, J.I., Lee, D. and Kim, C., "EDISON_CFD: Development of e-science-based

7 42 / J. Comput. Fluids Eng. S.Y. Kim D.H. Jin K.B. Lee C. Kim Simulation Software and Contents for Education and Research in Fluid Engineering," KSME, pp [9] 2011, Lee, S., Lee, K.B., Oh, S., Choi, S., Park, S.H. and Kim, C., "Development of e-science-based Fluid Dynamics Software and Contents for Education and Research in Aerospace Engineering on the EDISON_CFD Portal," KSAS, pp [10] 2011, Lee, S., Lee, K.B., Park, S.H., Choi, S. and Kim, C., "EDISON_CFD: Development of Simulation Software and Contents for Education and Research in Computational Fluid Dynamics on the e-science Infrastructure," KSCFE. [11] 2011, Lee, S., Lee, K.B., Lee, C., Choi, J.I., Lee D. and Kim, C., "Development of the Simulation Software and Contents for Education and Research in Fluid Engineering on the EDISON_CFD Portal," KFMA, pp.8-9. [12] 1990, Rogers, S.E. and Kwak, D., "Upwind differencing scheme for the time-accurate incompressible Navier-Stokes equations," AIAA J., Vol.28, No.2, pp [13] 1999, Travin, A., Shur, M., Strelets, M. and Spalart, P., "Detached eddy simulations past a circular cylinder," Flow Turb. Combust., Vol.63, pp [14] 2009, Ong, M.C., Utnes, T., Holmedal, L.E., Myrhaug, D. and Pettersen, B., "Numerical simulation of flow around a smooth circular cylinder at very high Reynolds numbers," Marine Structures, Vol.22, pp [15] 1968, Achenbach, E., "Distribution of local pressure and skin friction around a circular cylinder in cross-flow up to Re =," Fluid Mech., Vol.34, pp

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