144 JH Song Clinical Features of noroviral gastroenteritis and genotype of norovirus 서론 급성위장염은세계적으로유병율과사망률이높은감염성질환으로, 바이러스가주된원인병원체이다

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1 Original Article DOI: /ic Infect Chemother 2010;42(3): Infection & Chemotherapy 입원한소아에서노로바이러스급성위장염의임상특성및유전형분석 : 로타바이러스의임상특성과의비교 송준환 1 선동신 1 박준수 1 최영진 2 남해선 3 김용배 4 정은혜 5 백경아 5 박귀성 5 순천향대학교의과대학소아과학교실 1, 진단검사의학과 2, 기생충학교실 3, 예방의학교실 4, 충청남도보건환경연구원 5 Comparison of Clinical Features of Norovirus and Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Hospitalized Children and Norovirus Genotype Analysis Background: Norovirus is one of the most prevalent pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis in children. We compared the clinical features of noroviral gastro enteritis to those of rotaviral gastroenteritis and analyzed the noroviruses' genotype frequencies. Materials and Methods: Stool samples were obtained form 433 children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis from May 2008 through February 2009 at Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital and examined for the presence of norovirus or rotavirus. We then analyzed the clinical features of noroviral gastroenteritis in comparison with rotaviral gastroenteritis and observed the capsid protein gene sequences from the isolated norovirus for genotyping. Results: Norovirus was isolated from 69 patients (16.4%) and rotavirus from 49 patients (11.6%). The noroviral gastroenteritis patients experienced vomiting (77.4%), diarrhea (73.2%), and respiratory symptoms (53.6%); the rotaviral gastroenteritis patients experienced diarrhea (71.4%), dehydration (69.3%), and vomiting (65.3%). Dehydration in patients with noroviral gastroenteritis (43.4%) was rare compared with rotavirus (69.3%) (P=0.008). The isolated norovirus belonged primarily to the GII.4 genogroup (85.5%). Our phylogenetic analysis of the GII.4 isolates revealed 3 clusters, including novel cluster C. Conclusions: Vomiting was the most common symptom in noroviral gastroenteritis patients. Dehydration in noroviral gastroenteritis patients was less common compared with rotavirus gastroenteritis patients. The majority of the norovirus strains isolated from children with acute gastroenteritis belonged to the GII.4 genogroup. Key Words: Norovirus, Rotavirus, Gastroenteritis, Child Joon Hwan Song 1, Dong Sin Sun 1, Joon Soo Park 1, Young Jin Choi 2, Hae Seon Nam 3, Yong Bae Kim 4, Eun Hye Jung 5, Kyung Ah Baek 5 and Kwi Sung Park 5 Departments of Pediatrics 1, Clinical Pathology 2, Para sitology 3, Preventive Medicine 4, College of M edicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-Do Health and Environment Research Institute 5, Daejeon, Korea Copyright 2010 by The Korean Society of Infectious Diseases Korean Society for Chemotherapy Submitted: April 5, 2009 Revised: March 8, 2010 Accepted: March 9, 2010 Corresponding author: Joon Soo Park, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 23-20, Bongmyung-dong, Cheonan , Korea Tel: , Fax: allergist@korea.com

2 144 JH Song Clinical Features of noroviral gastroenteritis and genotype of norovirus 서론 급성위장염은세계적으로유병율과사망률이높은감염성질환으로, 바이러스가주된원인병원체이다 (1, 2). 급성위장염의원인바이러스중에는로타바이러스 (rotavirus), 노로바이러스 (norovirus), 장아데노바이러스 (enteric adenovirus), 그리고아스트로바이러스 (astrovirus) 등이있는데, 이중많은부분을차지하는것이로타바이러스와노로바이러스이다 (3, 4). 노로바이러스는최근선진국에서집단적인급성위장염을유발하고 (2), 국내소아급성위장염원인의 10% 를차지하여 (5), 그중요성이더욱강조되고있지만, 이들의유전형및관련된급성위장염의임상양상에관한연구는백신까지개발된로타바이러스의경우 (6, 7) 에비하여아직드물다. 이에저자들은노로바이러스에의한급성위장염의임상적특징을알기위해급성위장염으로입원하고대변검체에서노로바이러스혹은로타바이러스가검출된환자를골라이들의의무기록을조사하여, 로타바이러스의경우와비교하였고검출된노로바이러스의유전형을분석하였다. 재료및방법 1. 대상 2008 년 5월부터 2009 년 2월까지순천향대학교천안병원소아청소년과에설사, 구토, 발열, 두통, 복통등의급성위장염증상으로입원한 433 명의소아들에서채취한대변에서노로바이러스와로타바이러스에대한검사를동시에수행하였다. 2. 검체의채취와이송및보관대상환자의입원후첫배변시대변을채취하여즉시이송하거나 -4 에보관후검사를시행하였다. 검사가장기간연기될경우는검체를 -70 에보관하였다가검사를실시하였다. 멸균된 0.1M PBS (phosphate buffered saline, Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO, USA) 9 ml에분변 1 g을희석시킨후 4 에서 3,000 rpm 으로 30분간원심분리하였다. 그후상층액을취하여검사에사용하였다. 3. 노로바이러스의검출노로바이러스는 semi-nested RT-PCR 법을이용하여검사하였다. 전처리된검체 150 μl 를 MagExtractor (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) 를이용하여제조사의사용방법안내서에따라 RNA를추출하였다. 추출된 RNA 는 Kojima 등에의해보고된노로바이러스에특이적인시발체가포함된 kit 를사용하였다 (8). Norovirus GI과 GII 는 1st Norovirus Detection kit (GI) (Cellgenomics) 과 1st Norovirus Detection kit (GII) (Cellgenomics, Seoul, Korea) 를이용하였다. 각 kit 에추출된 RNA 5 μl 를각각넣고 47 에서 40분간 cdna 를합성하고, 94 30초, 54 30초, 초의순으로 35 번반복하여 PCR 반응을수행하였다. 그후 1차 반응산물 2 μl 를취하여 semi-nested PCR 을실시하였다. PCR 산물은 1% 우무겔전기이동후 ethidium bromide (Bioneer, Daejeon, Korea) 로염색하여확인하였다. 4. 로타바이러스의검출로타바이러스의검사는 Viro-Capture TM Rotavirus kit (Bioincell, Huston, USA) 를이용하였다. 특이항체부착판에검체 100 μl 를첨가하여접합체 (conjugate) 를같이넣은후 37 에서 60분간반응하였다. 반응시킨판을세척액으로 4회세척하고, 기질을첨가하여실온에서 10 분간반응시킨후 ELISA Reader (Bio-Tek, Winooski, Vermont, USA) 로판독하였다. 5. 노로바이러스의유전형결정및계통분석노로바이러스양성검체의 PCR 산물은 QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) 를이용하여정제하였고, 정제된 DNA 와 1 pm의 sense primer 와 antisense primer 를사용하여염기서열을결정하였다. ABI PRISM Dye terminator (Applied Biosystem, Foster, CA, USA) 를사용하여 초, 50 5초, 60 4분동안 25 회반복하여염기서열결정반응을수행하고, 반응산물은 3 M sodium acetate (ph 5.8) 와 ethanol 로침전시킨후 ABI 3100 Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystem) 를이용하여염기서열을결정하였다. 분석된염기서열은 Lasergene (DANSTAR, Madison, WI, USA) 프로그램을이용하여교정을거친후 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI; 에서제공하는 Blast 를이용하여가장가까운원형주와비교하여유전자형을결정하였다. 그후 GII.4 의유전자형을갖는 18 분리주에대한염기서열은원형주와함께 Clustal X (European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany) 를이용하여다중정렬을수행하였다. 정렬된자료는 MEGA (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis, Tempe, AZ, USA) 프로그램을이용하여계통분석을실시하였다. 6. 의무기록고찰바이러스가분리된환아의의무기록을후향적으로고찰하였다. 즉대상환아의연령, 성별, 호흡기증상을포함한임상양상, 입원기간, 월별의뢰된검체의수와검체중바이러스의검출률, 검사실결과 [ 말초혈액내백혈구수, C-반응단백질, 혈청전해질, Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT)] 를분석하였다. 7. 통계처리자료분석을위한통계처리는 SPSS version 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하였고, 바이러스각군간의비교는 Independent samples t-test 와 Pearson chi-square test 를적용하였고 P값이 0.05 미만인경우를유의한것으로판정하였다.

3 DOI: /ic Infect Chemother 2010;42(3): 결과 1. 연구대상군의특징 총 433 명의급성장염증상을동반한입원환아중 128 명에서노로 바이러스나로타바이러스가검출되었다. 이중만성질환을동반한 2 명, 대변세균배양검사에서양성을보인 1명, 두바이러스에중복감염된 7명을제외한 118 명중에서노로바이러스는 69명, 로타바이러스는 49명에서검출되었다. 따라서총 433 명에서상기한 10 명을제외한 422 명중노로바이러스나로타바이러스의검출률은각각 16.4%, 11.6% 이었다. 상기한 118 명중노로바이러스검출군과로타바이러스검출군의남녀비는각각 1.3:1, 2.3:1 이었고, 입원당시평균연령은각각 14.4±7.8 개월, 16.4±18.4 개월이었는데, 3세이하에해당하는군이각각 67 명 Table 1. Comparison of Demographic and Clinical Features of Children Hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis Due to Norovirus with Rotavirus in Cheonan from May 2008 through February 2009 No. of patients Norovirus AGE Rotavirus AGE P Age (months; Mean±SD) 14.4±7.8 mon 16.4±18.4 mon Age range 1 mon-7 yr 1 mon-10 yr Patients' sex ratio (male/female) 1.3:1 2.3: No. of patients 3 yr old 67 (97.1%) 43 (87.7%) Mean hospitalization day±sd (range) 5.4±2.1 (1-11) 5.9 ±3.1 (1-16) AGE, acute gastroenteritis; No., number; SD, standard deviation; mon, month; yr, year Table 2. Comparison of Symptoms of Children Hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis due to Norovirus with Rotavirus in Cheonan from May 2008 through February 2009 No. of patients (%) Norovirus AGE Rotavirus AGE P Vomiting 55 (77.4%) 32 (65.3%) Diarrhea 52 (73.2%) 35 (71.4%) Respiratory symptoms 37 (53.6%) 16 (32.0%) Dehydration 30 (43.4%) 34 (69.3%) Fever 30 (43.4%) 17 (34.6%) Seizure 6 ( 8.6%) 1 ( 2.0%) AGE, acute gastroenteritis; No., number (97.1%), 43 명 (87.7%) 으로대부분 3세이하였다. 입원기간은각각 5.3± 2.1 일, 5.8±3.1 일로두군간유의한차이는없었다 (Table 1). 2. 임상증상노로바이러스감염의증상은구토 77.4% (55/69), 설사 73.2%, 호흡기증상 53.6% 의순이었고, 경련이 8.6% 에서있었다. 로타바이러스감염의증상은설사 71.4% (35/49), 탈수 69.3%, 구토 65.3% 의순으로나타났다 (Table 2). 위의증상중에구토, 설사, 발열만으로두바이러스군을비교하였을때발열이나설사없이구토만있었던경우는노로바이러스감염의경우 14.4%, 로타바이러스에서는 2.0% 이었다 (Fig. 1). 3. 검사소견입원시측정한실험실검사에서 C- 반응단백질 ( 정상참고치 mg/l) 은노로바이러스감염의경우 7.5±12.6 mg/l, 로타바이러스감염의경우 23.9±36.9 mg/l 로로타바이러스감염의경우의미있게높았다 (P=0.005). AST 와 ALT 는노로바이러스혹은로타바이러스감염환아에서각각 47±48 IU/L, 36±80 IU/L 그리고 56±82 IU/L, 49±117 IU/L 로노로바이러스감염의경우에낮았으나통계적유의성은없었다. 말초혈액검사에서백혈구수는노로바이러스감염에서 10,567.1± 4,410/mm 3, 로타바이러스감염에서 9,902±4,978/mm 3 으로유의한차이는없었다 (Table 3). 4. 월별검출바이러스분포노로바이러스의경우월별로검출된예의수는, 5월 2건, 6월 3건, 8 월 3건, 10 월 11 건, 11 월 23건, 12 월 25 건, 1월 1건, 2월 1건으로, 12 월이가장많았고 11 월그리고 10 월순이었다. 월별검출률도 12 월에 80.6% 로가장높고다음이 11 월로 52.2% 이었다. 로타바이러스의경우에는 5 월 3건, 6월 1건, 8월 6건, 9월 5건, 10 월 9건, 12 월 4건, 1월 11 건, 2월 10 건이검출되었고검출률은 1월이 44% 로가장높았고, 다음이 2월로 25.6% 로나타났다 (Fig. 2). 5. 노로바이러스의유전형분포검출된 69 례의노로바이러스를원형주 (reference strain) 와비교하여계통유전학적으로분석한결과 5종류의유전형 (genotype) 이유행 Diarrhea without fever Diarrhea with fever Vomiting without fever Vomiting with fever Vomiting, Diarrhea without fever Vomiting, Diarrhea with fever (%) (%) Norovirus Rotavirus Figure 1. Comparison of clinical features of children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis due to norovirus with rotavirus in Cheonan from May 2008 through February 2009.

4 146 JH Song Clinical Features of noroviral gastroenteritis and genotype of norovirus Table 3. Comparison of Laboratory Findings of Children Hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis due to Norovirus with Rotavirus in Cheonan from May 2008 through February 2009 Norovirus AGE No. Mean±SD Rotavirus AGE No. Mean±SD AST (IU/L) ± ± ALT (IU/L) ± ± CRP (mg/l) ± ± WBC (mm 3 ) 67 10,567± ,902±4, AGE, acute gastroenteritis; No., number of patients; AST, Aspartate transaminase; ALT, Alanine transaminase; WBC, white blood cell P Figure 2. Comparison of monthly detection rate of norovirus and rotavirus from children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Cheonan from May 2008 through February Table 4. Genotype Prevalance of Norovirus Strains isolated from Children hospitalized with Acute Gastroenteritis in Cheonan from May 2008 through February 2009 Genotype No. of Norovirus Incidence (%) GII GII GII GII GII Untypable Total 하고있음을알수있었다. 즉, 노로바이러스 GI그룹은발견되지않았고, 모두 GII 그룹에해당하는 GII.2, GII.3, GII.4 형 GII.7, GII.8 의 5종류가분리되었는데, 이들중 GII.4 형이 59례 (85.5%) 로거의대부분을차지하였다 (Table 4). 6. 노로바이러스 GII.4 의계통분석 GII.4 의분리주중 18 개주를선택하여 12 개의원형주와함께계통 분석을실시한결과 3개의클러스터를형성하였다. 클러스터 A의경우, SCH (SoonChunHyang) 과 SCH 11-7 분리주가이에속하였으며, 이와함께속하는원형주는 2002 년부터 2006 년에유럽과호주에서분리된것이었다. 클러스터 B의경우, 11 개의 SCH 분리주가속하였고, 이에속하는원형주는 2006 년도일본과유럽에서분리된것들이었다. 클러스터 C의경우기존의클러스터 A와클러스터 B에해당되지않는군이다. 이클러스터 C에해당되는원형주는찾을수없었다. 클러스터 Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis of SCH (SoonChunHyang) isolates and reference strains of Norovirus GII.4. Nucleotide sequences encoding the capsid were analyzed by the Neighbor-Joining methods and the trees were constructed using MEGA, version 4.0, software package. SCH strains are identified as SCH-month of isolation-the isolate number. The reference strains include for the comparison are: Lordsdale/1995/UK (X86557), Kobe034/2006/JP (AB291542), Farmington Hills/2002/USA (AY502203), Oxford/ B5S13/2002/UK (AY588018), Sydney532D/04O/AU (DQ078801), Brynhaven/2003/ UK (DQ676862), DenHaag54/2006/NL (EF126962), Yerseke38/2006/NL (EF126963), PA129R-/2004/IT (EU876865), PA15R-/2002/IT (EU876872), PA2/2005/IT (EU876877), PA173/2006/IT (FJ025876). C에모두다섯개의 SCH 분리주가해당되었는데흥미롭게도이들은연구기간의후반부인모두 10 월이후에분리된것이었다 (Fig. 3). 고찰 본연구에서노로바이러스의검출률은 16.4% (69/423) 이었다. 같은연구기간의로타바이러스검출률인 11.6% (49/423) 보다는높았다. 이결과는 2008 년 5월부터 2009 년 2월까지일개대학병원에입원하여급성위장관염증상을보인 433 명중만성질환을동반한 2명, 대변세균배양검사에서양성을보인 1명, 두바이러스에중복감염된 7명을제외한 423 명을분모로하여노로바이러스나로타바이러스만검출된례를산출한것이다. 본결과는노로바이러스의검출률이로타바이러스의것에비해낮다는국내보고 (9, 10) 와차이가있는데, 연구기간에 3 월, 4월의례가포함되지않았기때문일수있다. 노로바이러스가많이검출된때는 11 월과 12 월이었다. 로타바이러스는 1월과 2월에많이검출된것과비교된다 (Fig. 2). 이것은노로바이러스가통년성으로발생하지만주로겨울철에많았다는보고 (1, 4, 11) 와유사하였다. 그러나로타바이러스의경우는본연구에서 3월과 4월의경우가포함되지않아서로타바이러스는주로겨울과봄철에유행을보였다는국내외보고 (1, 3, 4, 10, 12) 와비교하기에는한계가있다.

5 DOI: /ic Infect Chemother 2010;42(3): 노로바이러스는 3세이하의소아에서검출된예가 97.1% 이었다. 이것은로타바이러스의경우의 87.7% 과별차이가없었는데 (P=0.16), 급성위장염이어린연령에서많이발생하는점이반영된것으로보인다 (Table 1). 노로바이러스급성위장염증상의특성은다음세가지로나타났다. 첫째로, 가장흔한증상은구토이었고 (Table 2), 둘째로, 이러한구토증상을설사, 발열의동반여부에따라네가지경우로세분하여로타바이러스의경우와비교하였을때 열이없이구토가발생한경우 는 14.4% 로로타바이러스의 2.0% 보다흔하였으며 (Fig. 1), 셋째로, 로타바이러스의경우와구토, 설사, 탈수, 발열, 경련, 호흡기증상의 6가지증상의빈도를비교하였을때 (Table 2) 탈수를제외하고는나머지 5가지증상의빈도에별차이가없었다. 탈수증상은노로바이러스가로타바이러스의경우에비해더드물게나타났다 (P=0.008) (Table 2). 이러한결과는노로바이러스의임상증상은로타바이러스의것과감별이어렵지만비교적경한경과를나타내었다는보고 (13-15) 와유사하다. 노로바이러스의검사소견은로타바이러스의경우와비교하였을때, 기존의연구 (9, 16-18) 는노로바이러스감염의경우로타바이러스에비해 AST, ALT, CRP 증가가더낮게나타났다고하였는데, 본연구에서는 AST 와 ALT 는서로간에별차이가없었고, 다만 CRP가노로바이러스에서 7.5±12.6 으로로타바이러스의 23.9±36.9 보다낮았음 (P=0.005) 을확인할수있었다. 본연구의노로바이러스양성 69건의유전형은모두 GII 군으로확인되었고또이들중대부분은 GII.4 형이 85.5% 를차지하였다. 이것은국내의여러지역은물론, 세계여러나라에서 GII.4 형이주로유행한다는보고 (19-21) 와맥락을같이하였다. 그리고기존의원형주를포함한 GII.4 를계통분석한결과, A-C 의세개의클러스터로구성되었다 (Fig. 3). 세개의클러스터중본연구의분리주는대부분클러스터 B와 C에속하였고, 기존의클러스터 A와 B에속하지않는 SCH 분리주 5개는새로운클러스터 C에포함되었다. 클러스터 B의 SCH 분리주는 5월에서 12 월사이에, 클러스터 C의 SCH 분리주는 10 월에서 12 월사이에분리되었다. 결론적으로 2008 년 5월부터 2009 년 2월까지천안지역에서급성위장염으로입원한소아에서노로바이러스감염의경우구토가가장흔한증상이었고, 탈수는로타바이러스감염에서보다드물었다. 연구기간중검출된노로바이러스는대부분 GII.4 의유전자형에해당되었음을알수있었다. References 1. Clark B, McKendrick M. A review of viral gastroenteritis. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2004;17: Cheng AC, McDonald JR, Thielman NM. Infectious diarrhea in developed and developing countries. J Clin Gastroenterol 2005;39: Parashar UD, Gibson CJ, Bresee JS, Glass RI. Rotavirus and severe childhood diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2006;12: Wilhelmi I, Roman E, Sánchez-Fauquier A. Virus causing gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2003;9: Im IJ, Lee MJ, Chung EH, Yu JS, Chang YP, Park WS, Park KS, Song NS, Baek KA, Cha YT. Etiology and clinical manifestation of acute gastroenteritis in children. Korean J Pediatr Infect Dis 2006;3: Hyser JM, Estes MK. Rotavirus vaccines and pathogenesis: Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2009;25: Chang JY. Updates on rotavirus vaccines. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;10 Suppl 1: Kojima S, Kageyama T, Fukushi S, Hoshino FB, Shinohara M, Uchida K, Natori K, Takeda N, Katayama K. Genogroupspecific PCR primers for detection of Norwalk-like viruses. J Virol Methods 2002;100: Chung JY, Huh K, Kim SW, Shin BM, Han TH, Lee JI, Song MO. Molecular epidemiology of human astrovirus infection in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006;9: Koh H, Baek SY, Shin JI, Chung KS, Jee YM. Coinfection of viral agents in Korean children with acute watery diarrhea. J Korean Med Sci 2008;23: Patel MM, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Noroviruses: a comprehensive review. J Clin Virol 2009;44: Bass DM. Rotavirus and other agents of viral gastroenteritis. In: Berman RE, Kliegman RM, Jenson HB, eds. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 17th ed. Philadelphia; WB Saunders Co; 2004; Ma SH. Acute infectious diarrhea in pediatric patients. Korean J Pediatr 2005;48: Thornton AC, Jennings-Conklin KS, McCormick MI. Noroviruses: agents in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Disaster Manag Response2004;2: Chung JY. Acute viral gastroenteritis: recent trends and updates. Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;10 Suppl 1: Hong GS, Jeon HU, Choi WK, Namgoong MK, Kim JS. A study of relation between serum aminotransferase elevation and clinical symptoms from human rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1995;38: Kim HS, Jang MW, Kim CH, Lee HH, Yoo HJ. Clinical study of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the last 2 years. Korean J Pediatr 2005;48: Park TJ, Choi ES. The relation of serum transaminase concentration and dehydration in human rotavirus gastroenteritis. J Korean Pediatr Soc 1990;33: Hansman GS, Katayama K, Maneekarn N, Peerakome S,

6 148 JH Song Clinical Features of noroviral gastroenteritis and genotype of norovirus Khamrin P, Tonusin S, Okitsu S, Nishio O, Takeda N, Ushijima H. Genetic diversity of norovirus and sapovirus in hospitalized infants with sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis in Chiang Mai, Thailand. J Clin Microbiol 2004;42: Dey SK, Nguyen TA, Phan TG, Nishio O, Salim AF, Rahman M, Yagyu F, Okitsu S, Ushijima H. Molecular and epidemiological trend of norovirus associated gastroenteritis in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J Clin Virol 2007;40: Wu FT, Oka T, Katayama K, Wu HS, Jiang DS, Miyamura T, Takeda N, Hansman GS. Genetic diversity of noroviruses in Taiwan between November 2004 and March Arch Virol 2006;151:

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