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1 Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 30, No. 5, pp , October 2015 by The Korean Society of Safety (pissn , eissn ) All right reserved. 사출성형기의고장모드영향분석 (FMEA) 을활용한위험우선순위 신운철 채종민 * 한국산업안전보건공단산업안전보건연구원 * 삼성디스플레이환경안전팀 ( 접수 / 수정 / 채택 ) Risk Priority Number using FMEA by the Plastic Moulding Machine Woonchul Shin Jongmin Chae * Department of Safety Research, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA * Department of Envirment & Safety, Samsung Display (Received January 29, 2015 / Revised September 2, 2015 / Accepted September 8, 2015) Abstract : Plastic injection moulding machine is widely used for many industrial field. It is classified into mandatory safety certification machinery in Industrial Safety and Health Act because of its high hazard. In order to prevent industrial accidents by plastic injection moulding machine, it is necessary for designer to identify hazardous factors and assess the failure modes to mitigate them. This study tabulates the failure modes of main parts of plastic injection moulding machine and how their failure has affect on the machine being considered. Failure Mode & Effect Analysis(FMEA) method has been used to assess the hazard on plastic injection moulding machine. Risk and risk priority number(rpn) has been calculated in order to estimate the hazard of failures using severity, probability and detection. Accidents caused by plastic injection moulding machine is compared with the RPN which was estimated by main regions such as injection, clamping, hydraulic and system s to find out the most dangerous region. As the results, the order of RPN is injection, clamping, hydraulic and system s. Barrel is the most dangerous part in the plastic injection moulding machine. Key Words : FMEA, plastic injection moulding machine, risk priority number, severity, probability, detection. 1. 서론 사출성형기는열 ( 熱 ) 가소성의플라스틱원료를가열용융시킨후노즐을통하여높은압력으로금형안에밀어넣어원하는형상으로성형하는기계를말한다. 사출성형기는휴대전화기, 장난감, 각종전자제품등다양한제품생산에폭넓게사용되고있는기계중하나이지만금형의개폐동작중에신체일부의끼임, 고온부접촉에의한화상, 통전부위접촉에따른감전등재해발생의위험이높은기계이다. 이러한위험성때문에산업안전보건법에서는사출성형기를안전인증대상으로지정하여관리하고있다. 최근산업용기계류에대한제품의내구성과안전성을요구하는소비자의요구가증대됨에따라신뢰성개념을도입한제품의설계및위험성평가가보편화되고있는추세이다. 이러한추세를반영하여신뢰성과안전성을높이기 위하여많은분야에서고장모드영향분석 (Failure Mode & Effect Analysis : FMEA) 을반영한위험성평가를실시하고있다. FMEA 는시스템의설계단계에서잠재적인위험요인을도출하여그발생원인과고장모드가시스템의성능에미치는영향을체계적으로분석하는기법으로서다양한분야에폭넓게적용할수있다. 강명석등 1) 은한국형핵융합설비에이기법을적용하여위험성을평가하였고, Levent Kurt 등 2) 은터키의유가공제품생산공정의안전성향상을위하여이기법을적용하였으며, Kadir Cicek 등 3) 은이기법을이용하여선박의엔진크랭크실에대한폭발위험성에대한평가를실시하였다. 또한, 심규형등 4) 은사출성형기과유사한타워크레인에대해이기법을적용하였다. 국내의사출성형기제조회사에서도이러한추세를반영하여설계 제조단계에서 FMEA 를이용한위험성평가를시도해왔었다. 하지만, 국내의사출성형기제조회사를대상으로 AS 데이터에기반하여위험성을 Corresponding Author : Woonchul Shin, Tel : , s88119@kosha.net Department of Safety Research, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, KOSHA, 400, Jongga-ro Jung-gu, Ulsan 44429, Korea 108
2 사출성형기의고장모드영향분석 (FMEA) 을활용한위험우선순위 분석한연구는수행된적이없었다. 사출성형기는금형을개폐하는형체부, 성형재료를가소 ( 용융 ) 화하는사출부, 제어를위한시스템제어부, 성형구동을위한유압부, 프레임 (Frame) 부로구분할수있고각부분은다시수많은기계및전기 전자부품으로구성된다. FMEA 을이용하여복잡한기계시스템의위험성성을평가, 예측하기위해서는 1 차적으로는기존의데이터베이스를활용할수있지만자료가없는부품들은신뢰성시험이나현장의고장이력데이터등을이용하여고장률을예측 5) 하여야한다. 하지만, 국내제조업체의경우사출성형기제조에사용되는사출실린더, 가열실린더, 스크루회전장치, 형체실린더등주요부품은물론위치감지센서, 유압밸브, 온도센서등에관한고장률자료를보유하고있지않은실정이다. 이연구에서는국내의사출성형기제조업체로부터수집한고장 / 수리데이터 714 건의자료를바탕으로사출성형기에고장이발생한경우그것이사출성형기의성능및안전성에미치는영향을 FMEA 를활용하여분석하고자한다. 이를바탕으로사출성형기의제조 설계단계에서신뢰성및안전성을향상시키기위해많은관심을기울여야할부위가어느곳인지에대한정보를설계자에게제공하고자한다. 2. 고장모드영향분석 FMEA 은기계또는시스템의잠재적인고장모드또는위험요인을파악하여그에따라초래되는영향을정성적으로분석하는체계적방법이다. 이방법은시스템에영향을미치는전체요소의고장을형태별로분석하여시스템또는서브시스템이가동중에기기나부품의고장에의해서재해나사고를일으킬위험이있는가를해석함으로써위험도가높은부분에조치를취하도록하기때문에위험성분석기법으로널리사용되고있다. FMEA 는 1950 년대미국육군에서군사장비의기능이상에의해초래되는문제점을연구하기위하여개발된정성적신뢰성해석방법이다 6). 이후 1970 년대에우주항공, 자동차제조분야에적용되기시작했으며, 오늘날에는기계및전기 전자부품의설계 제조분야까지적용되고있다. FMEA 에서는고장모드의발생빈도 (Occurrence) 인가능성, 고장이초래하는피해의심각도 (Severity) 인중대성, 검출도 (Detection) 를등급별로구분하여점수를부여한후위험우선순위 (Risk Priority Number ; RPN) 를 Fig. 1. Analysis flowchart of FMEA. 도출하게된다. 이렇게도출된 RPN 값에따라위험성의수준을판단하게된다. FMEA 는크게고장모드선정, 고장원인분석, 고장영향평가및각고장모드별중요도계산의 4 단계 7) 로구분할수있다. 기계설비에있어서일반적으로시스템 (system) 은요구되는기능을충족시키기위해몇개의서브시스템 (sub-system) 의조합으로구성되고, 또이 sub-system 은다시조립품 (assembly), 부품 (part) 의조합으로구성된다. 이연구에서는사출성형기를주요한 5 개의부위 () 로구분한후각부위별로주요부품군에대하여분석을실시하였다. FMEA 의실행순서는 Fig. 1 과같다. 3. 고장모드영향분석의적용및평가 사출성형기는주요부인형체부 (Clamping ), 사출부 (Injection ), 시스템부, 유압장치등의서브시스템으로구분하고, 이서브시스템은각각의조립품, 서브어셈블리 (Sub-assembly), 부품으로구분할수있다. 즉, 사출성형기는온도, 압력등을감시하는각종센서, 유압밸브, 압력계, 전기부품등수많은부품이연계되어 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 5 호, 2015 년 109
3 신운철 채종민 Table 2. Classification of failure modes Fig. 2. Semi-auto operating cycle of machine. 요구되는기능을충족시키고있으며분석대상인사출성형기의작동흐름도는 Fig. 2 와같다. 이연구에서는고장모드영향분석에서일반적으로많이이용되는 EN 60812:2006 8) 에제시된방법을이용하였다. 이연구에서는사출성형기의고장빈도에대한정량적분석을위하여국내사출성형기제조업체를방문하여 2011 년도에발생한유압식사출성형기 170 톤급의고장수리자료 714 건을수집하였고, 이를 Table 1 과같이 5 개의서브시스템과 26 개의주요부품군으로분류하여분석을실시하였으며, 인적요소는사고시의상황이나요소가다변하고, 다양하기때문에이연구에서는인적오류에대해서는고려하지않았다. 26 개의부품군으로분류한후에는사출성형기제조사업장에서수집한고장수리자료를분석하여고장모드를기계적고장, 전기적고장, 재료및구조적불량등 16 개의모드로 Table 2 와같이구분하였다. 분석과정에서시스템의위험성을정량적으로표현하고점검및보수에대한중요성과우선순위를부여 Table 1. Sub-systems and main part of plastic injection moulding machine Sub-sys. Main parts Sub-sys. Main parts Injection System Hydraulic Safety device, Safety guard, Nozzle, Screw, Screw driver, Barrel, Injection cylinder, Nozzle touch cylinder Operator system, Controller Servo motor, Hydraulic hose, Oil tank, Hydraulic pump, Hydraulic parts, including valves Frame Clamping Frame Safety cover, Stationary-platen, Moving platen, Tie bar, Mold adjustment part, Toggle link, Safety device, Clamp cylinder, Ejector cylinder Mechanic Electric Material Mechanical fracture Elimination Degradation Stuck on Malfunction Assembly trouble Leak Adjustment fail High noise Poor insulation Electric disorder Output error Software error Material defect Fatigue Poor Structure 하기위하여 RPN 부여하였다. 이를위해서각각의부품군에대하여제조업체로부터수집한고장발생자료에근거하여부품군별고장발생가능성과중대성에의한위험성 (Risk) 를평가한후, 검출도를고려한 RPN 값을계산하였다. 가능성, 중대성, 검출도는각각독립된변수로서통상 1 부터 10 까지의단계로분류하여사용하지만, 결과에영향을크게미치지않는다면분석대상의특성을감안하여등급의정도를변경하여사용할수있다. 이연구에서는각범주를다섯등급으로분류하여각등급별로점수를부여하였다. 중대성은고장이기계시스템에미치는최종영향의정도를등급별로분류하여정량화시킨것으로서할당된점수가높으면 Table 3 과같이시스템에미치는영향이크다는것을의미한다. Table 3. Severity of failure modes Severity Criteria Very High : Item/system is inoperable and loss of primary function High : Item/system is operable but at a reduced level of performance. Loss of some control functions and/or data acquisition. Low : Item/system is operable but a reduced level of performance Minor : Item/system is functional & performing but there 2 is(are) loss(es) of some cosmetic function(s). 1 No effect : item/system is fully functional. 가능성은해당고장이발생할빈도를의미한다. 이연구에서는사출성형기제조업체에서직접수집한고장수리자료를바탕으로자료의최대치를감안하여고장발생횟수가 35 회이상인경우 5 등급, 25 회이상 35 회미만인경우는 4 등급, 15 회이상 25 회미만인경우 3 등급, 5 회이상이상 15 회미만은 2 등급, 5 회미만은 1 등급으로 Table 4 와같이구분하였다. 110 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 5, 2015
4 사출성형기의고장모드영향분석 (FMEA) 을활용한위험우선순위 Table 4. Probability of occurrence at failure modes Proba-bility Criteria Failures 5 Very High: Failures must be addressed High: Failures cause frequent downtime Moderate: Failures cause some downtime Low: Failures cause very little downtime Remote: Downtime due to failure is unlikely more than 35 cases over than 25 less than 35 cases over 15 than less than 25 cases over 5 than less than 15 cases less than 5 cases Table 5. Evaluation criteria of detection at failure modes Detection Criteria Very High Uncertainty :There is no design control or the design control will not/or cannot detect a root cause/ mechanism & subsequent failure mode. High Uncertainty : There is only a remote chance that the design control will detect a root cause/mechanism & subsequent failure mode. Low Uncertainty : There is a good chance that the design control will detect a root cause/mechanism & subsequent failure mode. Very Low Uncertainty : The design control will almost always detect a root cause/mechanism & subsequent failure mode. No Uncertainty : The design control will always detect a root cause/mechanism & subsequent failure mode. 검출도는고장이발생하기전그원인을발견할수있는가능성의정도를의미하는것 9) 으로검출가능성이낮은경우에높은등급을부여하고검출이쉬운경우에는낮은등급을 Table 5 와같이부여하였다 위험성 (Risk) 평가 고장모드영향분석을이용한위험성평가에서는고장모드의가능성과그영향을고려한분석기법이사용되기도한다. 위험성평가에서는고장발생이시스템에미치는영향에주안점을두고분석하게되는데계산의편리를위하여행렬을사용하기도한다. 이를리스크행렬 (Risk matrix) 이라고한다. 위험성은고장모드의발생빈도와그고장이시스템에미치는영향을평가하는것으로 (1) 식과같이계산하며, 그분류기준은 Table 6 과같다. 위험성 = 가능성 중대성 (1) 리스크의수용 (acceptability) 여부는주관적판단에의해서이루어지는경우가많지만, 대부분의경우전문 Table 6. Risk matrix P. S Ne Ne To To Un 2 Ne To Un Un In 3 To Un Un In In 4 To Un In In In 5 Un In In In In P : Probability, S : Severity, Ne :Negligible, To : Tolerable, Un : Undesirable, In : Intolerable 가의경험과경제적측면을고려하여해당리스크를수용할것인지를결정하게된다. 한정된시간과경제적여건을고려한다면가능성이낮고, 중대성이낮은사건에대해서는큰문제가되지않는다. 반면가능성은낮지만그에따라초래되는피해의크기가심각한경우, 또는가능성이높고피해의규모도큰경우는이를예방하기위해많은관심을기울여야할것이다 10). 기계시스템의안전성은이러한유형의재해또는고장의발생을구별해내고이를예방하기위해최대한노력함으로써확보할수있다. 사출성형기의개별부품의경우해당부품에서발생할수있는여러가지의고장모드를고려하여각각의고장모드가발생할가능성과중대성을곱하여얻은각각의중요도를합산하여산출하였고, 그산출결과가 Table 7 과같이나타났다. 고장이많이발생하는부위를순서별로나타내면 System 222 건, Injection 190 건, Clamping 160 건, Hydraulic 140 건, Frame 2 건의순이었고, 고장이가장많이발생하는부품은 Fig. 3 에서사출성형기의조작에사용되는터치판넬로서전체고장의약 22.6% 를점유하는것으로나타났다. Table 7. Criticality of machine parts Failure part Failure mode Probability (No.) Severity Risk Detection RPN Injection (190) Barrel (38) Mechanical fracture Malfunction Leak Degradation Material defect Electric disorder Assembly trouble Adjustment fail Elimination 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 5 호, 2015 년 111
5 신운철 채종민 Nozzle (11) Nozzle touch cylinder (52) Injection Cylinder (48) Screw (12) Screw driver (25) Safety guard (3) Safety device (1) 5 5 System (222) Control box (61) Touch panel (161) Hydraulic (140) Valve etc. (50) Servo MTR (5) 5 5 Oil Tank (16) Hydraulic Motor (26) Hydraulic Pump (35) Hydraulic hose (8) 9 24 Frame (2) 8 14 Frame (2) 8 14 Clamping (160) Fixed die platen (6) Safety cover (5) Safety device (24) Ejector cylinder (36) Moving die platen (18) Tie bar (9) Toggle link (19) Clamping cylinder (36) Mold adjuster (7) Fig. 3. Number of failure by major parts. 반면, 위험성은평가결과터치판넬, 바렐, 사출실린더등의순서로 Fig. 4 와같이나타났다 위험우선순위평가 사출성형기의주요부품별위험우선순위는 (1) 식에검출도를곱하여 (2) 식과같이계산하였다. 검출도는부품에고장이발생하여시스템또는근로자에게영향을미치기전에발견함으로써필요한조치를취할수있는가능성의정도로서검출이어려울수록높은점수를부여하였다. RPN = 위험성 검출도 (2) 위험우선순위는값이클수록해당부품의고장으로인해사출성형기에안전성또는근로자에게미치는영향이증가한다는것을의미하며, 각부품에대하여산출된 RPN 값은 Fig. 5 와같이나타났다. 일반적으로유사하게적용되는파레토의원리를적용하면위험우선순위가높은상위 20% 에해당하는부품은바렐, 터치판넬, 사출실린더, 노즐터치실린더, 유압밸브류로나타나고있어신뢰성이높은부품을선정하여설치하고, 작업중많은주의를기울여야한다 재해발생부위분석 2008 년부터 2012 년까지근로복지공단에접수된산재요양신청서및산업재해조사자료에의하면사출성형기에의해발생된재해는총 917 건으로나타났으며이를재해발생부위별로분류하여분석하였다. 그결과재해가가장많이발생하는부위는형체부로 Table 8 과같이나타났다. 이는 FMEA 분석에따라사출성형기의부위별 RPN 값을합산하였을때사출부의값이 Table 6 과같이가장크게나타난것과대조된다. 이는바렐, 노즐터치실린더, 스큐로회전장치등사출부의주요부품군이고온환경에노출된상태에서가동되기때문에고장이빈번하게발생하고이에따라 RPN Fig. 4. List of risk. Fig. 5. RPN of FMEA. 112 Journal of the KOSOS, Vol. 30, No. 5, 2015
6 사출성형기의고장모드영향분석 (FMEA) 을활용한위험우선순위 Table 8. Accident analysis from 2008 to 2012 Total Total Clamping Injection Hydraulic System Not classified Fig. 6. Comparison of RPN and accidents. 값이높게나타나는것이라판단된다. 4. 결론 이연구는사출성형기에의한재해를예방하기위하여위험성평가기법의하나인 FMEA 를이용하여분석을실시하였으며 RPN 을도출한결과는다음과같다. 첫째, 사출성형기의위험우선순위는사출부가 380 으로서위험순위가 322 로나타난형체부에비하여높게나타났다. 이는사출과정에서여러부품이고열상황에서빈번한동작에의해사출되기때문으로고열에대한고장율감소를위한성능향상의신뢰성있는설계가필요하다. 둘째, 사출성형기에서 RPN 값이가장큰부품은바렐로나타났다. 이는고온의히터를사용, 용융물취급및잦은왕복운동에따른기능저하등이근본원인으로작용하기때문이다. 또한, 고장이가장많이발생하는부품군은터치판넬로나타났다. 이는터치판넬의내부에는많은전자부품및소프트웨어를사용하기때문에사출성형기구동에따른진동발생, 시스템의불안정등이고장발생의근본원인으로작용하기때문이다. 셋째, 재해발생부위별통계자료와비교한결과재해분석결과위험성이가장높은부위는형체부, 사출부, 유압부, 시스템부순으로나타났으나 RPN 값에근거하였을때위험성이높은부위는사출부, 형체부, 유압부, 시스템부, 프레임부의순으로나타났다. 넷째, 재해예방측면에서본다면재해가가장많이발생하고, RPN 값도높게나타난형체부의위험요소에대하여더많은주의를기울일필요가있다. References 1) M. -s. Kang et al., Design Failure Mode and Effect Anaylsis for Korean Fusion DEMO Plant, Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 87, pp , ) L. Kurt et al., Failure Mode and Effect Analysis for Dairy Product Manufacturing: Practical Safety Improvement Action Plan with Cases from Turkey, Safety Science, Vol. 55, pp , ) K. Cicek et al., Application of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis to Main Engine Crankcase Explosion Failure On-board Ship, Safety Science, Vol. 51, pp. 6-10, ) K. -h. Shim and D. -h. Rie, A Quantitative Risk Analysis of Related to Tower Crane using the Fmea, Journal of the Korean Society of Safety, Vol.25, No.6, pp , ) B. -s. Kim et al., Reliability Assessment of Machine Tools using Failure Mode Analysis Programs, Transactions of the Korean Society of Machine Tool Engineers Vol. 14 No. 1, pp , ) 7) R. Ahmad et al., Failure Analysis of Machinery Component by Considering External Factors and Multiple Failure Modes - A Case Study in the Processing Industry-, Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 25, pp , ) BS EN 60812:2006 Analysis Techniques for System Reliability - Procedure for Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), ) H. Arabian-Hosynnabadi et al., Failure Modes and Effects Analysis(FMEA) for Wind Turbines, Electric Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 32, pp , ) D. H. Kim et al., Failure Mode and Effect Analysis on the Temporary Electric Power Installations, Journal of Industrial Science and Technology Institute, Vol.18 No.1, pp , 한국안전학회지, 제 30 권제 5 호, 2015 년 113
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