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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 19, No. 10 pp , ISSN / eissn 다중집광성 UV-LED 경화형코팅의경화특성에관한연구 정찬권 1, 김범수 2, 박대희 3* 1 원광대학교 ICT 융합그린에너지연구원, 2 송백이엔에스, 3 원광대학교정보통신공학과 A study on the curing characteristics of multi-concentrating UV-LED Curable Coating Chan-Gwon Jung 1, Beom-Su Kim 2, Dae-Hee Park 3* 1 ICT Fusion Green Energy Research Institute, Wonkwang University 2 CEO, SongBaek E&S Corporation 3 Department of Information Communication, Wonkwang University 요약본논문은기존의단일파장의 UV(Ultraviolet: 자외선 )-LED(Light-Emitting Diode) 경화형코팅방법과달리 UV 파장에서동작되는 LED를중첩한다중집광성 UV-LED 경화형코팅의경화특성에대해연구하였다. 각각 365nm, 395nm, 420nm, 450nm 단일파장의 UV-LED 광원을선정하여광원의광속, 지향각등광특성을분석하였으며, 또한 UV-LED 광원의파장별경화특성에대해분석을통하여복합파장에대한 LED를최적화를진행하였다. 다파장 UV 광원이중첩되었을경우경화성능상태를전산모의실험을통해예측하였으며실제설계및제작을하였다. 내부고속경화도향상을위해각각의 LED를집광시켜동일한위치에서다파장이합성, 집광되는 multi-spot 방식모듈을제작하여파장조합조건을달리하여경화제의접착력및표면, 내부경화도를실험하였다. 경도계와 FT-IR 분석장비를이용하여표면경화와내부경화상태를비교분석하였다. 그결과, 단일파장보다 UV-LED 4파장을중첩한 multi-spot 방식이표면및내부경화도의특성이높아짐을확인할수있었다. Abstract We investigated the curing properties of cured coatings for a multi-focal UV-LED. The coatings are for LEDs that operate at multiple UV wavelengths, unlike conventional single-wavelength UV-LEDs. Using UV-LED light sources with wavelengths of 365, 395, 420, and 450 nm, we analyzed the optical characteristics such as the direction of light flux and light source. We also analyzed the curing characteristics at each UV-LED wavelength to optimize the LED for composite wavelengths. The curing performance state was predicted through computer simulation for when the multiple wavelengths of UV light sources are superimposed, and then actual LEDs were designed and fabricated. To improve the internal high-speed curing, a multi-spot module was fabricated, in which each LED is condensed, and multiple wavelengths are synthesized and condensed at the same position. The adhesive strength, surface hardness, and internal hardness of the curing agent were tested by varying the wavelength combination conditions. The surface hardening and internal hardening were compared and analyzed using a hardness tester and FT-IR analyzer. As a result, the characteristics of the surface and internal hardness were improved by a multi-spot method in which four wavelengths were overlapped in a UV-LED rather than a single wavelength. Keywords : UV-LED, curing, multi-spot, adhesive strength, hardness 본논문은 2017학년도원광대학교교내지원에의해서수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Dae-Hee Park(Wonkwang Univ.) Tel: parkdh@wku.ac.kr Received July 20, 2018 Revised (1st August 21, 2018, 2nd August 27, 2018) Accepted October 5, 2018 Published October 31,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 10 호, 서론현재산업체에서주로사용되는 UV 경화방법은제품을보호하거나특성을향상시키기위해 UV 코팅및인쇄를하는방식으로기존방식의문제점인표면강도의단점을보완하기위해연구가시작되었다 [1-2]. 코팅이나인쇄후잉크를건조하는데는코팅액이나잉크에섞여있는용제를열로건조하는방법인열건조방법이수백년간사용되어왔다. 그러나기존의열건조방법으로는소비자가원하는경도나광택을얻기어렵고, 생산성이높은제품을생산하는데한계가있다. 이를해결하기위해 UV 경화형잉크나수지로코팅한후 UV로경화하는새로운방법이독일, 이태리에서부터연구개발되었다. UV를이용하여인쇄하거나코팅하는공법으로개발된제품은표면경도, 표면광택, 전기절연성등에서기존의열건조제품에비해특성이더우수하고, 특히생산성은수배 수십배로높아지고제품의부가가치도 [%] 향상되었다 [3-4]. 현재 [nm] 의파장영역을사용하는중압수은램프, 고압수은램프, 메탈할라이드램프등이주로자외선경화코팅에주로이용되고있으며, 이러한 UV 램프에는몇가지문제점들이있다. 첫째, 광원에서방출되는동안 UV 램프는열과오존이발생하기때문에열에민감한기재의코팅에는적용이제한되고, 발생된열과오존을방출하기위해 UV 경화기에는반드시냉각장치와배출구를설치해야한다. 두번째는높은소비전력을필요로한다는것이다. 그리고마지막으로수은과같은중금속을사용하기때문에환경친화적이지못하다. 이러한 UV 램프의단점들로인해최근에는자외선영역인파장에서방출되는 UV-LED에대한관심이높아지고있다. UV-LED는 UV 램프의단점으로지적되었던발열문제를완화시킴으로서활용범위가넓고최대의효율을제공하는시스템으로주목받고있다. 과도한열방출로인해기존 UV 램프의경우에는경화제품의변형및작업환경의위험방지를위해서반드시냉각시스템이필요하지만, UV-LED의경우에는발광방향에서는열이전혀발생되지않기때문에냉각시스템의추가구성이필요없으므로경화장치가매우소형화되고효율적이며, UV-LED는단일파장광원으로구성되기때문에기존의 UV 램프에비해자외선에의한위험성이매우적고환경친화적인광원이다. 또한소비전력이상대적 으로작기때문에산업전반에에너지절감효과도매우크다 [5-6]. 현재개발되어응용되고있는 UV-LED는 365[nm], 395[nm] 그리고 405[nm] 의단일파장영역으로기존 UV 램프에비해장파장영역의광이방출된다. 이러한장파장영역의방출은박막의투명코팅보다오히려후막경화및접착제분야에응용이더효과적이다 [7-17]. 따라서본연구에서는단일파장대인 UV-LED의표면및후막경화의단점을보완하고자 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 파장의 UV-LED를이용한복합파장방식의구조를만들어경화도의표면및내부경화도의특성강도를연구하였다. 2. 본론 2.1 UV-LED 모듈특성평가 LED를전산모사하는경우는제품의사양서에제시된광속또는광도값과스펙트럼파장, 그리고지향각데이터를입력하여제품을설계할수있다. 또한샘플 LED 제품을직접측정하여원하는데이터를추출한후, 이것을기본으로광학특성을입력하는방식이있다. 본논문에서는후자의방식을적용하여연구를진행하였으며, LED 패키지의광학적특성을파악하기위하여 OL770(OPTRONIC LABORATORIES 社 ) 과 OPI-100 ( 광전자정밀社 ) 을사용하여 LED 패키지의광학적특성을측정하였다. Fig. 1. Design of Package fig. 1은 LTCC형세라믹패키지형태및모식도이다. 340
3 다중집광성 UV-LED 경화형코팅의경화특성에관한연구 Fig. 2. Manufactured UV-LED module Table 1. Properties of Electrical and Optical for packages 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] No Type[nm] Source[mA] Vf [V] Wp [nm] Wd [nm] Fw [nm] Wc [nm] φc [mw] Fig. 3. Electrical and optical characteristics of UV-LED modules fig. 2는경화도향상을위해 blue chip(genesis Photonics 社 ) 과높은집적도및수직적층능력 LTCC(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) 형세라믹패키지를이용하여 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] UV-LED 모듈을제작한장파장대패키지이다. LTCC 패키지를적용한 UV-LED 소자의전류에따른 Intensity, 지향각및전기적특성을측정하였다. fig. 3은 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 단일파장 UV-LED 광원을선정하여광원의광속, 지향각을특성을측정하였고표 1과같은특성을얻었다. 분석을바탕으로 UV-LED를광학설계프로그램으로 3D 모델링하여동일한 UV-LED 특성을갖도록구현하고, UV-LED 파장별경화특성및최적파장에대한 LED 배치의최적화를진행하였으며, 정격 500[mA] 를인가했을때 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 에서 300[mW] 이상의광효율을얻었다. 2.2 Multi-spot UV-LED 모듈구조설계 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 4 개의 UV-LED chip을적용하여 Spot system을이용하여동일한 Wavelength/Distance에서한지점에집광되도록하였으며, 각도는미세조절이가능하게 Tilting system 으로 fig. 4와 fig. 5에서와같이 3D 시뮬레이션 Tool을이용하여힌지구조물을설계하였다. 4개의파장을가지는 UV-LED 중 395nm와 420nm를제외하고는각각다른패키지형태이므로패키지의높이및사이즈등을고려하여회전체 Body 결합부의기구적치수를독립적으로설계하여적용하였다. Multi-spot 모듈설계를위해 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 다파장 UV 광원이중첩되었을경우에대해경화성능상태를미리예측하고실제제작하기위해광학설계프로그램인 CODE-V을이용하여사전 3D 모델링을진행하였다. Fig. 4. The detail design of unit module 3D structure Fig. 5. The materialization of multi-wavelength each multi-spot module 341
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 10 호, 2018 Fig. 6. Simulation of Multi-spot 3D module 3.3 Multi spot 광조사 3개의단일파장 UV-LED를모듈화하여경화제에노광하였을때의특성을확인하였다. 표 2와같은조건하에서 A, B, C, D 4가지의복합파장을조사하였고, 실험하였다. 샘플은장파장부터각각 3초씩총 6초간노광을하여경화를진행시켰으며, 경화도특성은 fig. 9와같이 multi-spot 장비를사용하여측정하였다. Table 2. Samples of UV-LED multi-wavelength 3. 실험방법및결과 3.1 Slide glass cleaning 본실험에앞서 5 5[cm] 사이즈의 Slide glass를먼저사용하였다. Glass의두께는 0.5[mm] 이며, Glass 표면세정은 IPA(isopropyl alcohol) 와증류수를사용하였고, 각각 1분간 2회를순차적으로진행하였다. IPA는 glass 표면의유기물과 particle을제거하기위해진행하였다. 그리고마지막으로 N2 Gun을이용하여건조를하였다. No. A B C D Condition 365[nm]+395[nm]+420[nm] 365[nm]+395[nm]+450[nm] 365[nm]+420[nm]+450[nm] 365[nm]+395[nm]+420[nm]+450[nm] 3.2 아크릴계경화제코팅코팅방식은주로 Spray coating과 Spin coating, Bbar coating법이쓰이는데, 균일한코팅을위해서 Bar coating방식을이용하였다. 본실험에서는동일한두께의광경화성코팅도막을얻기위하여 Slide glass 주변부에 plastic tape를이용하여 0.1[mm] 의두께틀을형성하였다. 또한경화제 ( 록타이트 3103) 코팅의 Uniformity를위해 Bar printer를이용하여 5[mm/sec] 속도로 Bar밀링을진행하였다. fig. 7 은코팅과정을나타낸모식도이다. Fig. 8. Light source irradiation using multi-spot equipment Glass substrate fixing Curing agent coating Fig. 9. Graph of curing measurement by A, B, C, D UV-LED Curing Fig. 7. Process of UV-Curing coating Sample production fig. 에서와같이조건 A는경도 0.078이며, 표면경화와 metal bar 접착성평가는 450nm정도의밀림현상을보였다. 조건 B 경도는 0.084이며, 표면경화와접착성평가는 450[nm] 정도의동일한밀림현상을보였다. 조건 C 경도는 0.088정도이며, 표면경화와접착성평가는조건 A, B와달리밀리지않은현상을보였다. 조건 D의 342
5 다중집광성 UV-LED 경화형코팅의경화특성에관한연구 경도는 0.092이며, 조건 C와동일한표면경화특성을보였으며, 내부접착성에도밀리지않는현상을보였다. 조건 D 의 4 파장노광시가장높은경도를보였다. 3.4 FT-IR 측정분석 fig. 10과 fig. 11은 UV-LED 3개파장을복합파장으로조사하여경화제를노광하였을때조건 A, B, C와 UV-LED 4개파장조건 D에대한 FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) 분석결과이다. Fig. 10. The result of FT-IR for Multi-wavelength (a) Multi-wavelength A and B (b) Multi-wavelength C and D (a) (b) fig. 10 에서조건 A 와 B 의 FT-IR 분석결과, 파수 (wavenumber) 810 에서 (CH2=CH) peak로부터알수있는것은표면결합보다내부결합의결합형성이우수함을확인할수있으며표면결합은결합수치가상대적으로낮은것으로볼수있으며, 조건 C의파수에따른 peak에서 CH2=CH결합은높은수치를보이고있다. 내부결합에서는조건 A, B와같이높은 peak를보여주고있는반면에표면경화에서강한 peak를보이고있다. 이는경화도측정에서알수있듯이표면경화와내부경화의결합이 A, B보다우수하게형성되었음을확인하였다. 3파장복합파장에서는조건 C가내부, 표면결합에있어서높은 peak수치를통해 A, B보다우수함을알수있다. 조건 D는에너지투과로인해표면결합수치가높지만, 파수 1460[cm] (CH3-) 높은 peak로인해내부결합이형성되었다고판단된다. 하지만, 경도측정의결과에 서알수있듯이내부결합경화에는 peak 수치가낮게측정되었다. 이는 365nm, 395nm 파장의표면결합과 420nm, 450nm의에너지가강한파장대가내부결합에우수한경화특성을나타낼수있다. 실험을통해 365[nm]+395[nm]+420[nm] 일때는경도는 0.078이고 365[nm]+395[nm]+450[nm] 의경우경도는 0.084을보였다. 위조건하에서 FT-IR 측정시파수 810 에서 peak의 CH2=CH결합은표면결합보다내부결합에결합형성이좋은 peak 값을보였다. 하지만표면결합결합수치가상대적으로낮은것으로확인하였다. 365[nm]+420[nm]+450[nm] 에대한경도가 0.088일때, 파수 810 에서 peak의 CH2=CH 결합은높은수치를보이고있고, 경화도특성에비교하여표면경화와내부경화의결합이형성되어우수한경화특성을확인하였다. 365[nm]+395[nm]+420[nm]+450[nm] 의경우에서는에너지투과로인해표면결합수치가높지만, 내부경화 CH3-band 1460 결합의 Peak도높게측정되었다. 이는 365[nm], 395[nm] 파장에서표면결합과에너지가강한 420[nm], 450[nm] 의파장에서내부결합에우수한경화특성영향을준다는것을알수있었다. 4. 결론본연구는기존의단일파장의 UV-LED광원을이용한경화방법과달리복합파장의 UV-LED 방식에대한경화특성에대해설계및제작하였다. 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 의단일파장의광원이경화제에미치는영향을경도및 FT-IR로확인한결과단일파장일때는경도 0.084, 0.080, 0.087, 0.092로표면경화로인하여내부경화가이루어지지않아내부접착성에단점을확인되었는데, 이러한단점을보안하고자복합파장광원을선택하였고, 복합파장모듈을제작하였으며각 UV-LED의광학적, 전기적특성을측정분석하여 300[mW] 의 LED를모듈화하였다. 또한 4개의광원을동시에집중시킬수있도록설계및제작을하여 365[nm], 395[nm], 420[nm], 450[nm] 파장을삼중복합, 사중복합조건으로실험하였다. 그결과, 단일파장보다 UV-LED 4파장을중첩한 343
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 19 권제 10 호, 2018 multi-spot 방식이표면및내부경화도의특성이높아짐을확인할수있었다. References [1] J. D. Cho, S. T. Hanb, J. W. Hong, A novel in situ relative-conductivity-based technique for monitoring the cure process of UV-curable polymers. Polymer Testing, vol. 26, pp , [2] J. D. Cho, J. W. Hong, Photo-curing kinetics for the UV-initiated cationic polymerization of a cycloaliphatic diepoxide system photosensitized by thioxanthone, European polymer journal, vol. 41, pp , [3] J. Feng, L. Zhu, C. Lu, S.Teng, M. W. young, C.G. Gogos, A new fluidized bed coating process via photo-initiated cationic polymerization, Polymer Engineering and Science, vol. 49, pp , [4] J. k. Sheu, S. j. Chang, C. H. Kuo, Y. K. Su, L. w. Wu, Y. C. Lin, W. C. Lai, j. M. Tsai, G. C. Chi, and R. K. Wu, White-light emission from near UV InGaN-GaN LED chip precoated with blue/green/red phosphors. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, vol. 15, pp , [5] Y. D. Huh, J. H. Shin, Y. H. Kim, and Y. R. Do, White light-emitting diodes of GaN-based Sr2SiO4:Eu and the luminescent properties, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 82, pp , [6] Y. D. Huh, J. H. Shin, Y. H. Kim, and Y. R. Do, Optical Properties of Three-Band White Light Emitting Diodes, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 150, pp , [7] B. S. Kim, D. H. Park, The study of polymer hardened characteristic using the UV-LED multiplex concentrate lighting method, Wonkwang University Master's thesis, [8] E. fred schubert, Light Emitting Diodes, Cambridge University Press, [9] C. L. Tseng, M. J. Youh, G. P. Moore, and M. A. Hopkins, Mechanism for the increased light transmission through Ni/Au/ZnO contacts on p-gan for high power optoelectronic devices, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 83, pp. 3677, [10] K. H. Huang, J. G. Yu, C. P. Kuo, R. M. Fletcher, T. D. Osentowski, L. J. Stison, and M. G. Craford, Twofold efficiency improvement in high performance AlGaInP light emitting diodes in the nm spectral region using a thick GaP window layer, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 61. pp. 1045, [11] H. Sugawara, M. Ishikawa, and G. Hatakoshi, Highefficiency InGaAlP/GaAs visible light emitting diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 58, pp. 1010, [12] Q. D. zhuang, Molecular beam epitaxy(mbe) growth of nitride semiconductors, Woodhead publish, [13] Sina Ebnesajjad, Handbook of Adhesives and Surface Preparation: Technology, Applications and Manufacturing, Elsevier, [14] H. Coyard, P. Deligny, N. Tuck, Resins for Surface Coatings Volume 1 2nd edition, J. Wiley, [15] J. Segurola, N. Allen, M. Edge, I. Roberts, Photochemistry and Photoinduced Chemical Crosslinking Activity of Acrylated Prepolymers by Several Commercial Type Far UV Photoinitiators", Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 65, pp , [16] J. V. Crivello & K. Dietliker, Photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic & Anionic Photopolymerization", J. Wiley, [17] Norman S. Allen, Photoinitiators for UV and Visible Curing of Coatings: Mechanisms and Properties, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, vol. 100, pp , 정찬권 (Chan-Gwon Jung) [ 정회원 ] 1998년 2월 : 원광대학교전자공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 2005년 8월 : 원광대학교전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 2007년 9월 ~ 2017년 12월 : 대한상공회의소전북인력개발원교사 2018년 2월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교 ICT융합그린에너지연구원연구교수 < 관심분야 > 정보통신, LED조명, 전기 / 전자, 임베디드 김범수 (Beom-Su Kim) [ 정회원 ] 1997년 2월 : 군장대학교 ( 기계설계과학사 ) 2015년 2월 : 원광대학교경영대학 ( 경영학과학사 ) 2017년 2월 : 원광대학교정보통신공학 ( 정보통신공학석사 ) 2009년 10월 ~ 2011년 7월 : 주식회사누리대표이사 2009년 7월 ~ 2016년 10월 : 송백E&S대표 2016년 11월 ~ 현재 : 주식회사송백이엔에스대표이사 < 관심분야 > 정보경영, 정보통신, LED 조명, 전기 / 전자 344
7 다중집광성 UV-LED 경화형코팅의경화특성에관한연구 박대희 (Dae-Hee Park) [ 정회원 ] 1983 년 8 월 : 한양대학교전기공학과 ( 공학석사 ) 1989 년 8 월 : 오사카대학교전기전자공학과 ( 공학박사 ) 1991 년 9 월 ~ 현재 : 원광대학교정보통신공학과교수 < 관심분야 > 정보통신, 전기 / 전자, 전기전자재료, 광원기술, LED 조명 345
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