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1 Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society Vol. 18, No. 11 pp , ISSN / eissn 철도차량배선절감방안및효과분석에관한연구 이강미 *, 김성진한국철도기술연구원지능형제어통신연구팀 A study on the wire reduction design and effect analysis for the train vehicle line Kangmi Lee *, Seong Jin Kim Control & Communication Research Team, Metropolitan Transportation Research Center, Korea Railroad Research Institute 요약철도는대규모승객수송과운행서비스를제공하는공공교통수단으로시스템의신뢰성과안전성의확보가최우선적으로요구된다. 철도차량의배선은제어신호선과통신선으로분류되며, 제어신호선은차량주행및안전기능과관련된입출력신호를, 통신은방송등승객서비스에대한입출력신호에사용되고있다. 철도차량신뢰성확보방안중한가지방법으로차량내전장장치간제어신호의입출력인터페이스로 train line을적용됨에따라, 제어회로구성을위하여릴레이, 컨택터등의전기기계식소자가다수적용되어있다. 실제로편성내차량제어논리가수천접점으로구성됨에따라접점불량등고장시오류확인이어렵고, 실시간상태확인이불가능함에따라정기적인유지보수에많은인력과시간이투입되어야만한다. 본논문에서는국내철도차량내주행및안전기능과관련된전장품의제어기간제어신호선설계현황 ( 종류, 복잡도 ) 을분석하고, 설계를단순화하여제작양산성과유지보수효율성을향상시키기위한 3가지제어배선절감방안을제안하였다. 적용결과국내 4량 1편성의전동차에적용시, 약 35% 이상의배선절감효과를확인하였다. Abstract The railway is a public transportation system that provides large-scale passenger transportation and service, whose reliability and safety is the top priority. The wiring of railway vehicles is classified into train control lines (train lines) and communication lines. The train lines are used for input / output signals related to vehicle driving and safety functions, and the communication lines are used for the input / output signals for passenger services such as broadcasting. In order to measure the reliability of railway vehicles, a train line is applied to the input / output interface of the control signals between the electric control devices in the vehicle, and there are many electromechanical devices such as relays and contactors for the control logic. In fact, since the vehicle control circuit is composed of several thousand contacts, it is difficult to check for errors such as contact failure, and it is impossible to check the real-time status, so a lot of manpower and time is required for regular maintenance. Therefore, we analyze the current state of the train line design of the electric equipment used for driving and services in domestic railway cars and propose three wiring reduction methods to improve it. Based on the analysis of domestic electric vehicles, it was confirmed that the wiring reduction effect is 35% or more. Keywords : Railway vehicle, Train line, TCN(Train communication Network), Logic circuit, maintenance 1. 서론철도는대규모승객수송과운행서비스를제공하는공공교통수단으로시스템의신뢰성과안전성의확보가 본논문은국토교통과학기술진흥원철도차량배선절감효과분석및성능평가연구과제로수행되었음. * Corresponding Author : Kangmi Lee(Korea Railroad Research Institute) Tel: kmlee246@krri.re.kr Received September 28, 2017 Revised (1st October 26, 2017, 2nd November 2, 2017) Accepted November 3, 2017 Published November 30,
2 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 11 호, 2017 최우선적으로요구된다. 철도차량시스템은 25년운행이후정밀점검을통하여추가운영여부를판단하게되는데 25년의차량시스템수명을확보하기위하여신뢰성있는설계개발과체계적인유지보수가시스템수명을확보하는필수요인이라할수있다 [1]. 철도차량은주행장치, 동력장치, 차체, 부속장치, 제동장치, 제어장치등으로구성되면, 각장치는제어신호선과다양한통신방식으로인터페이스된다. 차량내배선은설치및운영 / 유지보수에인력과시간이다수소요된다. 실제로도시철도차량의경우편성중 Mc car의경우, 열차운행제어를위한 2500~3000접점내외로구성된제어신호선의접점상태, 장치동작상태등확인을위하여일상, 월상, 분기, 연간유지보수수행한다.[2] 본논문에서는 2장에서국내철도차량의배선현황 ( 종류, 기능 ) 을기술하고, 3장에서철도차량의제어신호선에대하여배선현황분석및배선절감방안도출하고 4장결론으로배선절감의기대효과에대하여기술한다. 2. 철도차량배선현황분석 2.1 철도차량배선종류및기능국내의경우, 2000년중반이후열차종합제어장치의로직제어회로를통하여일부전기회로를전자화하여복잡도를낮추었지만, 운전실의경우, Fig 1과같이 P/B(Powering/Breaking), CAM S/W 등의조작시운전데스크에서배전반, 배전반에서해당전장품까지즉, 차량내부제어회로를구성하기위한복잡한전기회로가현재까지구성되어운영되고있다. 이는전장품개량필요시, 구성된전기회로를변경하기위하여해당차량의운행중단이필수불가결하고복잡한전기회로개보수에따른인적오류에대한위험원이존재하는등차량유지보수에어려움이있다. Fig. 1. Train Control flow * 제어정보 : 견인 / 제동제어 (C/I, SIV, ECU), 차량운행제어 (lights, doors, heating) * 진단정보 : 장비추진 / 제동 / 운행서비스를제공하기위하여, 차량제어신호 (DIO, AIO), 통신선으로제어회로를구성하여고장, 유지보수정보등관련된운전명령을수행 * 승객편의정보 : 다음역정보, 연계, 불편요인, 좌석예약등국외의경우, 철도차량의온보드시스템의 HW 전자화, 플랫폼화, 통신화를통한통합제어및전장시스템 I/O 감시 진단을적용하고있다. Mors Smitt 社 (Wabtec company) 의 IRP는릴레이 panel과소프트로직프로그램을위한 FPGA를결합함으로철도차량내에서전기제어가필요한여러가지의제어모듈을동시에구현할수있는기술제시하고있으며, Siemens 社는콜롬비아의 Metro Medellin, 벨기에의 Belgian Train 등에냉난방공조설비및도어 / 전조등제어관련부분을자체로직회로로구현하고있다. Leroy 社는바로셀로나메트로에제동감시를위한감시모듈을 RTE로구성하여활용되고있다. 즉, 기존의릴레이, contactor 등의전기소자를적용한제어회로에서프로세서및입출력카드를적용한제어기로개발적용되고있다. 따라서기존 DC100V 제어신호선을활용한접접제어에서철도차량통신 (TCN, Train Communication Network) 을중심으로차량운행제어 / 감시가수행되고있다. * 국외철도차량개발방향 : 전자통신기술적제어기전자화, 통신화, 모듈화, 표준화, 상호호환성 -적용기술 : TCN(IEC 61375, Train Communication Network) I/F, Graphic base SW -관련규격 : 관련 IEC 준용, 품질인증강화 (IRIS), 안전보증활동 (RAMS) Fig 2는현재철도차량내배선현황이고, Fig.3 는차량내제어회로의전자화및통신인터페이스기술개발을통하여발전하게될철도차량내인터페이스이다. 즉, 차량내운전실, 제어배전반을전자화하고, 차량간점퍼케이블을무선화하며, 이제어기간을 TCN 단일네트워크로연결함에따라차량전장시스템에대한실시간모니터링이가능하여운영측면에서유지보수효율을향상시킬수있으며, 신뢰성데이터확보를통한차량의가용도를향상시킬수있다. 712
3 철도차량배선절감방안및효과분석에관한연구 차량의주행및비상신호전송시적용된다. 주로주행명령입력, 주행 / 제동장치입출력, 차량의안전루프구성을위하여적용된다. Fig. 2. Wire type between vehicle controller<as is> Train communication line 차량내통신방식은 Table 1과같이프로젝트, 운영사, 제작사, 차종및동일차량내에서도장치별도상이하여다양한프로토콜이혼재되어사용되고있다 [2]. Table 1. Current states of domestic train network Fig. 3. Wire type between vehicle controller<to Be> 국토교통부주관으로국내에서도철도차량의전기신호의전자화와 IEC 철도차량단일네트워크기술적용을위한연구가진행중에있다.[3] Fig.4는국내운행중인전동차를대상으로차량제어인터페이스에대한개요도를작성한것이다. 차량은추진 / 제동등주행과방송 / 냉난방등의승객서비스를제공하기위하여 DC100V 제어신호선 (Train line or Train control line), 통신선 (Train communication line), 아날로그선, 전원선으로구성되어있다. Type Speed project SPC 1Kbps, Multi-drop bus Korail (Ansan/Bundang line SL-NET 2Mbps, Ring loop token ring SMRT line 7 2th GEC 38.4Kbps, Multi-drop bus SMRT line 7 1th FIP 1Mbps, Multi-drop bus Busan line 2 Incheon line 1 LON Works 1.5Mbps, Multi-drop bus Daegu line 2 Gwangju/Daegeon metro Tonard 1Mbps, Ring loop token ring KTX1 MVB 1.5Mbps, Multi-drop bus Incheon line2, KTX II CAN, LONWORK, S-L NET, FIP, DINBUS, MVB, TORNADO 등다양한네트워크통신망을구성하여열차를제어하고그상태를모니터링하고있다. 최근 CCTV 등동영상등대용량정보를고속으로전송하기위한 Ethernet 망을구성하고있다. Table 2. TCN Standard description Fig. 4. Wire type between vehicle controller Number IEC part 1 IEC part 2-1 IEC part 2-2 IEC part 2-3 IEC part 2-4 IEC part 2-5 IEC part 2-6 IEC part 2-7 IEC part 2-8 IEC part 3-1 IEC part 3-2 IEC part 3-3 IEC part 3-4 Description TCN General Architecture WTB(Wire Train Bus) WTB conformance Test communication profile Application profile ETB Ethernet Train Backbone On-board to Ground Comm. Wireless Train Backbone ETB conformance Test Multipurpose Vehicle Bus MVB Conformance Test CCN(CANopen Consist Network) ECN(Ethernet Consist Network) Train control line Train control line 은주로 DC 100V 제어신호선으로 Table 2와같이 TCN은 IEC TC9 WG 43에서철도차량운영사와제작사, 네트워트전문회사로구성된전 713
4 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 11 호, 2017 문가그룹이네트워크의안전성과신뢰성향상을위한대용량, 고속그리고네트워크확장성을위한규격을활발하게제정되고있다. 국내 KTX 차량도입과함께유럽의철도차량네트워크 (TCN, Train Communication Network) 에대한국내기술개발이시작되었다. 국내에서는 KTX를기점으로개발된차량에는 MVB, WTB 방식의 TCN이적용되고있다. 최근표시기, 안내기, CCTV 과같은인포테인먼트장치의요구가증가하고함에따라이더넷기반의차량통합네트워크즉, IEC , 3-4이적용연구가수행되고있다. 즉, 철도제어용네트워트적용을위해서는산업용이더넛이지원하지못하는실시간보장을위한 TRDP(Train Realtime Discovery Protocol) 및 TTDP 등의라이브러리가연구진행중에있다 [6]. Train line은주행 / 제동신호입력과주행 / 제동실행을위한 DC 100V 제어신호선으로분석결과는 Fig5와같이각차량의 GDB( 제어배전반 ), DESK, LTJB( 저압연결 ) 에배선이집중되는것을확인하였다. 3장에서는제어배선이가장집중된 GDB를대상으로배선의 IN/OUT 을현황을분석하여현재배전반설계의개선점을도출하고, 4장에서는도출된배선절감방안을 GDB에적용후예상되는배선 IN/OUT를설계하여그효과를분석하였다. 2.2 국내전동차 Train line 분석결과국내전동차 4량 1편성을대상으로제어선을분석하였다. 4량 1편성의경우, Tc CAR 2대, M CAR 2대로구성되었다. 일반전동차의장치구성은 Table 3과같이차량 type에따라상이하다. Fig. 5. Tc1/Tc2 CAR Wire distribution Table 3. Vehicle configuration Main component vehicle type Tc1 Tc2 M1 M2 ATP ANTENNA JUNCTION BOX WATER TANK ODOMETER JUNCTION BOX TWC, CTS/M ANTENNA JUNCTION BOX LOW TENSION JUNCTION BOX SIV SUPPLY RACK MODULE HIGH TENSION EARTH BOX BOU MODULE PRESSURE SWITCH MODULE BATTERY CONTROL BOX BATTERY BOX WITH BATTERY AIR RESERVOIR (50L) ANTI SKID VALVE SPEED SENSOR JUNCTION BOX ADAPTER BOX RERAILER MOUNTING BED MDS BOX FILTER REACTOR LB BOX VVVF INVERTER BOX DVRe BOX EXTENSION SUPPLY CONTACTOR BOX PANTO CONTROL MODULE 3. 차량배선현황분석및배선절감방안철도차량의배선은차종별, 제작사별로상이하다. 따라서본논문에서는국내에서운영중인도시철도전동차의 GDB( 제어배전반 ) 를대상으로배선현황을분석하고설계보완점을도출하고자한다. 본논문에서는기존설계개선을위한엔지니어링관점에서기존회로부하와무관한범위에서분석을수행하였다. 분석대상은도시철도 2호선차량 GDB로, 릴레이, 컨택터, 스위치등으로구성되어, 운전실제어신호가 GDB를통하여각장치로분배된다. 분석결과첫째, 입출력배선의중복설계이다. Fig. 6은도시철도차량의 Tc차량 GDB이고, Fig. 7은 GDB의 ACMK, ACMGR 릴레이결선도, Table 4는입출력분석예이다. 릴레이 ACMK 의접점 D285_TB5, D285_Dd08_A는 D283_ACMK-14 또는 D283_Dd07_C이 Active이고 D284_TB5이 Active 일때동작한다. 따라서, ACMK 동작과관련된중복접점인 D281A는 ACMK릴레이입력접점으로사용되고 ACMGR 릴레이의출력에사용된 714
5 철도차량배선절감방안및효과분석에관한연구 다. 이와같은접점중복사용시에도배선을중복설치함에따라차량내에배선을증가시키는원인이된다. 이와같은설계는 Fig.8와같이 ACMK 릴레이의동작시퀀스를 PLC 로직화하여배선절감이가능하다. Fig. 8. Logic diagram for ACMK relay 분석결과둘째, TC, M1, M2 CAR 차량의 GDB내 Ground 및 Power 배선의별도사용이다. Fig.9의사례를볼때, 릴레이 ADLpR, RDLpR, DOR1의 (COM)DC100V과출력신호의 (IN)DC100V, (IN)AC380V는공유하여사용가능하다. Fig. 6. TC car GDB(General Distributed board) 1) connetor 2) terminal block 3) MCB 4) socket outlet 5) control relay 6) time relay 7) cam sw 8) select sw Fig. 9. Wiring Analysis of the GDB in TC car 단, 출력신호의용량이내사용가능하며, 개발후별도의검증을수행하여야한다. 전원 (IN)DC100V의용량이 1kW라고가정하면출력도전원용량이내사용가능하다. Fig 7. Wiring Analysis of the GDB in TC car Table 4. Relay IN/OUT Analysis in TC car GDB Relay ACM K ACM GR Input Input COM 1634 Output (A) D283 D285 (ACMK- (ACMLP- (Dd08-A) 14) X2) 1634 D283 D283 (ACMGR- (ACMK- (Dd07-C) A2) A1) D284 (TB5) 1634 D281A (ACMK- (ACMK-1) A2) Output (B) Output Output VCC Other (C) D281A D285 (ACMGR-14) (TB5) D282 (Dd06-C) D281 (Dd09-A) 1634 (TB5) 1) Input : relay (+) input, 2) Input COM : relay (-) input, 3) Output (A) : A contact relay output, 4) Output (B) : B contact relay output, 5) Output (C) : C contact relay output, 6) 7) Output VCC : relay output power 8) Other : relay output over two Fig. 10. Design for common input Signal 분석결과셋째, Fig.10과같이, 등구류와같이일부접점은차량 1편성내접접이병렬배선으로설계된다. 예를들면 ADLPCS 접점은철도차량내등구류에관련 715
6 한국산학기술학회논문지제 18 권제 11 호, 2017 된접점으로, 동일편성내각차량의제어신호선이연결되어동작하기위하여, 각차량의 GDB ADLPCS 접점과병렬연결된다. 10량 1편성도시철도차량의경우, 20m가차량이 10량이 1편성이되므로, 1100m( ) 이상이된다. 이와같은설계를 Fig. 10과같이네트워크로연결하게되면, 배선의길이는 200m로 1/5 절감이된다. 즉, TC CAR의입력배선중 M1 CAR 또는 M2 CAR에서도동일하게사용되는배선은공통으로설계하여, 기존에 DC100V 제어신호선으로각차량에연결된 Train line은차량 TCN을통하여제어기의 DI로각차량에입력되어동작된다. 본논문에서는운행중인도시철도차량을대상으로배선설계를분석하여제작양산성과운영유지보수향상을위한배선절감설계방안을 3가지도출하였다. 이와같은방법은앞에서도기술하였지만, 부하에영향이없고, 출력신호의용량이내사용가능하며, 개발후별도의검증을수행하여야한다. -배선절감방안 1 : 입력신호공통설계 -배선절감방안 2 : 전원, Ground 공통설계 -배선절감방안 3 : 차량내입출력간중첩배선공통설계 4 배선절감적용결과 4.1 배선절감적용결과기존배전반릴레이사용시각 Input마다 Input COM 단자가필요하나, 로직회로를사용할경우공통 Input COM 1개의배선으로처리가능하고 ( 배선절감방안1,2), 16채널의 DI 카드를사용할경우 Input COM을 16개마다 1개씩사용하게되어배선을절감이가능하다.( 배선절감방안3). 3장의배선절감방안을도시철도전동차 2 호선의 4량 1편성차량의 GDB에적용할때, 배선절감전 470개배선이절감후에는 304개로약 35% 가절감됨을확인하였다 [3]. 4.2 차량회로설계로직화기존철도차량제어회로를전자화하기위하여, 본연구에서는 IEC 기반의 PLC를적용하였다. Fig 11 와같이기존차량설계를분석하여, 이를 LD(Ladder diagram) 를활용하였고, 이를 ST program으로변환하여 제어기로직을구성하였다. 현재배선절감을위한제어기를개발중에있으며, 이는대상장비에대한시스템요구사항서를바탕으로하드웨어및소프트웨어가설계되고검증될계획이다. 다만, 철도차량에서는철도차량기술기준에의하여, 차량내안전관련제어기는 IEC62278, IEC62425,IEC 62279에근거한안전보증활등을의무화하고있어설계부터검증에이르는전수명단계에이를적용할계획이다. [wire diagram] [LD Diagram] [ST program] Fig. 11. Design for control logic 본논문에서는 4. 결론 철도차량의추진 / 제동등주행과방송 / 냉난방등의승객서비스를제공하기위하여기기구성및인터페이스시스템 ( 배선 ) 에대한분석을수행하고, 설계보완사항을제안하였다. 또한, 설계보완사항을실체국내운행중인 4량 1편성차량의인터페이스 ( 배선 ) 설계에반영하여 35% 이상의배선절감효과를분석하였다. 철도차량의로직화는운영측면에서제어신호의실시간모니터링이가능하고, 차량의제어시퀀스변경시부품이나회로변경없이로직변경만으로수정이가능하여운영 / 유지보수가향상될수있고, 제작특면에서차량의경량화, 공간축소, 제작양산성향상되는장점이있다. 본논문의결과를기반으로도시철도차량내제어배전반의전자화 ( 스마트배전반 ) 개발에대한추가적인연구가수행될예정이다. References [1] I. S. Chung el, The Study on the Demonstration Test of Quantitative Reliability Requirements for Rolling Stocks 716
7 철도차량배선절감방안및효과분석에관한연구, vol. 11, no. 3, pp , the korean society for railway, [2] S. J. KIM el, Train vehicle wireless Interface & SW Logic control R&D Plan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, [3] K. M. LEE el, Train vehicle wireless Interface & Wire Reduction R&D, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport, 이강미 (Kangmi Lee) [ 정회원 ] 2005 년 2 월 : 충북대학교전자공학회 ( 공학석사 ) 2016 년 8 월 : 아주대학교기계공학과 ( 공학박사수료 ) 2005 년 8 월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원선임연구원 < 관심분야 > 철도차량전장품, 철도차량동력학 김성진 (Seong Jin Kim) [ 정회원 ] 2003년 2월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 전기및전자공학과석사 ) 2011년 8월 : 한국과학기술원전기및전자공학과 ( 전기및전자공학과박사 ) 2011년 9월 ~ 2013년 3월 : 포항산업과학연구원선임연구원 2013년 4월 ~ 현재 : 한국철도기술연구원선임연구원 < 관심분야 > 열차위치검지, 로봇제어, 칼만필터 717
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