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1 Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 41~46, 009. The Effect of Particle Size on Rheological Properties of Highly Concentrated Ag Nanosol Hae-Chon Song*, **, Sahn Nham**, Byong-Seok Lee*, Youngmin Choi*, and Beyong-Hwan Ryu* *Device Material Research Center, Advanced Material Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon , Korea **Department of Materials Engineering, Korea University, Seoul , Korea (Received October 4, 008; Revised November 4, 008; Accepted December, 008) š Ag ù j» ƒ j e w w *, **Áû **Á *Á *Á y* *w yw l **š w œw ( ; ; ) ABSTRACT The rheological properties of highly concentrated Ag nano sol depending on particle size were studied. The Ag nano sol was prepared by reducing the Ag ion in aqueous solution. The size of Ag nano particle was controlled by two steps of nucleation and growth, and the thickness of adsorption layer was varied by molecular weight of polyelectrolytes. The polyelectrolytes acted as not only ionic complex agent in ionic state and but also dispersant after formation of Ag nano sol. The effective volume was controlled by combination of varying the molecular weight of polyelectrolytes and the size Ag nano sol. The particle size and the viscosity of nano sol were characterized by particle size analyzer, HR-TEM and cone & plate viscometer. It was found that the 10 nm and 40 nmsized Ag nano sols were prepared by controlling the nucleation and growth steps, respectively. Finally, we could prepare highly concentrated Ag nano sol over 50 wt%. Key words : Ag, Nano sol, Polyelectrolytes, Ink, Ink-jetting 1. j q w v q» w 3 t x z» w š ù jƒ v w. ù w w ƒ ƒ š, yw w» y y j» y š, š 1) y» y j w, ƒ œe ). 3) y œ wš, y,,, ph j» ƒ w j» sƒ ³ w w w š. 4-6) s w w ³ w j» ù x w ƒ š š, ethylene glycol polyvinyl Corresponding author : Beyong-Hwan Ryu bhryu@krict.re.kr Tel : Fax : pyrrolidone (PVP) y ƒw z, y w ù. 7) j v q w» w j ƒ v w. j j ù, w», š w, ƒ w š ù sww g» w. g j ƒ œ ù qk w x w š e wš ³ w x w w û. wr, š g» w. g, x, ù w, w w yƒ v w. 8) šƒ e w y e y yw w š ù wš j» p wš w. j» Ag w w w, j»ƒ yw z 41

2 송해천 남 산 이병석 최영민 류병환 4 입자간 상호작용이 변화하여 결국 은 나노 졸의 점성거 동에 큰 영향을 주게 된다. 잉크젯팅을 위해서는 노즐에서 은 나노 졸이 분사되어 야 하기 때문에 졸의 유변거동 혹은 점성거동은 매우 중 요하다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 점성이 낮은 잉크젯용 고 농도 은 나노 졸을 합성하기 위하여 (1) 졸의 입자크기가 고농도 은 나노 졸의 점성에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하며, 더욱 입자크기에 따른 () 은 나노 졸의 최저점성을 갖기 위해 고분자전해질의 최적의 양 [R= 음이온 (COO ) / 은 이온 (Ag )의 몰비율], 그리고 (3) 이 때 고분자전해 질의 분자량 (Mw)의 변화가 은 나노 졸의 점성거동에 미 치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 한다. + Amount of Adsorbed Polyelectrolyte (Mw = 15,000) on Silver Nano Particles 10 nm particle 40 nm particle R=(COO /Ag+) (mg/m) (mg/m) Table 1. 리고 점도는 cone & plate 점도계 Germany)로 측정하였다. (VT550-HAAKE,. 실험 방법 3. 실험 결과 고농도 은(Ag) 나노 졸은 수계 액상환원법에 의해 합성 하였다. 즉 필요양의 은염과 고분자 전해질을 차 증류수 에 용해시키고 교반하면서, 상온에서 환원제를 주입하여 은 나노 졸을 합성하였다. 출발물질로는 AgNO (시약급; 99+%, Aldrich)를 사용하고 고분자전해질은 poly(acrylic acid, sodium salt) 45 wt% [CH CH(CO Na)]n, 환원제는 hydrazine (시약급; H NNH H O, Aldrich)을 사용하였다. 여기에서 환원제의 양을 변화함에 따라서 seed를 생성하 고 입자를 성장시켰다. 시료의 분석을 위하여 합성종료 후 차 증류수를 이용 하여 5000 ppm이 되게 희석하였다. 이를 XRD (GraphiteMonochromator가 부착된 Rigaku D/MAX-00V Diffractometer)로 시료의 상(phase)을 확인하였고, 입도분석기 (ELS-800, Otsuka, Japan)를 이용하여 은 입자의 크기 및 입도분포를 측정하였다. 합성된 졸의 은 입자의 형태관찰 은 HR-TEM (EM-91, Carl Zeiss, Germany), 성균관대학 교의 HR-TEM(JEM-3011, JEOL, Japan)을 이용하였다. 그 은 나노 졸의 입자크기 제어 고농도 은 나노 졸의 점성거동을 유효체적 제어를 통하 여 제어하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 은 나노 입자크기 제 어는 핵생성과 성장의 단계로 제어하였고, 분산 안정성 제 공을 위한 흡착층의 두께는 고분자 전해질의 분자량으로 변화하였다. 구체적인 입자의 생성방법은 다음과 같이, 은 염 수용액에 고분자전해질을 첨가하여 고분자전해질과 금 속염의 착체를 형성한 후 환원제를 투입하여 식 (1)과 같 이 환원된 은 나노입자를 합성한다. 이때 환원제의 양을 제어를 통하여 핵생성(nucleation) 단계와 입자성장(growth) 의 단계를 제어하여 은 나노 입자크기가 10 nm, 40 nm인 은나노 졸을 합성하였다. 입자크기 변화, 즉 코어입자의 크기제어를 통하여 유효체적(ϕ ) 크기를 제어하고자 한 다. 단, ϕ는 졸의 농도, δ는 고분자흡착층의 두께, a는 입자의 반경이다. 3 Fig. 1. 한국세라믹학회지 3.1. eff 9) Ag +R(COO ) +1/N H +OH Ag +1/N +H O + n 0 TEM image of Ag nano sol. (a) 10 nm and (b) 40 nm. 4 (1)

3 š Ag ù j» ƒ j e w 43 Fig.. Result of size and distribution of Ag nano sol. (a) 10 nm, (b) 40 nm. Fig. 3. XRD patterns of Ag nano sol. (a) 10 nm and (b) 40 nm. ϕ eff =ϕ(1 +δ/a) 3 () š w w 50 wt% ù w wš j» y w HRTEM s ƒƒ Figs. 1, ùkü, ù j»ƒ 10 nm, 40 nm w w. w j» q wš Fig. 3 XRD ql y w, j»ƒ j vj ƒ j ùkù xkƒ wù j w. 3.. y (R y) ù j»ƒ 10 nm 40 nm ù w v w e w wš, ù w š w Fig. 4. Viscosities of Ag nano sol vs. R[COO /Ag + ] at 10 nm. (R = [COO /Ag + ]) y k 50 wt% ù r. Fig wt% ù j»ƒ 10 nm R y y š w y w w. ù w w š w yw. š w ù w w x w w z ù t w (COO ) n w t» d x w ù» w. x š w ƒ yƒ ƒ 50 wt% 10 nm j» ù p e w w w. š w ƒ ù. ù š w ƒ ƒw t œw ù û š, R ƒ 0.07 ƒ û ùkü. ù y ƒ w, œw v w ƒ R = 0.07 w. ù R ƒw R=0.1 ù., ù w w, ù ù t š û ƒ( ù ü ) free polymer wš w y ƒw ƒw š q. Fig wt% ù j»ƒ 40 nm y š w y w w. š w x ƒ R=0 ù ƒw w. š w 46«1y(009)

4 44 w Áû Á Á Á y Fig. 5. Viscosities of Ag nano sol vs. R[COO /Ag + ] at 40 nm. Fig. 6. Viscosities of Ag nano sol vs. R[COO /Ag + ], where, shear rate = 1/s. y gƒ w wš d w, š w R = 0.05 ù ƒ ƒ û. ù š w R = 0.07 ù R=0.1 ƒ ùkû. 10 nm j» ù ƒ ù š û ƒ free polymer ü w» š ƒ. Figs. 4 5 w Fig. 6, 10 nm 40 nm j» ù ƒ ƒ û [COO /Ag ] y w nm 40 nm j» ù [COO /Ag ] + ( ƒ ) ùkû. w t 40 nm 7.8 m /g 10 nm 57. m /g w š w, v w 40 nm ƒ R = 0.05 š 10 nm (R = 0.07) ùkû. wr j» ùkü š w (R) w 10 nm 1mg/m, 40 nm 6mg/m. z š w j»ƒ ( ; 10 nm)ƒ j w y j ù kù š, ù t w š w w e q. w œw 40 nm j ù ƒ 100 /sec 10 cp û ùký š š w y j ƒw š w t loopù tail š d w œw. 1) š w y ù w w, ƒƒ š w 5000, 8000, 15000, ù t š w d (steric hindrance) z» d(electric double layer) z œw ù œw. d Ì j» š w w ƒ š, œ w w d ̃ v w. 10) Fig. 7 j»ƒ 10 nm š š w ƒ R 0.07 w w ù š w ùkü. Fig. 8 j»ƒ 40 nm š š w R ƒ 0.05 w w ù ùkü. Figs. 7 8 û ƒ R 8000 Fig. 7. Viscosities of Ag nano sol(10 nm) vs. molecular weight of polyelectrolytes. w wz

5 š Ag ù j» ƒ j e w 45 Fig. 8. Viscosities of Ag nano sol(40 nm) vs. molecular weight of polyelectrolytes. Fig. 9. Viscosity of Ag nano sol depending on molecular weight at proper amount of polyelectrolytes, where, shear rate = 1/sec ƒ û y w. ù š w d w Ì w ù ¼ ƒ» w š w d w q. wr, ù w d É y j ƒw ùkû ù, w ù ¾ w ƒ ƒw q. š w y w w 50 wt% ù 1/sec w Fig. 9 ùkü. ù j»ƒ 10 nm š w 0.07 û ùkü š ù j»ƒ 40 nm š w 0.05 û ùkü. š > 5000 > 8000 > ƒ d. š w d(loop & tail) ̃ ù j w š, 11) 8000 y 15,000 š w ù œ ƒ w. 4. y w j š ù w w, j» yƒ ù e w w wš, j» y, š w, š š w y j š ù w. 1. ù jw seed growth ù w 10 nm 40 nm j» ù j k w w. j»ƒ 40 nm ù jƒ 10 nm ù j z û û.. 10 nm 40 nm j» ù j ùkü š w (R) š w 10 nm 1mg/m, 40 nm 6mg/m. 3. ù š w ƒ û ùký d ̃ ƒ w. Acknowledgment» w. REFERENCES 1. H. Sirringhaus, T. Kawase, R. H. Friend, T. Shimoda, M. Inbasekaran, W. Wu, and E. P. Woo, High-resolution Inkjet Printing of All-polymer Transistor Circuits, Science, (000).. M. Yamada, M. Maesaka, M. Kurihara, M. Sakamoto, and M. Miyake, Novel Synthetic Approach to Creating PtCo Alloy Nanoparticles by Reduction of Metal Coordination Nano-polymers, Chem. Commun., (005). 3. J. H. Kim, T. A. Germer, G. W. Mulholland, and S. H. Ehrman, Size-Monodisperse Metal Nanoparticles via Hydrogen-Free Spray Pyrolysis, Adv. Mater., (00). 46«1y(009)

6 46 w Áû Á Á Á y 4. Y. Xia and Y. Sun, Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles, Science, (00). 5. K. Esumi, T. Tano, K. Torigoe, and K. Meguro, Preparation and Characterization of Bimetallic Palladium-copper Colloids by Thermal Decomposition of Their Acetate Compounds in Organic Solvents, Chem. Mater., (1990). 6. H. H. Huang, X. P. Ni, G. L. Loy, C. H. Chew, K. L. Tan, F. C. Loh, J. F. Deng, and G. Q. Xu, Photochemical Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), Langmuir, (1996). 7. Y. sun and Y. Xia, Large-Scale Synthesis of Uniform Silver Nanowires Through a Soft, Self-Seeding, Polyol Process, Adv. Mater., (00). 8. J. H. Moon, G. R. Yi, S. Y. Lee, J. H. So, Y. S. Kim, Y. K. Yoon, Y. S. Cho, and S. M. Yang, Colloidal Engineering for Nano-Bio Fusion Research, Korean Chem. Eng., (008). 9. B. H. Tan, K. C. Tam, Y. C. Lam, and C. B. Tan, Dynamics and Microstructure of Charged Soft Nano-colloidal Particles, Polymer, (004). 10. A. Dietrich and A. Neubrand, Effects of Particle Size and Molecular Weight of Polyethylenimine on Properties of Nanoparticulate Silicon Dispersions, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84 [4] (001). 11. W. V. Bronswijk, L. J. Kirwan, and P. D. Fawell, In Situ Adsorption Densities of Polyacrylates on Hematite Nanoparticle Films as Determined by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy, Vibrational Spectroscopy, (006). 1. S. Yang, D. Yan, and A. C. Shi, Structure of Adsorbed Polymers on a Colloid Particle, G Macromolcules, (006). w wz

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