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1 w ywz 17«3y(2012)/ 1 PPS l yw p le * Á * Áh s * Áfld ** Comparison of Nano-particle Emission Characteristics in CI Engine with Various Biodiesel Blending Rates by using PPS System J. W. Kwon, M. S. Kim, M. C. Chung and J. W. Lee Key Words: PPS System(Pegasor Particle Sensor, d ), Nano-Particle( ), Bio-Diesel( ), PM( ) Abstract The main purpose of this study is to analyze and compare the nano-particle emission characteristics by 3-different biodiesel blending rates in a CI engine. Nano-particle number density emitted from various operating conditions of compression ignition engine can be investigated by using the PPS (Pegasor Particle Sensor) system. Namely, some particle charged through the corona discharge in real-time can be measured by PPS system. Under the steady state operation of the 2.0L CRDi diesel engine with different operating condition and biodiesel blending rates, the nano-particle number density was analyzed at the downstream position of DOC system. As this research result, more engine load speed and higher the concentration of biodiesel blending rate showed that the nano-particle number density decreases. Also we found that DOC system for clean diesel engine is effectively useful instrument to reduce diesel particulate matter as resource of nano-particle generation. 1. š ƒ šz Áš ƒ ³ w ey Á œw q w ëš, q ƒ ƒ š.» y y š l yw ƒ y š (2011 ~2011, 2011 y ) * w w» œw ** w» œw, z, w ywz immanuel@ssu.ac.kr TEL : (02) FAX : (02) yw w w š (1). ü 2012 l» 2% ƒw wwš, 2010» 15 ƒw 1,042,400 kl ³ f q. w ƒ (PM) 1998 CARB tw w d j s š w w w û. s» j» sƒ p.» 3~30 nm s, 10~20 nm (2). (nano-sized PM) y š s ù x, j»ƒ w f (3). Á d v (PMP, Particle Measurement Program) Working Group

2 2 /JOURNAL OF ILASS-KOREA VOL. 17 NO. 3 (2012) 운영하여 기존의 입자상 물질(PM)을 계측법 보완 개 발을 추진하고 인체의 유해성을 연구할 뿐만 아니라 나 노입자측정법의 표준화를 추진하고 있다. 이에 따라, 2014년 시행되는 유럽 배출가스 표준안 규제치(EURO 5b/5b+, 6 10 #/km)에서는 입자상 물질(PM)의 무게와 더불어 개수에 대해서도 규제할 예정이다. 본 연구에서는 배출되는 극미세입자상 물질(PM)을 계측할 수 있는 PPS(Pegasor Particle Sensor)시스템을 사용하여 바이오디젤 혼합율과 엔진 작동조건에 따른 극미세입자 배출 농도를 정량적으로 비교 분석하였다. (4) 11 (5) 2. 극미세입자 특징 디젤엔진에서 주로 배출되는 입자상 물질(PM)은 연 료의 탄소가 연소열에 의해 분리된 것이다. 입자상 물질 은 호흡기 장애뿐만 아니라 발암 물질로도 판정되어 인 체에 대한 유해도가 입증 되었다. 입자상 물질의 입자 크기별 분포 형태는 중량기준 (accumulation mode) 및 수량기준(nucleation mode)에 따 라 달리한다. Fig. 1을 보면 중량 기준으로 입자상 물질 의 분포상태는 입자 직경 약 0.1~0.25 µm에 집중되어 있으며, 입자 개수 기준 입자상 물질은 입자직경 50 nm 이하 영역에 주로 집중되어 있다. 디젤 극미세입자는 입 자수량 면에서 대부분을 차지하고 있는 입자직경 50 nm 이하의 입자를 총칭하는 것이 일반적이다. 입자상 물질의 주요 구성성분은 크게 용해성 유기물 (SOF, soluble organic fraction)과 무기성분(inorganic species)으로 나눌 수 있다. 디젤 극미세입자는 입자 측정 방법 및 조건에 따라 입자크기가 변하게 되는 특징이 있는데, 이는 배출가스에 존재하는 수분성분, 용해성 유 기물, 황성분 등이 응축과 증발작용이 원인이 된다. 3. 실험 장치 및 방법 실험 장치 및 방법 본 실험은 Table 1에 나타낸 제원과 같은 배기량이 2.0L인 양산 승용 경유차량 엔진을 사용하였다. 실험 장 치는 크게 230 kw급 엔진동력계, PPS(Pegasor Particle Sensor, 입자측정센서시스템)시스템으로 구성하였으며, 촉매를 통한 극미세입자 저감 영향을 연구하기 위해 DOC(Diesel Oxidation Catalyst)를 엔진 배기 다기관과 약 2 m 떨어진 위치에 Fig. 2와 같이 설치하였다. 엔진 동력계의 자세한 제원은 Table 2에 나타내었다. DOC 3.1 Table 1 Specification of test engine Model 2.0 HTI Engine displacement 1,991 cc Max power 155 ps@4000 rpm Max torque 26.5 kg m@2000 rpm Bore 83.0 mm Stroke 92.0 mm (6) (7) Fig. 1 Distribution of particle size Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of an experimental

3 w ywz 17«3y(2012)/ 3 Table 2 Specification of engine dynamometer Absorption power Absorption torque Maximum speed 230 kw 85 kgám 7500 rpm Rotor inertia 0.53 kg/m 2 Weight 800 kg Table 3 Experimental condition Engine speed Engine load Exhaust temperature 1000 rpm 50% 220 o C 100% 232 o C 1500 rpm 2000 rpm 50% 313 o C 100% 340 o C 50% 353 o C 100% 370 o C Áz» v ewš, T x DOC Áz» ü ƒ v w w. PPS l z w š, yw PMd w v 150 o C w w (8). 1000, 1500, 2000 rpm z ƒƒ w 50, 100% w, w 60 d w. ƒ» z w v ƒ d w w x w w. w, þƒ 85 o C, y 120 o C w, þƒ 0.8 bar w w w wƒ» 1 bar w. x ü q y w w t» ww w. yw d w ƒ y, BD10, BD20, BD30 v (%) yww w. w x Table 3 ùkü. 3.2 PPS ~o PPS l mw w» Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of PPS sensor w, ù w w d w., g ù w w w, g ù š ó w. v ƒ HEPA(high efficiency particulate air) filter m w 1.5 bar œ» g ù mw w (9). w ù q f ù w, d ( : 23 nm~2.5 µm) y w (9). 4. y Fig. 4(a) w z 1000, 1500 rpm w 50, 100% s ùkü. s z ƒ ƒw ƒ w w. p z 1500 rpm, w d s sineqx j» ql ƒ. Fig. 4(b) s z w ùkü rpm w 50% 7.17E+5 #/cm 3, w 100% 2.32E+6 #/cm 3 š, 1500 rpm 50% 6.65E+ 6 #/cm 3, 100% 7.23E+6 #/cm 3 ùkû. z ƒ 1000 rpm 1500 rpm ƒw

4 4 /JOURNAL OF ILASS-KOREA VOL. 17 NO. 3 (2012) Fig. 5 Comparison of particle number density for different engine speed and load with bio-diesel blend ration of 20% Fig. 4 Comparison of particle number density for different engine speed and load with diesel fuel only w 50% 9.27, 100% 3.12 ƒw. ü š (1,000K~2,800K)y ƒ w(thermal Craking), z ƒ ƒ j» w q. yw s w» w, BD20( yw 20%) w z w p Fig. 5 ùkü. w 50% 1000 rpm 9.0E+5 #/cm 3, 1500 rpm 1.61E+6 #/cm 3 š, w 100% 1000 rpm 1.52E+6 #/cm 3, 1500 rpm 1.70E+6 #/cm 3 ùkû., w w, wƒ ƒw Fig. 6 Comparison of particle concentration between diesel and BD20(engine speed of 1000 rpm, engine load of 50%). w 100% ƒ 50% ƒw. z 1000 rpm, w 50% BD20 s ùk ü Fig. 6 yw, x w., ü, w. 10% sww w» ƒ w» w q. z 1500 rpm, yw s p Fig. 7 ùk ü. d

5 w ywz 17«3y(2012)/ 5 Fig. 7 Effect of bio-diesel mixing ratio on particle number emission(engine speed of 1500 rpm) Fig. 9 Comparison of particle number density for different with DOC and without DOC at engine speed 1500 rpm cm 3, 100% 7.23E+6 #/cm 3 ùkûš, DOC z 50% 7.65E+10 #/cm 3, 100% 9.30E+10 #/cm 3 d.»» 2 m e» w y y w y w z j. 5. Fig. 8 Nano-particle reduction quantity according to biodiesel blend ratio(engine speed of 1000 rpm) w 50% 6.65E+6 #/cm 3, 100% 7.23E+6 #/cm 3 ùkû. BD10 w 50% 2.0E+6 #/ cm 3, 100% 3.70E+6 #/cm 3 š, BD20 w 50% 1.61E+6 #/cm 3, 100% 1.70E+6 #/cm 3 ùkû. yw ƒw w. Fig. 8 z 1000 rpm yw ùkü. yw y BD E+5 #/cm 3, BD E5 #/cm 3, BD E+5 #/cm 3 ùkû. BD w ƒw s. w z 1500 rpm d w DOC Áz Fig. 9 ùkü. DOC w 50% 6.65E+6 #/» 2.0L s p PPS l w d Á w. x yw w,. 1) z ƒ 1000 rpm 1500 rpm ƒ w s³ 4.67 ƒw. 2) z 1000, 1500 rpm wƒ 50% 100%(WOT) ƒw BD20 s³ 28.3% ƒw. 3) yw ƒw ƒw ( š: BD10, s ³ 58.7%, BD20, s³ 76.0% ). 4) y (DOC) w z» ü» w y y w z.

6 6 /JOURNAL OF ILASS-KOREA VOL. 17 NO. 3 (2012) y Global-Top Project ey» w w, w w œ. ¾. y (1) Y. I. Jeong, J. W. Lee, G. B. Cho and H. S. Kim, 2010, Automotive & Environment, Soongsil University, pp (2) Pelham Hawker, et al., 1998, Effect of a continuously Regenerating Diesel Particulate Filter on Non-Regulated Emissions and Particle Size Distribution, SAE (3) Dockery, 1999, D. W. and C. A. Pope III Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution, Annu Rev Public Health, 15, pp. 107~132. (4) Korea Testing Laboratory, 2011, A Study on Provinding Type Approval Performance Test Method for Nano-Particle from Automobile, National Institute of environmental Research, pp.1~16. (5) Delphi, 2012, World Emissions Standards Passenger Cars and light Duty Vehicles, Delphi Group, pp.18~20. (6) J.-W. Lee, H.-S. Kim and Y.-I. Jeong, 2006, Effects of Particle Measuring Condition on Diesel Nanoparticles Distribution, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment Vol.22, No.5. (7) H. S. Kim, S. S. Lee, G. B. Cho, N. W. Sung, Y. G. Jeong, 2003, The Characteristics of ELPI and SMPS on the Measurement of Diesel Particles KSAE03- F0043. (8) Pegasor Ltd, 2011, Pegasor Particle Sensor PPS-M user manual, Pegasor Ltd, pp.12. (9) L. Ntziachristos, P. Fragkiadoulakis, Z. Samaras, K. Janka, J. Tikkanen, 2011, Exhaust Particle Sensor for OBD Application, SAE (10) Timo Lanki, et al, 2011, An electrical sensor for longterm monitoring of ultrafine particles in workplaces, IOPscience.

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