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1 Printed in the Republic of Korea laser ablation w ù Á * w w w yw ( ) Preparation of Nanoparticles by Laser Ablation of Dispersed Powder in Solution Youngkeun Chung and Weekyung Kang* Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Basic Sciences, Soongsil University, Seoul , Korea (Received August 28, 2006). k ablation g ù w š, y ù p w. ù UV-VIS Ÿ rp X-ray z rp w k ùký y w, n x ù j», j» s w. w ù ˆ 3.35 ev bulk w ùkü, s³ j» 27 nm. SDS ù j»ƒ s³ 28 nm x ƒ¾ xk ƒ CTAB ù xkƒ s³ j»ƒ 40 nm. CTAB ù SDS ù w. w y ù j», š y w w» y w. : y ù,,, y ABSTRACT. nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation of the powder dispersed in deionized water and surfactant solutions, and characterized using UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer and Transmission electron microscopy(tem). nanoparticles produced show the pure crystal state without mixed state with Zn(OH) 2 or Zn, and have the band gap energy of 3.35 ev, which is comparable to that of bulk. While nanoparticles prepared in SDS solution have the average diameter of 28nm with near spherical shape, those prepared in CTAB solution have the average size of 40 nm with mainly rod-like shape. colloidal solution of CTAB is more stable than that of SDS. These difference according to surfactants can be explained by difference of electrostatic interaction between surface charge of and surfactant molecules and by solvation effect in solution. Keywords: Nanoparticle, Laser Ablation t yw 3.4 ev ˆ ƒ š, exciton w ƒ 60 mev j» 26 mev ƒ l k, yw, Ÿ Ÿ» ¾ w 440

2 . ù w w w 1 ù w ƒ y w š, ù w 4 sol-gel, 2 solvothermal process, 3 impregnation y w. yw d ƒ ù œ v w w» w ü w. w w w /Ÿw y j ƒ. y ablation w ù w j š. ablation š k w» k y ù YBCO(Yttrium barium copper oxide) w Ÿ/»/» š. ù Henglein 5 Cotton ablation w ü Ag, Au š Pt w r w ù sww g w š šw. y š 6,7 ablation ù w wš sƒ š. p ablation» yw w ù w yw w ù w w w yw ƒ. Henglein Cotton ù šw z, w ablation w w ù y w ù j» y w ƒ š ù, y j x w. y j Zn Sn w SnO 2 ù š. 8,9 ù y j ablation j» w» š, y ù ƒ y yw. Liang Zn ablation g Zn(OH) 2ƒ š š laser ablation w ù 441 w š, 10 Zeng y Sodium Dodecylsulfate(SDS) -Zn w ù ƒ šw. 11 ablation w ù w» wš w. ablation w y ù»q k w š, y w ù w ƒ w. y k w Yeh CuO k w Cu ù w ƒ š. ablation»q 12 w, ¼ t Ÿ» w»ƒ, r qj w ù ƒ w r ƒ t w»ƒ, w t r ƒ» w»q w. p ablation w ù 7 ƒ w ù» (self-absorption) w t w»ƒ. k g ablation w x w. g ù UV-VIS Ÿ», XRD rp n x (TEM) w w y w ù sƒw. ù Zn Zn(OH) 2 s w w ƒ y w. x ù» w e Fig. 1 ùkü. j» sƒ µm (99.9%, Aldrich) 2 g 50 ml k z, r s 5-7 ns Nd:YAG pulse laser(quantel, Brilliant B) 3 yq 355 nm q w ù w w. 250 mm ¼ w t mm

3 442 Á Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of laser ablation system. ƒ w. w q»(25 khz, 200W) w ü š r w. ü z w» w y Sodium dodecyl sulfate(sds, C 12H 25NaO 4S, Aldrich) Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(ctab, C 19H 42BrN, Aldrich) xw w š, y x w» w y 0.1 M M ¾ y j w. 25 C o CTAB M š, SDS M š. 14 r» 30 mj-100 mj y g ƒ 30 w» y w. w ablation k z, p» 3250 rpm 30 w w š û w. ù y w» w w d w UV-VIS Ÿ rp w. UV-VIS Ÿ rp ( ) UV-3600 Ÿ w nm Ÿ d w. ù ƒ k 1-2 p n x (JEOL, JEM 1210) w ù y w. ù y w» w X-ray diffraction (XRD) ql w. ù ƒ g r w p ù w. y ù ù z w y w. X- z rp MacScience MXP-3V w 30 kv/20 ma Cu-K α w w. š š ablation t sx x ù w» w š, š t, k t š š v v (plume) w -š x.», k, ablation 1GPa, 6000 K cm 3 v š š. 15 v ü q w w š,» w yw w ù d. Fig. 2» 30 ablation w ù g UV-VIS Ÿ rp ùkü. x j»ƒ - µm ablation w, w ƒ Fig. 2. UV-VIS absorption spectra of colloidal suspensions produced by pulsed laser ablation of powder dispersed in deionized water for 30 min at various laser pulse energy.

4 수용액에 분산된 분말의 전혀 흡광도를 가지지 않음을 확인하였다(Fig. 2(d)) 그림에서 보는 바와 같이 레이저 세기가 세어질수록 흡광도가 커져 나노입자 생성량이 많아지나 흡 수 스펙트럼의 위치는 그리 크게 변하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 흡광 스펙트럼에서 최대 흡수 파장은 370 nm (3.35 ev)로 bulk 의 밴드 갭 에너지, 3.4 ev와 거 의 비슷한 값을 갖는다. 의 경우 입자의 크기가 7 nm 보다 작은 입자에서 양자크기 효과가 나타난다 고 보고되어 있어 본 실험에서 만들어진 의 크 기가 7 nm 이상의 크기를 가짐을 알 수 있다. 또한 Usui 등이 보고한 평균 직경이 nm인 나 노입자의 광학 밴드 갭 에너지 3.36 ev와 잘 일치함 을 보여 준다. Fig. 3은 수용액에서 100 mj/펄스의 레이저 세기로 ablation 하여 얻어진 나노입자의 투과 전자 현 미경 사진과 크기 분포 표를 나타낸다. 전자현미경 사 진(Fig. 3(a))에서 보면 생성된 입자는 표면이 매끄럽 고 길죽한 막대 모양을 가지는 것이 많고, 입자들 내 부에 격자 fringe를 나타내는 줄무늬를 가짐을 알 수 있다. 레이저를 분말이 분산된 액체에 주사하면 레이저 빔 내에서 발생되는 plume의 팽창과정에서 생 성된 공동화 현상으로 충격파가 발생되고 이 충격파 에 의해 분말이 분쇄되어 보다 작은 입자가 생 성될 수 있다. 그러나 부드러운 표면의 입자 모양과 결정의 격자 줄무늬(fringe)는 생성된 나노입자들이 레 이저 plume에 의한 충격파에 의해 분말이 분쇄 되어 생성된 것이 아니라, ablation에 의해 생성된 16 9 에 의한 laser ablation 나노입자의 생성 443 미세 입자들의 결정 성장에 의해 생성된 것임을 보여 준다. TEM 사진에서 많이 보이는 막대 모양의 나노 입자는 열증발법에서 자기촉매 작용에 의해 생성된 전형적인 나노 막대의 모양과 일치하나 길이 면 에서 상당한 차이를 보인다. 이는 액체 매질 내에서 용매화 현상으로 둘러싸인 용매 분자에 의해 성장이 억제되었기 때문으로 이해된다. Fig. 3의 (b)는 생성 된 나노입자의 크기 분포를 나타낸다. 크기 분 포는 수 nm-70 nm 크기로 넓게 분포하고 있음을 보 여주며 평균 크기는 27 nm로 UV-VIS 흡광 스펙트럼 결과와 잘 일치하고 있으며, Usui 등이 보고한 크기 분포와 비슷한 결과를 보여준다. Fig. 4는 증류수 용액에서 생성된 나노입자의 XRD 패턴을 보여준다. 생성된 나노입자의 XRD 패턴은 bulk 의 XRD 피크, 31.8 (100), 34.4 (002) 그리고 36.2 (101)와 잘 일치함을 보여준다. 레이저 ablation 타겟으로 Zn를 사용한 Usui 및 Zeng의 연구와 비 교하였을 때, Zn(OH) 및 Zn peak이 나타나지 않아 순순한 의 나노입자가 생성되었음을 알 수 있다. 이는 Zn 금속을 ablation할 때는 산소 결핍으로 불완 전한 산화에 의해 Zn 및 Zn(OH) 가 성장되었으나 본 실험에서는 에 포함된 산소에 의해 나노입자의 성장과정에서 산화과정이 충분히 진행된 것으로 사 료된다. 성장된 나노입자의 XRD peak의 폭은 비교를 위해 사용한 분말의 XRD peak의 폭과 그리 큰 차이를 나타내지 않는데 이는 본 실험에서 생성된 의 나노입자가 양자 크기 효과가 나타나 Fig. 3. Low-magnification TEM image (a) and particle size distribution (b) of nanoparticles produced by pulsed laser abla- tion in deionized water at 100 mj/pulse for 30 min.

5 444 Á. 18 Fig. 5 t y SDS y CTAB 100 mj/r ablation w ù g UV-VIS Ÿ rp ùkü. ƒ y Ÿ ƒ ù küš y ƒ ƒw Ÿ ƒ w ù. Ÿ rp q 370 nm ù g q j. Zn ablation Fig. 4. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of (a) nanoparticles prepared in deionized water and (b) powder. SDS ƒ ƒw Zn d w, 11 SDS ù g w ˆ w 370 nm w j» j s peak w š w ù ew. w SDS ablation v rp v q ablation yw ˆ w q y y w ù Ÿ ƒ. Zn Zn(OH) 2 w. y ùkü XRD rp ù, j» y š w ùkü. Fig. 6 y ù p TEM ùkü. ablation Fig. 5 ù w M SDS ù x š TEM d w s³ j» 27 nm ù w j» ùkü. ù M CTAB ù š s³ j» ƒ 40 nm ù j j» s ùkü. y ù y»» w ƒ. ablation w t w š, y SDS w». w w» w SDS Fig. 5. UV-VIS absorption spectra of colloidal suspensions prepared in various concentration of SDS solution (upper panel) and CTAB solution (lower panel) at laser pulse energy w d. 19 of 100 mj/pulse for 30 min. y CTAB

6 수용액에 분산된 분말의 에 의한 laser ablation 나노입자의 생성 445 Fig. 6. TEM images of nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in (a) 0.01 M SDS solution and (b) M CTAB solution. 은 전하를 띠게 되어 말단 작용기와 정전기 척력이 작용하게 된다. 정전기적 척력을 피하기 위해 CTAB 분자는 비극성인 소수성 부분이 입자를 향하게 되고, 둘 사이에는 약한 소수성 인력이 작용하게 되 어 의 성장이 상대적으로 오래 지속되는 것으로 사료된다. 계면활성제에 따른 나노 입자 크기 의 차이는 Usui 등이 보고한 결과와 일치하는 경향을 보여준다. 이러한 이유로 육방정계 결정구조를 갖는 는 [0001] 방향으로의 성장이 우세하여 막대 모 양의 나노입자가 생성되는 것으로 생각되며, CTAB 용액에서 막대 모양의 나노입자의 성장은 Ishikawa 등이 보고한 column 구조를 갖는 성장과 일치함 을 보여준다. 특히 Fig. 6의 (b)에서 보이는 삼발이 형태의 나노입자는 Vapor transport process에서 자기 촉매 작용에 의해 성장되는 tetrapod-like 결정 모 양과 비교할 때, 크기만 작을 뿐 동일한 형태를 띠어 CTAB 용액에서 결정 성장이 SDS 용액에 비해 제한 을 덜 받음을 확인할 수 있다. 이러한 계면활성제에 따른 정전기적 인력의 차이는 나노입자 콜로이드 용액의 안정성에도 영향을 미친 다. 콜로이드용액의 안정성을 시험하기 위하여 시간에 따른 UV-VIS 흡수 스펙트럼을 Fig. 7에 나타 내었다. 증류수에서 만들어진 나노입자는 불안정하여 시간이 경과함에 따라 흡광도가 급속히 감소하여 1일 만 경과하여도 서로 응집되어 침전이 생기는 것을 관 찰할 수 있었다. 그러나 M CTAB 용액에서 제 조된 나노입자는 Fig. 7에서 나타내는 바와 같이 상 당히 안정하여 시간에 따른 흡광도 변화가 거의 없었 Fig. 7. Time dependence of UV-VIS absorbance of col- loidal suspensions prepared in 0.01 M SDS solution (upper panel), M CTAB solution (middle panel), and deionized water (lower panel). The condition of laser ablation is same with that of Fig. 4. 으며 약 1달 정도 경과하여도 침전이 생기는 것을 관 찰할 수 없었다. 이러한 CTAB 용액에서 나노입 자의 안정성은 소수성 interaction에 의해 CTAB 분자 의 음성 전하를 띠는 말단이 외부로 향하게 되고, 이

7 446 Á d w x w». ù SDS ù CTAB w w w Ÿ ƒ w. t SDS d ww ƒ. ù SDS û Ÿ ƒ w ƒ Ÿ tailing w, w ù SDS ƒ d x w ƒ Ÿ j» n ƒ û š ew. 9 k ablation w ù w w.»q k w w ablation ³ ƒ w, ablation ù w» z w. ù Zn Zn(OH) 2 kƒ w k ùk ü š ˆ 3.35 ev bulk k w ùkü. k y y ù w ù j» ƒ y w. w ü (No ) w. x 1. Spanhel. L.; Anderdon, M. A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 2826U 2. Lauf, R. J.; Bond, W. D. Ceram. Bull. 1984, 63, Pacholski, C.; Kornowski, A.; Weller, H. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, Yu, H.; Zhang, Z.; Han, M.; Hao, X.; Zhu, F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 127, Morales, A. M.; Leber, C. M. Science 1998, 279, Fojitik, A.; Henglein, A.; Ber, Bunsen-Ger. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, Neddersen, J.; Chumanov, G.; Cotton, T. M. Appl. Spectrosc. 1993, 47, Liang, C.; Y. Shimizu, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Koshizaki, N. J. Phys. Chem. B 2003, 107, Usui, H.; Y. Shimizu, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Koshizaki, N. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, Liang, C.; Y. Shimizu, Y.; Masuda, M.; Sasaki, T.; Koshizaki, N. Chem. Mater. 2004, 16, Zeng, H.; Cai, W.; Li, W.; Hu, J.; Liu, P. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, Yeh, M.-S.; Yang, Y.-S.; Lee, Y.-P.; Lee, H.-F.; Yeh, Y.- H.; Yeh, C.-S. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, Imae, T.; Kamiya, R.; Ikeda, S. J. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1985, 108, Mysels, K. J. Langmuir 1986, 2, Kim, D.; Lee, H. J. J. Appl. Phys. 2001, 89, Koch, U.; Hojtik, A.; Weller, H.; Henglein, A. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1985, 122, Yu, W. D.; Li, X. M.; Gao, X. D. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2004, 390, Mafune, F.; Kohno, J. Y.; Takeda, Y.; Kondow, T. J. Phys. Chem. B 2001, 105, Ishikawa, Y.; Shimizu, Y.; Sasaki, T.; Koshizaki, N. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2006, 300, Bele, M.; Kodre, A.; Arcon, I.; Grdgdolnik, J.; Pejovnik, S.; Besenhard, J. O. Carbon 1998, 36, 1207.

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