Journal of Environmental Science International pissn: eissn: (6); 799~815; June

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1 Journal of Environmental Science International pissn: eissn: (6); 799~815; June ORIGINAL ARTICLE 김용석양성기 * 제주대학교토목공학과 Error Rate Analysis according to Setting of the Reference Point for Calculating the Flood Runoff that using Surface Image Velocimeter (SIV) Yong-Seok Kim, Sung-Kee Yang * Department of Civil Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea Abstract In this study, according to the reference setting based on the runoff video of 9:00 where the highest water level of 3.94 m has been recorded during the runoff of Cheon-mi Stream in Jeju Island by the attack of Typhoon no. 16 Sanba on September 17 th, 2012, the error rate of long-distance and short-distance velocimetry and real-distance change rate by input error have been calculated and the input range value of reference point by stream has been suggested. In the reference setting process, if a long-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.35 m in the x-axis direction and 1.35 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 2~11 pixels, and if a short-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.02 m in the x-axis direction and 0.81 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 1~11 pixels. According to the long-distance reference point setting variable, the velocity error rate showed the range of fluctuation of at least 14.36% to at most 76.06%, and when calculating flux, it showed a great range of fluctuation of at least 20.48% to at most 78.81%. Key words : Surface image velocimetry, CCTV, Kalesto, Reference point 1. 서론 1) 하천유량자료는하천계획의정책수립및하천관리를위한가장기초적인자료로써수자원의효율적인관리를위해지속적이고신뢰성있는하천유량조사가매우중요하다. 기존의하천유량조사를위한유속측정방법은주로접촉식유속측정방법으로써부자또는프로펠러유 속계를이용한방법이사용되었으나유속측정에많은시간과인력이요구되며홍수시에는관측자의위험이따른다는단점을가지고있다. 이에좀더간편하면서정확하게유속을측정할수있는장비와방법을개발하고자많은연구자들이노력을기울여왔다 (Kim et al., 2011). 대표적으로도플러효과 (Doppler Effect) 를이용하여 Received 7 March, 2016; Revised 19 April, 2016; Accepted 9 May, 2016 * Corresponding author : Sung-Kee Yang, Department of Civil Enginee -ring, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea Phone : skyang@jejunu.ac.kr c The Korean Environmental Sciences Society. All rights reserved. This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

2 김용석양성기 표면유속을측정하는전자파표면유속계가한국수자원공사에서개발되었으며, 이미지분석기법 (Image processing method) 을적용한표면영상유속계 (SIV, surface image velocimeter) 에관해국내외에서많은연구가진행되고있다. 전자파표면유속계와표면영상유속계의최근연구결과는제주도건천을대상으로집중호우및태풍의영향에의한홍수유출시적용성과적합성을검증 (Yang et al., 2011) 하였으며봉부자를비롯한기존의접촉식유량측정방법들에비해측정이간편하며인원, 비용및위험요소와측정시간을최소화할수있는장점을확인하였다 (Fujita, 1998; Roh, 2005; Kim et al., 2007). 그러나제주도건천을관측대상으로한표면영상유속계의다양한현장적용사례연구는많이이뤄졌으나, 오차발생요인들을고려한정량적인오차분석에대한연구는거의이루어지지않았다. 이같은이유로표면영상유속계를이용한유속측정시오차발생요인들에대한사용기준이마련되지못하여일반사용자들이쉽게사용하기어렵고, 측정불확도가정립되어있지않아표면영상유속계로측정한유속값의정확도와신뢰도를제시하기어렵다는한계를가지고있다 (Kim, 2013). 특히표면영상유속계를활용한유속산정과정에서사용기준에대한정량적인제시가미흡함에따라동일한유속의흐름에대해서도사용자마다획득한영상이다르고, 영상분석방법이다르기때문에표면영상유속계를이용한유속산정결과에차이가발생하게되는문제점을가지고있다. 또한산정한유속의오차를정량적으로평가할방법이없기때문에산정한유속에대한오차를제시하기어렵다는한계를가지고있다. 그결과유속측정장비로서표면영상유속계의장점이아무리많다고하여도유속측정결과를신뢰하기어렵기때문에현장적용이활발하게진행되지못하고있는실정이다. 따라서표면영상유속계를이용한유속산정결과를믿고신뢰할수있도록유속산정결과에영향을미치는오차요인들에대한정량적인오차분석이선행되어야할것이며, 더나아가표면영상유속계의사용기준마련을위한연구가필요하다. 이연구에서는 2012년 9월 17일제16호태풍산바의내습에의한제주도천미천의유출발생시최대수위 3.94 m를기록한 9시 00분유출영상을기준으로참조점설정에따른실거리의변화율을계산하고원거리, 근거 리의입력오류에의한유속오차율을계산하여관측구간하천의참조점입력범위값을제시하였다. 2. 표면영상유속계 (SIV) 의참조점설정원리 관측대상의하천은실제 3차원으로형성되어있으나영상저장장치를이용한영상저장과정에 2차원의평면상태로저장된다. 이과정에서영상저장장치의촬영각도와사물의원근에의해왜곡현상이발생하므로관측지점에대한참조점을설정하여보정작업을실시한다. 참조점설정과정의실제좌표계 (physical coordinate) 는대상영역의각지점들의물리적인좌표계를의미하며, 이에대응되는영상내의좌표를영상좌표계 (image coordinate) 라고한다. 실제좌표와영상좌표는 2차원투영좌표변환법에의해왜곡이보정된다. 2차원투영좌표변환법은실제좌표계 (X, Y) 와영상좌표계 (x, y) 간의관계식으로구성되며 Fujita(1998) 에의해유도되었다. (1) (2) Fig. 1. Reference point for image transformation(fujita, 1998). 3. 연구방법 3.1. 대상하천연구대상하천인천미천은제주도한라산을기준으로동남부에위치한수지형하천으로써평상시물이흐르지

3 Table 1. Watershed characteristics of the Cheon-mi Stream Stream Drainage area ( ) Basin length ( ) Average slope ( % ) Shape factor Cheon-mi Stream Fig. 2. Location of the Cheon-mi Stream(Observation point: Seong-eup bridge). 않는건천을형성하고있다. 하천의발원지점은한라산동쪽상부지점인표고 1,400 m일대의오름과사라오름으로조사되며유출발생시동쪽방향으로흐르다가북서쪽에서남동쪽방향으로전환되어표선면하천리의해안으로유입되는하천이다 (Kim, 2012). 유역면적은 로써제주도에서가장큰유역면적을형성하고있으며, 유역길이는 km, 유역의평균경사는 8.62% 로하천연장이가장길고지류가많은하천이다 (Table 1). 천미천의관측지점인성읍교부근에는한국공항 ( 제주퓨어워터 ) 에서 Kalesto(Ott Hydrometrie) 를설치하여집중호우및태풍의내습에의한건천의유출발생시실시간으로단일지점의수위와유속을관측하고있다. 또한제주대학교수자원연구단 (Jwater) 에서유출관측용 CCTV를설치하여유출영상을기록하고표면영상유속계 (SIV) 를활용한유속분석자료로사용된다 (Fig. 2) 관측자료 유출영상자료구축을위한 CCTV설치제주도천미천의성읍교부근의유출영상을기록하기위해제주수자원연구단에서 Fig. 3과같이 fps로영상이기록되는 CCTV를설치하였으며, 야간유출시분석에적합한유출영상을수집하기위해 1000 W의조명장치를설치하였다. 150 lux이상의자연광에가까운 1000 W 조명장치의효과는 Kim et al.(2015) 이주야간유출영상을동일지점의 Kalesto와비교분석하여그효과를입증하였다 참조점선정을위한거리측정유출영상을기록하는과정에서영상저장장치의촬영각도와사물의원근에대한왜곡이발생하므로획득한영상에대해보정을위한변환과정이필요하다. 변환작업은획득된영상 ( 이미지 ) 의영상좌표 (image coordinate) 를

4 김용석양성기 (a) Fig. 3. CCTV system for outflow of the image acquisition at Seong-eup bridge; (a) CCTV; (b) the illumination equipment. (b) 물리좌표 (physical coordinate) 로변환할참조점을지정한다. Fig. 4에화면의참조점을기준으로측량을실시하고실제측점사이의거리에대한 x, y좌표참조점을분석에적용한다 단면측량자료유출량산정에적용되는하천단면은 Fig. 2의고정식전자파표면유속계인 Kalesto가관측하고있는단일지 점을기준으로단면측량을실시하였으며, 교량하부의기둥을중심으로하류방향으로약 5 m지점의단면을적용하였다. 관측지점인성읍교의고정식전자파표면유속계 (Kalesto) 를기준으로상류방향의하상이하류방향의하상에비해불규칙적인암반을형성하고있다. 이로인해유출발생시교란된흐름을형성하므로단일지점을관측하는고정식전자파표면유속계의오차발생을최소화 Fig. 4. Reference points for the coordinate transform.

5 Fig. 5. Cross sectional areas for discharge calculation and mini diver for the water level observation. 하기위해하류방향을향하여설치된것으로판단된다. 하천단면측량은 SOKKIA사의 CX-105 모델을이용하여 1 m 간격으로정밀한단면을측량하였으며실시간수위를기록하기위해 Schlumberger사의압력식수위계인 Diver를설치하였다 (Fig. 5). 유출량계산시관측된수위에따라 AutoCAD를활용하여중간단면법으로유출량을산정하였다 참조점설정에따른원거리, 근거리의변수계산표면영상유속계의유속산정방법은영상의추적입자이동거리와시간을이용하므로분석과정중분석자의참 조점설정에미세한오류가발생한다면분석에이용되는실제거리가변경되어오류를포함한유속이계산된다. 따라서표면영상유속계를활용한유속분석시참조점설정과정에서분석자에의한오류발생범위를확인하고현장에적합한크기의참조점표시판설치하여오류발생가능성을줄이는방안이필요하다. 영상왜곡에의한보정작업인참조점설정과정에서카메라화면의중심을기준으로원거리참조점입력값과근거리입력값의변수를입력하여유속을분석하였다. 참조점입력과정의변수계산은수집된영상에서흐름 Fig. 6. Pixel shift method; (a)long-distance, (b)short-distance.

6 김용석양성기 Table 2. Data for the input of the reference point Analysis criterion Long distance Short distance Reference point(image coordinate) Case-No. 1(X-Yscr) 2(X-Yscr) 3(X-Yscr) 4(X-Yscr) Original Data case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case 방향을기준으로 4개의참조점중 Fig. 6과같이노란색으로표기한참조점을이동하면서각각개별로분석하고유속변화를분석하였다. 또한표면영상유속계 (SIV) 의참조점설정시분석프로그램에표기되는참조점 pixel 크기는 pixel로생성된다. Fig. 6(a) 와같이원거리참조점의설정변수는 X축방향 ( 분석과정에서영상좌표는흐름방향을기준으로 X축을설정하였으므로보편적인 X-Y축과반대방향으로설정됨 ) 14 pixel, Y축방향으로 77 pixel의이동가능한거리를나타낸다. 1회분석을실시할때 pixel의

7 (a) Fig. 7. All cases velocity result; (a)long-distance, (b)short-distance. (b) 크기로생성되는참조점은 X축방향으로 2 pixel, Y축방향으로 11 pixel 씩이동하며 X-Y방향으로발생할수있는참조점설정변수는 6개 ( 마지막 7번째설정변수는중첩됨 ) 로구분된다. 따라서원자료와비교한설정변수는 6개의케이스로구분되어비교되는것이타당하지만본논문에서는 5개의케이스만구분한결과만사용하였다 (Table 2). Fig. 6(b) 와같이근거리참조점의설정변수는 X축방향 38 pixel, Y축방향으로 418 pixel의이동가능한거리를나타낸다. 1회분석을실시할때 pixel의크기로생성되는참조점은 X축방향으로 1 pixel, Y축방향으로 11 pixel 씩이동하며 X-Y방향으로발생할수있는참조점설정변수는 37개 ( 마지막 38번째설정변수는중첩됨 ) 로구분된다. 따라서원자료와비교한설정변수는

8 김용석양성기 Fig. 8. The actual distance rate of change calculated by the reference point changes. 37개의케이스로구분되어비교되는것이타당하지만본논문에서는 25개의케이스로구분한결과만사용하였다 (Table 2). 원거리, 근거리의설정변수중각각 5개, 25개의케이스를사용한결과만사용한이유는 Fig. 7과같이전체케이스에따른분석결과의유속변화를비교했을시일정한경향으로지나친과유속이산정됨을보이므로본논문에서는제외하였다. 4. 결과및고찰 4.1. 원거리, 근거리변화에의한실거리변화율계산 Fig. 8은연구대상유역인천미천성읍교부근의유출영상을기준으로측량된참조점실제좌표입력값을나타낸다. Fig. 8과같이원거리와근거리의변수를 x축방향과 y축방향으로 pixel 이동에따른실거리의변화율을계산한다. Table 3. Changes in the actual distance by the long-distance pixels movement Total pixel count (pixels) Actual distance (m) X-direction Pixel shift variable (pixels) Rate of change (m) ( )/ Total pixel count (pixels) Actual distance (m) Y-direction Pixel shift variable (pixels) Rate of change (m) ( )/ (14) (2.95) (77) (6.61)

9 Table 4. Changes in the actual distance by the short-distance pixels movement X-direction Y-direction Total pixel count (pixels) Actual distance (m) Pixel shift variable (pixels) Rate of change (m) ( )/ Total pixel count (pixels) Actual distance (m) Pixel shift variable (pixels) Rate of change (m) ( )/ (38) (0.65) (418) (10.65)

10 김용석양성기 참조점입력과정에서원거리입력값의 X축방향으로 2 pixel 이동 (Fig. 6) 함에따라실제거리오차는 0.42 m, Y축방향으로 11 pixel 이동 (Fig. 6) 함에따라 0.94 m의실제거리오차를나타낸다 (Table 3). 근거리의참조점입력과정에서 X축방향으로 1 pixel 이동 (Fig. 6) 함에따라실제거리오차는 0.02 m, Y축방향으로 11 pixel 이동 (Fig. 6) 함에따라 0.28 m 씩실제거리의오차율이나타남을확인할수있다 (Table 4) 표면영상유속계와 Kalesto 의산정유량비교표면영상유속계를활용하여유출영상을분석하는과정에서 Fig. 9과같이유속분석범위를 63 10으로설정하였다. 격자망의설정기준은유출영상의흐름방향을기준으로 X축방향 63개의격자망을설정하여최대한조밀하게구성하고 Y축흐름방향의유속을산정하였으며, Y축으로 10의격자망을구성하여유량계산에적용되는유속벡터라인의전후를비교하였다. Fig. 9(a) 와같이 6번째의붉은색유속벡터라인을 Fig. 5의단면적에적용하여중간단면법으로유량을산정하였으며, 참조점설정변수에따른유속결과를적용하는라인으로구분하였다. Fig. 9(b) 는표면영상유속계의분석결과설정된격자망을기준으로분석된전체유속망을나타낸다. 또한격자망의 6 8위치는단일지점을관측하는 Kalesto의관측지점을나타낸다. Table 5는 2012년 9월 17일제16호태풍산바의내습에의한제주도천미천의유출발생시최대수위 3.94 m를기록 9시 00분에하천단면적과표면영상유속계로분석한 63개의유속을적용하여유량을산정한결과를나타낸다. 표면영상유속계 (SIV) 로분석된표면유속에표면유속 -수심평균유속환산계수 0.85를적용하여동일시간의수위에따른면적을적용한중간단면법으로유량을산정하였으며산정된유량은 m 3 /sec로나타났다. Table 5에서 1번과 63번의유속벡터에적용되는단면적이다른유속벡터적용단면적과차이가나는이유는수집된유출영상의분석화면에서단면의손실되는부분을포함된단면을적용하였기때문이다. 동일지점의단일구간유속을관측하는칼레스토 (Kalesto) 의유량산정결과는관측표면유속 4.20 m/sec 에표면유속-수심평균유속환산계수인 0.85를적용하고동일시간의전체하천단면적인 m 2 에적용하여유출량이 m 3 /sec로산정되었다 (Table 5). 표면영상유속계 (SIV) 의다지점유속벡터를적용하여유량을산정한결과와 Kalesto의단일지점유속과전체면적을적용하여산정한유량은 m 3 /sec의차이를나타낸다. 각각의하천에유출특성에따라표면유속-수심평균유속환산계수는다른계수가적용되는것이타당하지만본연구의유량산정과정에서는기존의 0.85를사용하였으며향후관측하천에따른표면유속-수심평균유속환산계수에대한연구가추가적으로필요하다. 또한제주도는 (a) (b) Fig. 9. Analysis process of surface image velocimeter(siv); (a)grid mesh setting, (b)results of the flow velocity vector.

11 (a) (b) Fig. 10. Velocity changes due to changes in the reference point.

12 김용석양성기 (c) (d) Fig. 10. Continued.

13 (e) (f) Fig. 10. Continued.

14 김용석양성기 Table 5. Velocity vector and discharge calculation results(siv) Grid mesh Number Surface velocity (m/sec) * Stream Section Area (m 2 ) Discharge (m 3 /sec) Grid mesh Number Surface velocity (m/sec) *0.85 Stream Section Area (m 2 ) Discharge (m 3 /sec) Total discharge m 3 /s

15 Table 6. Result error rate of the surface velocity and discharge Analysis criterion Long distance Short distance Case-No. Discharge (m 3 /sec) Mean surface velocity (m/sec) discharge Error factor (%) surface velocity Original Data case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case case 댐방류량과같은유출량의참값이존재하지않기때문에이같은결과는단일지점의유속을관측하는 Kalesto 의관측결과만의존하여제주도의유출량을산정하기에는문제가있다고판단된다 참조점변화에의한유속및유량변동 Fig. 10는원거리및근거리의참조점변화에따른유속변화를나타낸다. 그래프의 x축은유속분석에적용된 63개의격자망을나타내며, y축은각각격자망의유속을나타낸다. 막대그래프는정확한참조점입력에의한유속산정결과를나타내며각각의케이스별로분석된유속비교시기준이된다. 또한각각의케이별로유속을산정한결과를표식을통해구분하였다. Fig. 10(a) 는카메라의원근을기준으로원거리의참조점을 5개의케이스로구분하여산정한유속결과를나타내며, Fig. 10(b) (f) 는근거리의참조점을 25개의

16 김용석양성기 케이스로구분하여산정한결과를나타낸다. 원거리참조점변경에의한 Fig. 10(a) 의분석결과를보면 Case-1부터 Case-5까지유속벡터가근거리참조점변경에비해오차율이 % 로큰변동폭을나타낸다. 이같은유속벡터의변동폭은유량계산시최소 16.86% 에서최대 % 로과대산정되는문제가발생할수있다. 근거리참조점변경에의한 Fig. 10(b) (f) 의분석결과를보면 Case-1부터 Case-25까지유속벡터가최소 1.10% 에서최대 74.47% 의변동폭을나타냈으며, 유량환산시최소 0.82% 에서최대 59.28% 의변동폭을나타냈다 (Table 6). 5. 결론 2012년 9월 17일제 16호태풍산바의내습에의한유출발생시제주도천미천유역의성읍교부근에서전체유출사상중최대수위 3.94 m를기록한 9시 00분유출영상에표면영상유속계 (SIV) 를적용하여참조점설정에따른오차율을분석하였다. 표면영상유속계 (SIV) 의분석과정에서정밀하게측량된참조점입력값에의한유속및유량결과를기준으로 5 개의원거리참조점설정변수와 25개의근거리참조점설정변수로각각분류하여분석한결과는다음과같다. 1) 참조점설정과정에서원거리의참조점입력오류가발생하면 2 11 pixel의미세한오류값입력에의해 X축방향으로 0.42 m, Y축방향으로 0.94 m의실거리변화율을발생시킨다. 2) 참조점설정과정에서근거리의참조점입력오류가발생하면 1 11 pixel의미세한오류값입력에의해 X축방향으로 0.02 m, Y축방향으로 0.28 m의실거리변화율을발생시킨다. 3) 원거리의참조점설정변수에따라유속오차율은최소 16.77% 에서최대 % 의변동폭을나타냈으며, 유량산정시최소 16.86% 에서최대 % 의변동폭을나타냈다. 4) 근거리의참조점설정변수에따라유속오차율은최소 1.10% 에서최대 74.47% 의변동폭을나타냈으며, 유량산정시최소 0.82% 에서최대 59.28% 의변동폭을나타냈다. 표면영상유속계는수집된유출영상의추적입자이동거리와시간을계산하여유속을분석한다. 참조점의상대적인이동거리가줄어듦에따라단시간에짧은거리를이동한것으로분석되므로유속이과대산정되는결과는쉽게예상할수있다. 하지만이연구의결과와같이참조점설정위치의미세한입력오류의영향에의해유속과유량의정량적인큰변동폭을확인하고전체유출사상분석에적용된다면누적된총유출량이많은오차율을수반한결과가산정될수있음을의미한다. 특히이연구의연구대상지점인제주도천미천성읍교부근은하폭이약 40 m로국내하천의하폭에비하면매우짧은하폭을형성한다. 짧은하폭에적용되는참조점설정오류의영향으로최소 0.82% 에서최대 % 까지오차율을보인다면하폭이큰대하천에표면영상유속계를적용하는경우미세한참조점입력오류의영향으로더큰유속오차가발생할가능성이있음을의미한다. 향후표면영상유속계를활용한유량산정시분석결과의신뢰도를높이고오차발생가능성을최소화하기위해관측현장에설치된 CCTV의화면에서육안으로참조점을확인할수있는목자판을별도로설치하여참조점입력에의한오류발생여부를줄이는단계가필요하며분석하는하천의하폭에따라발생할수있는오차율을제시할필요가있다. 감사의글 본연구는국토교통부의건설교통기술지역특성화사업제주권국토교통기술지역거점센터 (16RDRP-B ) 에의해수행되었습니다. REFERENCES Fujita, M. M., Anton, K., 1998, Large-scale particle image velocimetry for flow analysis in hydraulic engineering applications, Journal of Hydraulic Research, 36(3), Kim, S. J., Ryu, K. G., Youn, B. M., 2011, Real-time discharge measurement of the river using fixed-type surface image velocimetry, Magazine of Korea Water Resources Association, 44(5), Kim, J. B., 2012, Analysis of water resources components

17 and water balance in Chunmicheon watershed, Jeju Island, Sc.M. Dissertation, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea. Kim, Y. G., Roh, Y. S., Yoon, B. M., 2004, Verification and application of surface-velocity measurement method using LSPIV, Magazine of Korea Water Resources Association, 37(2), Roh, Y. S., 2005, Development of river discharge measurement technique using image analysis, Ph. D. Dissertation, Myoungji University, Seoul, Korea. Joo, Y. W., Kim, S. J., Yu, K., Yoon, B. M., 2009, The Accuracy analysis of SIV(surface image velocimetry) associated with correlation coefficient, J. Korea Water Resources Association, Kim, S. J., 2013, Determination of interrogation-area size based on error analysis for the surface image velocimetry, Sc.D. Dissertation, Myoungji University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, Y. S., Yang, S. K., Yu, K., Kim, D. S., 2012, Flood runoff measurements using surface image velocimetry, J. Environmental Sciences, 22(5), Kim, Y. S., Yang, S. K., Yu, K., Kim, D. S., 2012, Flood runoff calculation using disater monitoring CCTV system, J. Environmental Sciences, 23(4), Kim, Y. S., Yang, S. K., Yu, K., Kim, D. S., 2015, Comparative analysis of day and night time video accuracy to calculate the flood runoff using Surface Image Velocimeter (SIV), J. Environmental Sciences, 24(4), Yang, S. K., Kim, D. S., Jung, W. Y., Yu, K. K., 2011, Analysis and comparison of stream discharge measurements in Jeju island using various recent monitoring techniques, J. Environmental Sciences, 20(6), Yang, S. K., Kim, D. S., Yu, K. K., Kang, M. S., Jung, W. Y., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y. S., You, H. J., 2012, Comparison of flood discharge and velocity measure -ments in a mountain stream using electromagnetic wave and surface image, J. Environmental Sciences, 21(6), Yang, S. K., 2007, River management and improvement of Jeju island, J. Korea River Association, 3(4), Yu, K., Kim, D. S., Yoon, B. M., 2005, Development of fast and exact FFT algorithm for cross-correlation PIV, J. Korea Water Resources Association, 38(10),

THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE Dec.; 27(12),

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