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1 한국섬유공학회지, Vol. 52, No. 6, ISSN (Print) ISSN (Online) 커패시턴스센싱을통한섬유입력인터페이스설계와동작성연구 정재훈 한국패션산업연구원 Study of Textile Input Interface Design and Operability by Using Capacitance Sensing Jae Hoon Jeong Korea Research Institute for Fashion Industry, Daegu 41028, Korea Corresponding Author: Jae Hoon Jeong Received November 7, 2015 Revised December 8, 2015 Accepted December 8, 2015 c 2015 The Korean Fiber Society Abstract: This study proposes a fabric-type input device that provides mobility by using a weighted value based on the movement velocity between 16 individual capacitors composed of conductive textile. In addition, the proposed device measures the rate of change of dielectric permittivity based on pressure or touch and provides the function like a mouse. A capacitor is composed of a conductive material (37 mω/sq), where a coating of copper and nickel is applied to polyester, and the area of the capacitor is 10 mm (W) 10 mm (L). The lower layer is composed of non-conductive fabric having a thickness of 1.36 mm, and the interval between each capacitor is 8 mm with four columns and four rows. Before touch, the capacitance was 120 pf and after touch, the capacitance increased up to 820 pf. In a monitor having a resolution of , it was observed that the average mobility of a mouse was mm and the standard deviation was 0.92 mm, while for a fabric interface, the average mobility was mm and the standard deviation was 7.37 mm. Keywords: capacitance, e-textile, textile sensor, textile interface, pressure 1. 서론 최근단말기의소형화와웨어러블디바이스의발전과더불어휴대기기나컴퓨터의조작을쉽고간단하게하기위한다양한연구가진행되고있다. 체스쳐인식, 근육신경, 음성등의다양한입력장치가개발되고있으며 [1], 손가락띠, 팔스티커, 심지어휴대용터치입력을위하여손목장치 (wrist device) 에부착되는두루마리식종이 (rollout paper) 의키보드확장장치등과같이사람들이편안하고가벼운착용형장치 (wearable) 에대한연구되고있다 [2]. e-textile의경우는전기전자산업의개방적이고감성적인기술도입과맞물려섬유소재의유연성과신장성등의장점을이용하여입력인터페이스에활용하고자하는노력이다양하고이루어지고있다. 섬유를이용한입력인터페이스의경우전도성소재를 이용하여스티치, 펠트, 뜨개질, 커팅, 자수등을이용하여일정한패턴을간단히수작업을통해섬유센서를연구하였으며 [3 6], 이러한경우는재료와표현의다양성을이해를위한접근으로서입력이나제어를위한조건이많을수록개별인식버턴이나단자가많아지고설계나정밀한처리에재현성이불안정할수있다고판단된다. Sergio[7] 의연구에따르면전도성소재와그사이에탄성체를이용하여행과열로각각패터닝되어 3F/s로압력을검출하는방법과 Rothmaier[8] 는열가소성실리콘광섬유를위, 경사방향으로메트릭스구조로형성하여 2 2 의광섬유센서로 30 N의작동범위로확인하였으며, Edmison[9] 는직물에 meters/volt의압전필름을삽입하여착용형전자직물에사용하였으며, Gilliland[10] 은직물의휨이나스트레치성등을고려한정전용량과전기저항을복합형의센서를제안하였다. 이처럼사용자가 402

2 커패시턴스센싱을통한섬유입력인터페이스설계와동작성연구 403 Figure 1. System overview. 전기적신호를변화시키기위해정전용량이나전기저항등을하나또는복합적으로사용하여단순명령이나미세신호의인식, 입력장치의편리성, 재현성등의문제를개선하고자하였다. 본연구는일정한전기저항이있는전도성직물로 16개의개별커패시터를형성하고압력또는터치에의한유전율의변화값을활용한섬유형입력장치를제안하고자한다. 섬유형입력장치는사람의터치에의해변화되는변위전류로부터생성된신호를획득하여일정한신호에따라무선통신을이용하여마우스와같은기능을주기위해커패시터간의속도에따라가중치를주어움직임을확인하였다. 2. 이론적배경 2.1. 시스템구조섬유인터페이스는가로 4개와세로 4개로구성되어총 16개의개별커패시터로이루어지며일정한전기저항을가지는전도성섬유로구성되어접촉에의해정전용량의변화값을아날로그회로로부터전압신호로변환하고그변화의정도를신호패턴으로획득하는신호처리회로와그신호처리된값을외부기기와무선통신을위하여 Zigbee 솔루션을통해 Figure 1과같이시스템을구성하였다. 신호를획득하기위해사용되는식은 (1) 과같다. C ( 정전용량 )= ε A --- (1) d 여기서 ε: 전극사이의유전체의유전율, A: 전극의면적, d: 전극사이의거리. 3. 섬유인터페이스시스템의구현 섬유인터페이스의구성을위하여 Figure 3과같이섬유커패시터, 선로부, 커넥터부의총 3가지로구분된다. 16개의섬유커패시터로구성되어압력이나접촉등의입력신호측정부, 입력신호를유선으로전달하는전송부, IT와연결을위한커넥터부로설계하였다. 16개의개별커패시터들은압력과접촉에의해마우스와같은위치이동등의명령제어에의한이동성을분석하여개별커패시터로구성된섬유인터페이스의기본모형을제시하였다 신호추출모형본연구에서는전도성섬유를이용한 16개의섬유커패시터로부터신호를획득하는과정이필요하다. Figure 2와같이사람의손으로접촉전 (A) 에는그전류는한방향만형성이된다. 하지만 (B) 섬유커패시터는사람의손등으로접촉되면사람의손을통해서전류를형성하게되며변화된커패시턴스를신호처리회로를통해읽으므로신호를추출하는것이다. Figure 3. Textile interface structure. Figure 2. Contact (A) before and (B) after electric current. Figure 4. Textile capacitor top view (A) and side view (B).

3 404 정재훈 Textile Science and Engineering, 2015, 52, Table 1. Characteristics of textile capacitors Fabric Characteristic Material Polyester Filament Warp: 72 f, weft: 36 f Denier 56 Coating material Cu/Ni Thickness 0.1 mm Sheet resistance 37 mω/sq Structure Ripstop Figure 6. SEM image of conductive yarn using a data transmission. Table 2. Characteristics of fabrics using a data transmission Fabric Characteristic Material Sheath: Cotton Core: Copper φ0.08 mm Yarn number 10 Ne Structure Twill weave Elongation (cn/tex) Strength (%) 8.51 Figure 5. Electrical characteristics of textile capacitors 섬유커패시터설계섬유커패시터의구조는전도성섬유구조물과사람의몸이두개의전극으로사용되며, 중간에비전도성직물을둔하나의평판의커패시터형태를이루고있는 Figure 4(B) 의형태이다. 이를위해, Figure 4(A) 와같이압력및접촉인지를위한전도성섬유는가로와세로가 10 mm 10 mm으로커패시터간의간격은 8mm인 4행 4 열로하였으며, 그아래는 1.36 mm 두께의비전도성섬유로구성하였다. Table 1은섬유커패시터에사용된전기전도성섬유소재로서 Polyester 100% 의구리와니켈이코팅처리된 Ripstop 조직으로섬도는 56 데니아, 두께 0.1 mm로섬유특성을나타내며, 표면저항은측정온도 17 o C, 습도 73%Rh, frequency 100 Hz, 다솔이엔지 FPP-40K Sheet Resistance Meter로측정하였으며, 그결과는 37 mω/sq을나타났다. Figure 5는섬유커패시터에사용되는 Table 1의전도성소재를폭 10 cm 하여 HIOKI LCR Tester를사용하여길이별전기저항을측정한값이다. 측정값은 5cm일때부터 50 cm 에각각 52 mω, 263 mω, 590 mω, 869 mω, 1.18 Ω, 1.57 Ω 로측정되었으며, 10 cm 당 323 mω을증가되었다. 섬유커패시터는사람의손가락에접촉하여반응하여미세한신호를측정하는것으로그표면이전도성질이있으면서전기저항이낮은섬유를선택하였다. Figure 7. Electrical characteristics of fabrics using a data transmission. Figure 8. Transmission and connector.

4 커패시턴스센싱을통한섬유입력인터페이스설계와동작성연구 405 Figure 10. (A) Zigbee module and (B) USB port module. Figure 9. Textile interface 선로부와커넥터섬유커패시터에서측정된신호를유선상태로 IT모듈로전송하는선로부는길이대비전기적성질이안정적이어야한다. Figure 6은안정적인전기신호를전달하기위한선로부에사용되는 sheath-core사의단면의구조이다. Table 2는직경이 0.08 mm의 mono 구리와이어에 sheath는면으로구성된섬도 10수의방적사로신도 8.51%, 강도 cn으로능조직인구성된선로부의성질을나타내며, 이전도사를이용하여섬유커패시터에서측정된전기신호를이동하는선로로구성하였다. Figure 7은각각의섬유커패시터에서측정된입력신호를유선으로전달하는전송부에사용되며, Table 2의시료를길이 1m의단위길이당전기저항 (Ω/m) 을온도 25 o C, 상대습도 65% Rh 조건에서 Fluke사의 8846A Multi-Teste를이용하여측정하였다. 그결과저항은 3.9 Ω/m로측정되었으며, 섬유인터페이스에사용된선로의길이는 30 cm로제작되어그길이에대한전기저항은 1.4 Ω이측정되었다. Figure 8과 Figure 9는 16개의개별커패시터와커넥터를연결하기위해서위사방향으로 16가닥과예비 1가닥을삽입하여총 17단자용으로 34핀 IED 케이블에적합하게 2mm 간격으로능직조직의폭 70 mm 밴드형태로제직하여사용하였다. 듈이며, 이를통하여무선통신이가능해진다 명령과이동성구현섬유커패시터인터페이스는마우스와같은기능을구현하기위해서 16개의커패시터를연결하는움직임에대한가중치를두었다. Figure 11은시스템이구동되는흐름을나타난것으로인터페이스를작동하여 16개의커패시터에대하여 390 us마다센싱하여그중 1개라도감지될때이동 3.3. 신호획득및통신모듈설계본연구를위하여사용된 Zigbee는가정이나사무실등의무선네트워킹에서 m 내외의근거리무선통신으로전송속도는 kps, 저전력으로서다양한기능보다는무선원격감지와제어및모니터링에응용할수있는장점이있다. 이연구에서사용된 Zigbee 칩은영국 Jennic 사에서개발한 One chip Zigbee solution으로모델명은 JN5139R1을활용하였으며, 안테나의매칭을위하여방사강도를측정한결과 2.4 GHz에서효과적으로매칭되었다. Figure 10(A) 는섬유커패시터의접촉에의해신호의변화값을얻기위한신호획득및 Zigbee 모듈이합체된것이며, Figure 10(B) 는컴퓨터의 USB 포트에연결되는통신모 Figure 11. Textile input interface process. Table 3. Examples of weight Movement Weight_count Weight_sec (point) (pixel) 100 m/s and over 50 m/s and less

5 406 정재훈 Textile Science and Engineering, 2015, 52, 기술을구현하기위한것으로서손의접촉과동작에따른이동성과작동에대한검증을하였다. 이동성분석을위해 Figure 13과같이모니터해상도를가로와세로를 pixel로지정하였으며, 모니터상의좌측상단에서우측상단으로 1920 pixel를이동하는거리를섬유인터페이스를연결 Figure 12. Signal analysis by using oscilloscope (a) before and (b) after. Figure 13. Monitor resolution. 포인터에따라가중치를계산하여 Zigbee 모듈로통신되어진다. Table 3과같이커패시터의연속적인압력이나터치에의한가중치는 3개일경우 10 픽셀, 4개일경우 20 픽셀을설정하였으며속도에대한가중치는커패시터에서다음의커패시터로이동하는속도가 100 ms(0.1 s) 이상걸리면최소 10 픽셀이움직이고 50 ms 이하이면 30 픽셀이움직이게설계하였다. 이동을위한가중치계산식은 (2) 와같다. X( 픽셀 )= Po Weight_Count + Weight_sec (2) 여기서 Po: 포인트이동개수, Weight_Count: 개수가중치, Weight_sec: 속도가중치. Figure 14. Moving test. 4. 결과및고찰 4.1. 섬유커패시터의신호분석섬유커패시터에대한사람의터치전후의커패시턴스의변화정도를측정하였다. 터치전에커패시턴스는 120 pf 를나타내었으며, 터치후에는그용량이 820 pf까지증가하였다. 섬유커패시터에 4.5v에 300 khz의직사각형파를일정주기로각각에신호를전송하도록하였다. Figure 12 는 300 khz의직사각형파를전송하여터치후 (B) 파형이변한것을알수있었으며, 각각의섬유커패시터에는커패시터의값이변화된곳을인식하여 x, y의알수있다 동작성분석이연구는섬유구조체를이용하여마우스나터치형입력 Table 4. Moving distance comparison of mouse and textile interface Interface Mouse moving Textile interface No. distance (mm) moving distance (mm) Mean Stdev

6 커패시턴스센싱을통한섬유입력인터페이스설계와동작성연구 407 하여마우스가같이각각이동거리를측정하여비교하였다. Figure 14는이동성분석을위한실험으로삼성 LED 모니터 S23C340과로지텍무선마우스 B175를사용하여측정하였으며, 사용자의재현성을위해직각자를이용하여마우스의직선거리를측정하였다. Table 4는 의모니터환경에서마우스와섬유인터페이스에대한 1920 pixel을이동하는실제거리를측정한것이다. 측정을위해섬유인터페이스의경우시작에서도착때까지횟수를측정하고섬유인터페이스폭을곱하였다. 마우스의경우평균 mm, 표준편차 0.92 mm, 섬유인터페이스는평균 mm, 표준편차 7.37 mm로평균 17회의입력을통해마우스와같은거리를이동되는것으로측정되었다. 5. 결론 본연구는 4 4의섬유인터페이스의커패시턴스를측정하여컴퓨터나정보기기를사용할수있도록하였다. 사용한전기전도성섬유는사람의손이터치되었을경우가장많은변화를보인속도의측정결과 300 khz로분석되었으며, 터치전에커패시턴스는 120 pf에서터치후에는그용량이 820 pf까지증가하는변위를나타내었다. 또한동작에따른이동성을고려하여동작에따른가중치를두어제시된가중치를모두포함한다면 의해상도에서 17회의터치에의해모니터화면의수평방향으로이동하는것을알수있었다. 섬유인터페이스의적절한상대반응을포함한프로그램수정을통해동작성이개선되어야한다. 섬유의경우유연성과신장성의특성이전기적신호를기반으로하는입력인터페이스로활용하고자할때비교적전기적신호가물리적힘에의해쉽게변형되는것을최소화하여야하며, 감도, 촉지각, 손조작등의특성을파악하여단점을개선하는연구가필요하다. References M. Weigel, T. Lu, G. Bailly, A. Oulasvirta, C. Majidi, and J. Steimle, iskin: Flexible, Stretchable and Visually Customizable On-Body Touch Sensors for Mobile Computing, Proceeding CHI '15, Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp doi: / E. R. Post, M. Orth, P. R. Russo, and N. Gershenfeld, Ebroidery: Design and Fabrication of Textile-based Computing, IBM Systems Journal, 2000, 39, H. Perner-Wilson, L. Buechley, and M. Satomi, Handcrafting Textile Interfaces from A Kit-of-No-Parts, Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction, 2011, pp M. Vega-Barbas, I. Pau, J. F. E. Lebis, and F. Seoane, Utilizing Smart Textiles-Enabled Sensorized Toy and Playful Interactions for Assessment of Psychomotor Development on Children, J. Sensors, 2015, Article ID V. Mecnika, M. Hoerr, I. Krievins, S. Jockenhoevel, and T. Gries, Technical Embroidery for Smart Textiles: Review, Material Science. Textile and Clothing Technology, 2014, 9, M. Sergio, N. Manaresi, M. Tartagni, R. Guerrieri, and R. Canegallo, A Textile Based Capacitive Pressure Sensor, Sensor Letters, 2004, 2, M. Rothmaier, M. P. Luong, and F. Clemens, Textile Pressure Sensor Made of Flexible Plastic Optical Fibers, Sensors, 2008, 8, J. Edmison, M. Jones, Z. Nakad, and T. Martin, Using Piezoelectric Materials for Wearable Electronic Textiles, Proceedings of ISWC 2002, 2002, pp S. Gilliland, N. Komor, T. Starner, and C. Zeagler, The Textile Interface Swatchbook: Creating Graphical User Interface-like Widgets with Conductive Embroidery, In ISWC, Seoul, South Korea, 2010, pp 감사의글 : 본연구는지식경제부산업융합원천기술개발사업 ( 과제번호 ) 의연구비지원으로수행되었음.

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