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- 누리 해
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1 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 1 호 J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(1):78-84 DOI : /jkos = 증례보고 = 원발성안구내림프종의임상양상과진단및치료 서민희 1 유형곤 1-3 서울대학교의과대학안과학교실 1, 서울대학교의학연구원감각기관연구소 2, 서울대학교의학연구원류마티스연구소 3 목적 : 원발성안구내림프종을가진환자들에서임상적인특징과예후에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 서울대학교병원안과에서원발성안구내림프종으로진단되고치료를받은시행한환자 9 명의의무기록을후향적으로조사하였다. 결과 : 전체 14 안중 13 안 (92.9%) 에서안저및형광안저소견에서원발성안구내림프종에특징적인황색의망막하침윤소견을보였다. 안과적증상이먼저발생한경우가 3 예, 후에발생한경우가 5 예, 최종방문까지중추신경계침범이없었던경우가 1 예이었다. 림프종의안구내침범에대하여방사선또는항암치료를받은환자 6 명 (9 안 ) 중 5 명 (7 안 )(77.8%) 에서반응이있었으며, 이중 4 안 (3 명 ) 에서안구내재발을보였다. 평균 43.3 개월의경과관찰기간동안사망한환자는 5 명이었으며, 평균생존기간은평균 47 개월이었다. 결론 : 원발성안구내림프종환자에서가장흔한특징적인안저소견은맥락막의침윤이다. 안구내림프종에대하여전신항암치료와방사선의병합치료가안구내침윤과유리체혼탁의소멸에도움이되지만장기적인생존율은불량하다. < 대한안과학회지 2009:50(1):78-84> 원발성안구내림프종 (primary intraocular lymphoma) 은원발성중추신경계비호지킨림프종 (primary central nervous system lymphoma) 의아형으로서주로미만성거대 B세포 (diffuse large B cell type) 로구성되어있다 1. 전체원발성안구내림프종환자에서중추신경계를침범하는경우가 60% 에서 80% 에달하므로이를신속정확하게발견하는것이임상적으로중요하다. 2,3 그러나원발성안구내림프종은그빈도가드물고비특이적인양상으로인해포도막염으로오인되어진단이늦어지는경우가많다. 2 이미진단된원발성중추신경계림프종환자에서안구를침범한 1예가국내에서보고되었으나, 한국인에서원발성안구내림프종의임상양상에대하여잘알려져있지않다. 4 저자들은한국인에서발생한원발성안구내림프종의임상양상과예후에대하여알아보고자하였다. 접수일 : 2008 년 4 월 23 일 대상과방법 서울대학교병원안과에서 1995년 1월부터 2008년 12 월사이에원발성안구내림프종으로진단되었던환자 9명의의무기록을후향적으로조사하였다. 5명은서울대학교병원의혈액종양내과또는신경외과에서원발성중추신경 심사통과일 : 2008 년 10 월 21 일 통신저자 : 유형곤서울시종로구연건동 28 서울대학교병원안과 Tel: , Fax: hgonyu@snu.ac.kr 계림프종으로진단받고안과로의뢰되었고, 3명은 2차이상의의료기관에서포도막염또는맥락막염으로경과관찰하다가의뢰되었으며, 1명은 1차의료기관에서의뢰되었다 (Table 1). 수행상태 (performance status) 가진단당시환자들은모두 EOCG (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group) grade 1이하로좋았으며, 체중감소, 발열야간발한과같은 B 증상은모든경우에서없었다. 모든환자들은면역적격성 (immunocompetent) 이었으며, Human Immunodeficiency virus에감염된환자는아무도없었다. 초진당시나안및교정시력, 안압, 세극등현미경검사, 정밀안저검사, 형광안저촬영등을기본적으로시행하였으며, 필요에따라 2명을제외한모든환자에서초음파검사를시행했다. 감별진단을위하여포도막염에대한전신검사는 4명에서시행했으나모두음성이었다. 모든환자에서일반혈액검사, 간기능검사, 신장기능검사, 흉부방사선검사등을포함한기본적인검사와함께두경부자기공명영상검사와뇌척수액검사를시행했다. 점안스테로이드치료는 3명에서시행했으며, 1명에서경구스테로이드복용을했으며, 2 명에서스테로이드주사를시행했다. 이들중 1명에서일시적으로반응이있었으나곧재발하였으며, 나머지환자들에서는모두반응이없었다. 3명의환자에서진단을위한평면부유리체절제술을통한조직검사를시행하였으며 (Table 1), 25-gage 유리체절제침을사용하여희석되지않은유리체표본을 1 cc 정도얻은후통상적인유리체절제술을시행하였으며, 최대한유리체기저부까지유리체를제거하였다. 채취된모든환자의 78
2 서민희외 : 원발성안구내림프종 Table 1. Demographics Age/ Sex Sympto later ality Ocular features m-diag nosis 1) PIOL -PCN SL 2) Involve ment 3). & Result of PPVs Diagnosis based on Pathology Treatment in chronological order (treatment on PCNSL) Treatme nt Repons e 4) 1 M/56 R panuveitis ,2 1, PIOL PPV, NA ( ** brrt)-ppv- o, MRI crt L panuveitis ,2 0 MRI NA (brrt)-ocrtx-p, PV 2 F/57 R Vitreitis with 7 0 1,2,1 0 DLBL HDMTX, brrt, L Vitreitis with 7 0 1,2,1 0 3 M/63 R panuveitis ,2 0 4 M /63 L panuveitis ,2 0 R panuveitis 15 NA 1 L panuveitis 15 NA 1 5 F/64 R panuveitis ,1 1, Necrotic atypical cells 1,Necrotic atypical cells 1, Necrotic atypical cells L panuveitis ,1 0 6 F/64 R panuveitis ,1,2 0 7 F/71 R 8 M/57 L posterior Vitreitis without ,1 0 NA -48 2,1,2 0 9 M/62 R panuveitis ,1,2 0 DLBL HDMTX, brrt, DLBL HDMTX NA 6), DLBL HDMTX NA 6), PPV NA PPV-HDMTX, NA PPV NA PPV-HDMTX, NA, PPV DLBL (HDMTx,brRT)- PPV-ocRT DLBL (HDMTx,brRT)- ocrt DLBL (CHOP,brRT)-H DMTX,ocRT,,, DLBL (HDMTx,brRT) NA, DLBL (HDMTx,brRT) NA, DLBL ( CHOP,brRT) NA, Outcome (months after diagnosis) Ref 5) ПП AND 35 3 (ocular) 35 ## (ocular) 14 (ocular) Died Died AND 15 2 AND 15 2 AND 47 1 (ocular) 47 1 Died 84 1 (ocular) Died 55 1 Died ) Time (mo) from onset of ocular symptoms to diagnosis. 2) Time from the diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) to that of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). 3) Choronological relationship of ocular (1), CNS (2) involvement. 4) Best response to treatment (ocular /systemic). 5) Status of the referral: 1 represents previously diagnosed of PCNSL, 2 represents referred from first order medical service; 3, secondary or tertiary order medical service. 6) Died 0.5 month after the initial chemotherapy due to progression of PCNSL. * R=right; L=left; PPV=pars plana vitrectomy; MRI=magnetic resonance imaging; П NA=not applicable # DLBL=diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; ** brrt=brain radiation; ocrt=ocular radiation; HDMTX=high dose methotrexate; CHOP=doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisolone and cyclophosphamide ПП AND=alive with no disease; ## =alive with disease. 유리체표본은 10 ml 유리용기에담은후즉시진단세포실험실에보내어졌다. 이때 1안에서는우혈청배지 5 ml에부유하였으며, 나머지경우에서는모두알코올고정을시행하였다. 세포원침법을이용하여원심분리를시행한후슬라이드에도말하였으며, Wright-Giemsa 염색을시행하였다. 안구소견의호전평가의기준은망막및맥락막하침윤과유리체혼탁의소멸여부로판단하였으며, Kaplan-Meier 생존분석으로환자들의평균생존기간을조사하였다. 결과 전체 9명 (14안) 중남자는 5명 (7안) 이었으며, 여자는 4 명 (7안) 이었다. 연령은평균 62.3세 ( 범위 : 56세부터 71세 ) 였으며, 6명에서 60세이상이었다 (Table 1). 1안에서는경도의침침함과비문증을호소하였고, 11안 (8명) 에서는수개월동안서서히진행하는시력저하가주소였다. 2안 (2 명 ) 에서는수일내에급격한시력의저하를호소하였다. 초 79
3 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 1 호 진시력은 8명 13안에서 20/40 이하의시력을보였으며, 한명에서는안전수동이었다. 전체 9명중 5명에서양안을침범하였고이들은초진당시동시침범이확인되었다. 전방의염증소견이없는경우는 3명 4안이었으며 (Table 1) 나머지에서는 1+ 이상의전방세포와각막후면침착물이관찰되었다. 1명을제외한모든환자에서시간에따라서서히진행하는유리체혼탁이관찰되었다. 이중 7안 (5명) 에서는종이처럼층을이룬고밀도의유리체침윤 (dense sheet like vitreous infiltration) 을보였다 (Fig. 1). 전체 14안중에서 13안 (92.9%) 에서초진시부터잘경계지어진점상의반점으로나타나는황색의맥락막및망막하침윤이보였으며 5,6 (Fig. 2A), 모든경우에서동일부위에형광안저촬영상망막색소상피 (retinal pigment epithelium) 의간섭부위의저형광반점이고형광과함께나타나는것 을확인할수있었다 7 (Fig. 2B). 이중 1명 (1안) 은망막하침윤이큰종괴의양상으로나타났다 (Fig. 3A). 초진시맥락막및망막하침윤이없었던 1안에서도 6개월이내에전형적인침윤이관찰되었다. 한편초음파검사상에서맥락막비후가확인된경우는 3명 3안이었고, 형광안저촬영에서혈관누출을보인경우는 3명이었으며황반및시신경부종을보인경우는없었다. 전체 9명의환자중 8명에서두경부종괴가관찰되어 7명에서뇌조직검사를시행하였고, 이들모두에서범발성거대 B세포림프종 (diffuse large B cell lymphoma) 로진단되었다 (Table 1). 모든환자에서뇌척수액검사는음성이었다. 흉부영상검사에서종괴를보였던한명을제외하고안구및중추신경계이외의장기에침범을보인환자는없었으며, 이환자에서림프종의전이와동시성중복폐암 (double primary lung cancer) 여부가감별되지못하였다. A B Figure 1. Case 1. Right eye. Dense sheet-like vitreal infiltration. A B Figure 2. Multiple dots of yellowish infiltration (A) and multiple hypofluoresecent dots intermingling with hyperfluorescent dots at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium, suggestive of an aggregate of tumor cells at fluorescein angiogram (B). 80
4 서민희외 : 원발성안구내림프종 A B Figure 3. Pretreatment fundus photograph demonstrates large infiltrative subretinal mass involving inferior retina and diffuse vitreous infiltration (A). Subretinal mass and vitreous infiltrationdisappeared 4 months after combined chemo-radiation therapy, and atrophy of optic disc and retina remained as a sequaele (B). Figure 4. Case 1 right eye. Wright-Giemsa stain of vitreous specimen shows immature pleomorphic lymphocytes with microcystic nucleus and ill-defined nucleus membrane (black arrows). Nectrotic atypical lymphocytes cells were also found (red arrows)( 200). 진단적유리체절제술및세포진단법 (cytology) 을시행한경우는총 3명이었으며모두림프종에합당한소견을보였다 (Table 1). 1명에서는 Wright-Giemsa 염색에서특징적인미성숙다형림프구가관찰되었다 (Fig. 4). 나머지 2명에서는다수의괴사성비전형세포가발견되었다. 전체 9명의환자중안과적증상발생에서안구내림프종진단까지의시간간격은평균 8개월 ( 범위 : 0.5개월에서 15개월 ) 이었으며 (Table 1), 처음안과초진까지기간은평균 1.6개월 ( 범위 : 0.5개월에서 4개월 ) 이었다. 전체 9명의환자중안과적증상이초기증상이었던환자는 4명 (8안) 이었고, 이중 3명에서는증상 7개월이내에발생한발작, 마비등의중추신경계증상으로중추신경계림프종진단이먼저되었다. 나머지 1명에서는초진 15개월후최종외래경과관찰까지중추신경계림프종이발생되 Figure 5. Kaplan-Meier Survival curve for overall survival (median 43.3 months). 지않았다 (Table 1). 한편먼저원발성중추신경계림프종이발견되고원발성안구내림프종이나타난 5명 (6안) 모두에서안구내림프종발견당시원발성중추신경계림프종은치료로완전관해된경우였다. 중추신경계림프종진단으로부터안구내림프종발견까지의기간은평균 33.2 개월 ( 범위 : 12개월 ~60.5 개월 ) 이었다. 모든환자가림프종의중추신경계또는안구침범에대하여전신항암치료또는방사선치료를받았다 (Table 1). 안구내침범때문에치료를시행한경우가 6명 (9안) 이었다 (Table 1). 안구방사선치료만받은환자가 2명 (4안) 이었으며, 이들모두우안은마지막경과관찰까지재발되지않았으나, 좌안은일시적으로호전되었다가치료후각각 24 개월, 3개월경과하여재발하였다 (Table 1). 고용량의 methotraxate 전신주사와안구방사선치료를같이받은환자는 1명 (1안) 이었으며치료에잘반응하여 27개월경 81
5 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 1 호 과관찰시까지재발하지않았다 (Fig. 3). 고용량 methotraxate 전신주사만받은환자는 3명 (6안) 이었다. 이들중 2명은안구증상의호전을보였는데, 1명 (2안) 은치료 5개월만에재발하였고, 1명 (2안) 은치료후 15개월까지재발을보이지않고있다. 나머지 1명은치료시작 1개월만에원발성중추신경계림프종의진행으로사망하였다. 평균 43.3개월 ( 범위 : 7.8개월 ~83.8개월 ) 의경과관찰기간동안사망한환자는 5명이었으며, 모두원발성중추신경계림프종의진행이사망원인이었다. 평균생존기간은 47개월 ( 범위 : 7.75개월 ~84개월 ) 이었다 (Fig. 5). 고찰 원발성안구내림프종은모든림프종의 1% 미만을차지하는극히드문질환이며포도막염이나맥락망막염의형태로나타나서조기진단이어려운경우가많다. 4,8 안저검사에서유리체염과함께발생하는황색의망막색소상피하침윤이관찰되며, 형광안저조영술 (fluorescein angiography) 에서잘경계지어지는저형광및고형광의침윤의양상이보이는것이원발성안구내림프종의특이적소견이라고알려져있다. 8,9 본연구에서는전체환자중 93% 에서초진당시에시행한안저소견및형광안저소견에서원발성안구내림프종에특징적인맥락막하침윤이확인되었다. 특히안증상이후안과초진시까지의기간이 (1.6개월) 기존문헌 ( 범위 : 8개월 ~12개월 ) 에비해짧았으며, 당시유리체반응또한경하였다는점에서발병조기에특징적인맥락막침윤이나타났다는의의를가진다. 10,11 따라서고령의성인에서유리체혼탁을동반한포도막염소견을보일때는원발성안구내림프종을감별이필요하며, 이때특징적인맥락막소견이진단에도움이될수있다. 본연구에서는안과적증상발생에서안구내림프종진단까지의시간간격이평균 8개월로서기존문헌에서의결과 ( 범위 : 4개월 ~21개월 ) 와상응하는결과를보였다. 10,12-14 진단이지연된 5명모두는포도막염또는맥락망막염으로오인된경우였다. 한편안과적이초기증상이었던환자 4 명중 3명 (75%) 에서 7개월이내에중추신경계증상이발현하여중추신경계림프종의병발이진단이되었다. 이는안구침범은중추신경계침범이임박했음을의미하는전구증상일수있으며, 안구내림프종에대한안과의사의신속한진단이중요함을시사한다. 원발성안구내림프종에대한진단적검사로는뇌자기공명영상의촬영을통한중추신경계림프종의확인및정위 적방사선수술을이용한뇌조직검사가필수적이며, 뇌척수액검사에서종양세포가나올확률은 50% 로알려져있다 8. 또한유리체액의조직검사를통한종양세포의확인이필요한데, 그방법으로는세침흡인보다유리체절제술을이용하는것이권장된다. 8 본연구에서는유리체조직검사의시행율은 28.6% 로서기존연구의결과 ( 범위 : 63.6% 에서 100%) 에비해낮았다. 2,10,12,15 이는환자가거부한경우가 2안있었으며, 나머지에서는뇌조직검사상중추신경계림프종이확인되어시행하지않아도되었기때문이었다. 전형적인미성숙다형구가관찰된경우또한 25% 로기존연구결과 ( 범위 : 54% 에서 58%) 에비해낮았는데, 2,10,12,15 전형적소견을보인 1안은고밀도의유리체침윤부위에서채취하였고우혈청배지에부유한반면, 괴사성비전형세포가발견된 3안에서는유리체혼탁이경하였고알코올고정을시행한차이점이있었다. 이는밀도가높은병변부에서의채취및우혈청배지를통한적절한가중요함을다시확인한다. 10 한편미성숙다형림프구가관찰되지않은 3안에서도임상의사와경험많은병리과의사간의토의를바탕으로포도막염에부합하지않는괴사성비전형세포로안구내림프종을의심하였고, 이들모두에서항암치료를시행하여호전되었다는점에서의의를가진다. 원발성안구내림프종에대한치료를받은환자중 77.8% 에서초기에반응을보였으며이는기존연구결과와상응하였다. 16,17 현재권장되는치료법은안구내방사선치료를근간으로하여망막혈관장벽 (blood retinal barrier) 을통과하는고용량 methotraxate 또는 Ara C 전신항암요법을병합하는것으로알려져있다. 9 본연구에서는개체수의제한으로통계적인분석을못하였지만병합요법을시행한 1예에서장기간안구내재발없이유지되었다. 원발성안구내림프종의치료이후안구내재발은 28.5% 에서있었으며이는기존연구의결과 (25%~32%) 와비슷하였다. 따라서이러한환자에서생존율을높이기위하여조기에적극적인항암치료를시행해야할것으로생각된다. 9,11,14 본연구에서평균생존율은 47개월이었으며, 원발성안구내림프종에대해서적극적으로치료했던기존논문의결과 ( 범위 : 39개월 ~42.5개월 ) 보다다소높은경향을나타냈다. 11 본연구의모든환자에서전신수행상태 (performance status) 가좋았으며, B 증상및뇌척수액침범소견이없었고한명을제외하고중추신경계이외의침범이없었다는점등이생존율이높은이유로생각할수있다. 18 또한신속한진단과치료가이루어진것도생존율에도움을주었다고생각된다. 결론적으로원발성안구내림프종환자에서가장흔한특징적인안저소견은맥락막의침윤이다. 안구내림프종에 82
6 서민희외 : 원발성안구내림프종 대하여전신항암치료와방사선의병합치료가안구내침윤과유리체혼탁의소멸에도움이되지만장기적인생존율은불량하다. 참고문헌 1) Chan CC, Buggage RR, Nussenblatt RB. Intraocular lymphoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2002;13: ) Whitcup SM, de Smet MD, Rubin BI, et al. Intraocular lymphoma. Clinical and histopathologic diagnosis. Ophthalmology 1993;100: ) Akpek EK, Ahmed I, Hochberg FH, et al. Intraocular-central nervous system lymphoma: clinical features, diagnosis, and outcomes. Ophthalmology 1999;106: ) Lee SH, Kim DJ, Kim IT. A case of primary central nervous system lymphoma with ocular involvement. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2005;46: ) Char DH, Ljung BM, Miller T, Phillips T. Primary intraocular lymphoma (ocular reticulum cell sarcoma) diagnosis and management. Ophthalmology 1988;95: ) Peterson K, Gordon KB, Heinemann MH, DeAngelis LM. The clinical spectrum of ocular lymphoma. Cancer 1993;72: ) Augustein WG, Buggage RR, Smith JA, et al. Fluorescein angiogram interpretation in the diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2001;42:S462. 8) Gill MK, Jampol LM. Variations in the presentation of primary intraocular lymphoma: Case reports and a review. Surv Ophthalmol 2001;45: ) Levy-Clarke GA, Chan CC, Nussenblatt RB. Diagnosis and management of primary intraocular lymphoma. Hematol Oncol Clin rth Am 2005;19: ) Karma A, von Willebrand EO, Tommila PV, et al. Primary intraocular lymphoma: improving the diagnostic procedure. Ophthalmology 2007;114: ) Jahnke K, Korfel A, Komm J, et al. Intraocular lymphoma : results of a retrospective multicentre trial. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006;244: ) Zaldivar RA, Martin DF, Holden JT, Grossniklaus HE. Primary intraocular lymphoma: clinical, cytologic, and flow cytometric analysis. Ophthalmology 2004;111: ) Tuaillon N, Chan CC. Molecular analysis of primary central nervous system and primary intraocular lymphomas. Curr Mol Med 2001;1: ) Hoffman PM, McKelvie P, Hall AJ, Stawell RJ, Santamaria JD. Intraocular lymphoma: a series of 14 patients with clinicopathological features and treatment outcomes. Eye 2003; 17: ) Coupland SE, Bechrakis NE, Anastassiou G, et al. Evaluation of vitrectomy specimens and biopsies in the diagnosis of primary intraocular lymphoma in patients with masquerade syndrome. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2003;241: ) Batchelor TT, Kolak G, Ciordia R, et al. High-dose methotrexate for intraocular lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: ) Batchelor T, Carson K, O'Neill A, et al. Treatment of primary CNS lymphoma with methotrexate and deferred radiotherapy: a report of NABTT J Clin Oncol 2003;21: ) Hayabuchi N, Shibamoto Y, Onizuka Y. Primary central nervous system lymphoma in Japan: a national survey. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999;44:
7 대한안과학회지 2009 년제 50 권제 1 호 =ABSTRACT= Clinical Manifestations of Intraocular Lymphoma Min Hee Suh, MD 1, Hyeong Gon Yu, MD, PhD 1-3 Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine 1, Seoul, Korea, Institute of Sensory Organs, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University 2, Seoul, Korea Institute of Rheumatology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University 3, Seoul, Korea Purpose: To investigate the clinical features and prognosis of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL). Methods: A retrospective review of medical records was performed in 9 patients who were diagnosed and treated as PIOL in the Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital. Results: Among patients who were enrolled in the study, 14 eyes were examined. Thirteen eyes (92.9%) showed yellowish subretinal or choroidal infiltrates which is a characteristic finding of PIOL in fundus examination and fluorescein angiography. Three patients presented with ocular symptoms initially, and 5 patients later presented with central nerve system (CNS) involvement. Only 1 patient showed PIOL without CNS involvement. Among 6 patients (9 eyes) that received systemic chemotherapy or ocular irradiation, 5 patients (7 eyes, 77.8%) responded. Among those patients, 3 patients (4 eyes) showed relapse of PIOL. Five patients died during the mean follow-up period of 43.3 months, and the median survival time was 47 months. Conclusions: The most common characteristic fundus finding of PIOL is subretinal or choroidal infiltration. Ocular irradiation combined with systemic chemotherapy is the first method of treatment, although long-term prognosis is poor. J Korean Ophthalmol Soc 2009;50(1):78-84 Key Words: Primary central nervous system lymphoma, Primary intraocular lymphoma, Prognosis, Subretinal or choroidal infiltration, Vitreous Address reprint requests to Hyeong Gon Yu, MD, PhD Department of ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine #28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: , Fax: , hgonyu@snu.ac.kr 84
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