02-류종선(전화교정진행중)
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1 대한척추외과학회지제 13 권제 4 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 13, No. 4, pp 234~239, 2006 단분절퇴행성추간판질환에의한경추척수증 류종선 채종우 조우진 문명상 한 대전선병원정형외과교실 Mono-segment Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy Abstract Jong Seon Ryu, M.D., Jong Woo Chae, M.D., Woo Jin Cho, M.D., Myung Sang Moon, M.D., Han Chang, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUN Hospital, Daejeon, Korea Study design: A retrospective follow-up study comparing soft disc cervical myelopathy (Group A) and spondylotic bar cervical myelopathy (Group B). Objectives: To analyze different factors by comparing preoperative radiological and clinical data of Group A with that of Group B. Summary and Literature Review: The different causes of cervcal myelopathy resulted in different symptoms and prognoses. Material and Methods: A clinical and radiological analysis of the data in 31 patients who underwent an anterior cervical decompression and fusion was performed to assess the different factors between two groups. The patients were classified into two groups; 20 in Group A and 11 in Group B. Comparisons between the two groups were made in regard to the physical findings, radiological and clinical evaluation. Results: The duration of myelopathy was 3 months in Group A and 8.7months in Group B. Of all cases, 5 cases (25.0%) in group A and 4 cases (36.4%) in group B had myelopathy associated with radiculopathy. Of the 20 cases in group A with myelopathy, 7 cases had a median compression and 13 cases had a paramedian compression on MRI. Of the 11 cases in group B with meylopathy, 9 cases had a median compression and 2 cases had a paramedian compression on MRI. The follow-up MRI of the 14 cases (73.7%) in group A and 2 cases (20.0%) in group B showed spontaneous regression of the T2 WI high signal intensity. Conclusion: In degenerative disc disease, the different causes of cervcal myelopathy result in different symptoms and prognoses. However, the treatment of choice in both groups is a one level anterior decompression and fusion. 서 론 경추척수증은여러가지원인에의해일어나지만후방종인대골화증, 황색인대골화증, 선천적요인등을제외하면주로추간판의퇴행성변화로일어난다. 추간판의퇴행성변화는추간판탈출및변성으로인하여추간판 의높이소실을유발하며이에따라경추전만소실, 분절불안정성, 추간판변연부와후관절, 구추관절등의골극형성, 황색인대비후등을야기시켜척추관의정적및동적협착을일으켜척수증을야기시킨다. 추간판변성의초기에는주로연성추간판탈출로일어나나후기에는추간판변연부에횡골극대 (transverse spondylotic bar) 를 Address reprint requests to Jong Woo Chae, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SUN Hospital, Mok-dong Jung-gu Daejeon South Korea Tel: , Fax: , chspine@korea.com
2 단분절퇴행성추간판질환에의한경추척수증 류종선외 형성하여척추관내경을감소시키며후방의비후성변화와더불어척수압박을가중시켜진행성의척수증증상을유발한다. 저자들은단분절의추간판퇴행성변화로일어난경추척수증을초기의연성추간판탈출및후기의횡골극대를형성한경성추간판탈출로나누어술전, 술후방사선영상소견의차이점, 임상양상및술후예후에대해조사하였다. 연구대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2002 년 8 월부터 2006 년 6 월까지본원정형외과에서추시된본원정형외과에서경수척수증이있는환자중에후방종인대골화, 황색인대골화, 선천적요인등을제외한단분절추간판퇴행성변화가있는환자중최소 1 년이상추시가가능하였던총 31 명, 31 분절을대상으로하였다. 연령은 28 세에서 65 세로평균 50.3 세였으며, 성별분포는남자가 22 명, 여자가 9 명이었다. 추적기간은최단 12 개월에서최장 38 개월로평균 24.2 개월이었다. 2. 방법 환자에대한평가는경추전후방, 사면, 측면굴곡및신전측면방사선사진을포함한단순방사선사진, 컴퓨터단층촬영, 자기공명영상, 술전및술후 JOA 점수를측정하였다. 술전컴퓨터단층촬영및자기공명영상으로척수의압박이추간판탈출에의한경우및횡골극대 (spondylotic bar) 에의한경우를나누어전체환자를연성추간판탈출에의한경추척수증 (Group A) 및횡골극대형성에의한경추척수증 (Group B) 으로분류하였다 (Fig. 1, 2). 술전단순방사선사진에서인접한상하의추간판높이에대한퇴행성추간판높이의비율측정및술전자기공명영상상척수의압박부위, 술후 12 개월의자기공명영상에서압박부위의 T2 신호강도영상의변화, 술전및술후 JOA 점수를비교하였다. 술후회복율은 Hirabayashi 에의한방법으로측정하였으며, 통계학적분석은 SPSS, version 12.0 을이용하였다 (Student s t test, one way analysis of variance [ANOVA]). 수술은전례에서단분절전방감압및유합술을시행하였다. 결 과 A 군은총 20 명, 그중남자는 15 명, 여자는 5 명, 평균연령은 47.7 세이었고, B 군은총 11 명, 남자는 7 명, 여자는 4 명, 평균연령은 55 세였다. 두군의성비에있어서는통계적인차이는없었고 (p=0.521) 평균연령에있어서는 A 군이 B 군보다통계학적으로유의하게낮았다 (p=0.031). 임상증상의지속기간에있어서, A 군은 3 개월, B 군은 8.7 개월로 B 군보다 A 군이유의하게짧았다 (p=0.026). 경부외상에대한과거력은 A 군은 4 예, B 군은 1 예로 A 군에서많았으나통계학적으로유의하지는않았다 (p=0.429). 경추척수증에신경근병증이동반된경우는 A 군은 5 예 (25.0%), B 군은 4 예 (36.4%) 로 B 군에서많았으나통계학적으로유의하지않았다 (p=0.521). 이환부위로는제 5~6 경추간이 18 분절 Fig. 1. cervical myelopathy due to soft disc on axial view of T2 WI MRI and CT
3 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 4, 2006 로가장많았고, 제 4~5 경추간이 10 분절, 제 3~4 경추간이 2 분절, 제 6~7 경추간이 1 분절이었으며, A 군과 B 군에서통계학적인차이가없었다. 술전단순방사선사진에서추간판높이는전체평균 81.2% 였으며 A 군에서 85.9%, B 군에서 72.7% 로통계적으로유의한차이가있었으며 (p=0.008) 술전최고압박분절의척추관전후사선직경 (anteroposterior diagonal diameter) 은평균 13.3 mm 로측정되었으며 A 군에서는 13.9 mm, B 군에서는 12.1 mm 였으며통계적으로유의한차이가있었다 (p=0.022). 술전 MRI 사진상척수의압박 부위는 A 군에서는정중앙부 7 예, 측중앙부 13 예로나타났으며 B 군에서는정중앙부 9 예, 측중앙부 2 예로 A 군에서유의하게측중앙부압박이높았다 (p=0.011). 술전 MRI 상에서 A 군에서는 19 예에서고신호강도변화가있었으나술후 MRI 상에서는 14 예 (73.7%) 에서소실되었고 B 군에서는술전 10 예에서고신호강도변화가있었으나술후 2 예 (20.0%) 에서소실되었다 (p=0.009)(fig. 3). 술전 JOA 점수는 A 군은 10.3, B 군은 12.8 였으나 (p=0.043), 술후점수는 A 군은 66.2, B 군은 22.5 로개선되었다 (p=0.000). Fig. 2. cervical myelopathy due to spondylotic bar on axial view of T2 WI MRI and CT. Fig. 3. cervical myelopathy due to soft disc on sagittal view of T2 WI preoperative and postoperative MRI
4 단분절퇴행성추간판질환에의한경추척수증 류종선외 고 찰 퇴행성추간판질환에의한경추척수증은외상이나다른원인에의한연성추간판탈출및퇴행성골극형성으로인한척추증에의해발생될수있다. 연성추간판탈출에의한경추척수증은파열된섬유환을통하여수핵이돌출되어나오면서후방종인대하부에위치하고때로는후방종인대의파열부를통해빠져나와척수관내에존재하기도한다. 연성추간판탈출은대개퇴행성변화를겪지않은젊은환자에서자주발생한다 1,2,3,4,5). 또한추간판변연부의횡골극대를형성에의한경추척수증은퇴행성추간판변성에의해전방구조물및후방구조물의비후및변성을가져와서척수증을야기하며연성추간판탈출보다퇴행성척추증 (spondylosis) 변화를겪는고령의환자에서자주발생한다 6). 알려진바와같이증상의기간은일반적으로퇴행성경추척수증은대부분 1 년이상인데반하여추간판탈출증에의한경우대개 6 개월이하로, 저자들의경우에도두군의뚜렷한차이가있었다. 본저자들의연구에서는경부외상의과거력은연성추간판탈출에의한척수증이횡골극대에의한척수증보다많았으나외상이수핵탈출증의일차적원인이었는지기존의수핵탈출증이증상을악화시켰는지알수없었고, 또한통계학적으로도두군간의차이에서의미가없었다. 경수척수증에신경근병증이동반된경우는 Group A 보다 Group B 에서많았다. 이에대해서통계학적으로유의성을증명하지는못했으나 Group B 에서많은이유는추체간간격이좁아지면서구추관절의비후및골극형성등에의해신경공이좁아짐에따라신경근병증이많이발생한것으로여겨지며, 경부외상의과거력및신경병증에있어서두군의차이를관찰하기위해서는좀더많은예를통하여조사가필요할것으로생각된다. 여러논문에서발표된바와같이경추부후방종인대의해부학적구조는두층으로나누어져있으며정중앙부의천층은심부층과성기게결합되어있는반면, 외측으로는천층과심부층이분리되어있어외측부로추간판탈출이많이일어난다 7,8,9,10,11). 후방종인대구조를생각해볼때 Group B 가 Group A 보다후방종인대구조물의퇴행성변화로인하여중앙부의정상적인결합, 즉조직학적인구조가약해짐을의미하는것으로보이며이로인하여 Group B 에서는척수압박부위가중앙부로, 그리고 Group A 에서는중앙부보다는측중앙부로많이치우쳐져발생하는것으로생각되어진다. 추간판높이의감소는 Group A 보다 Group B 에서뚜렷하게나타났다. Group B 에서는퇴행성변화에의하여추간판높이감소가유발되며횡골극대형성및주변조직 의비후가생기면서척수증을유발하지만 Group A 에서는돌출된많은양의추간판에의해서척수증이유발된다 12,13). 연성추간판탈출에의한척수증은술후자기공명영상 T2 신호강도변화부위가소실되는경우가대부분이고횡골극대에의한척수증은술전에있던 T2 고신호강도변화부위가소실되지않고그대로유지되는경우가많았다. 이러한결과에대해서는여러논문에서발표된바있는것처럼논란의여지가있겠지만연성추간판탈출에의한척수증은부종등의가역적인변화일가능성이많다는것을의미하며횡골극대에의한척수증은척수의공동형성, 낭종형성및괴사가진행되었다고생각될수있다 14,15,16). 저자들의한정된경험이지만, 연성추간판탈출에의한척수증이횡골극대에의한척수증보다외상의원인에의해짧은유병기간동안의급성압박이라는점에서의미를두었다. 술전 JOA 점수및회복율은연성추간판탈출에의한경우에는술전 JOA 점수는통계적으로횡골극대에의한점수보다낮았으나, 술후 JOA 점수는높아통계적으로높은회복율을보였다. 연성추간판탈출에의한경우에는단기간의임상증상기간동안추간판탈출에의한많은면적의척수의압박으로인하여가역적인증상의발현후, 수술로인하여증상이좋아짐으로볼수있다. 경수척수증의치료에는후궁절제술, 전방감압및유합술, 후궁성형술등이있다. 치료방법을선택함에있어서척수증만있는경우에는척수의감압이주목적이므로돌출된추간판및횡골극대등을전방감압및유합술로치료가가능하다. 물론선천적척수관협착증이동반되었을경우에는후궁성형술및후궁절제술을통하여협착증을없애주어야한다. 그러나신경근병증이동반된척수증에는구추관절이벽으로작용하여신경근이막혀있으므로전방감압술로는힘든경우가많으며이를해결하기위해서는전방감압술시행시구추관절의부분적절제및감압술그리고추간판간극의회복을시행하는방법또는전방감압과더불어후방에서신경공감압술을시행해주어야한다 17,18,19). 저자들의경우에는단분절의경추척수증에서후방감압술의경우경부후방의추가적인절개술을시행하는경우근육절개등에의해발생되는술후경부동통발생등의합병증을줄이기위해전례에서전방감압술또는전방감압술과함께구추관절의부분절제후추체간고정술을시행하였으며술후결과도만족스러웠다. 결 론 퇴행성추간판질환에서단분절경수척수증을일으
5 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 4, 2006 키는원인에따라다른임상증상및예후를보여주었고, 치료방법으로원인에관계없이단분절전방감압및유합술이유용한방법으로사료된다. 참고문헌 01) Aldrich F: Posterolateral microdiscectomy for cervical monoradiculopathy caused by posterolateral soft cervical disc sequestration. J Neurosurg. 72: ) Lestini WF, Wiesel SW: The pathogenesis of cervical spondylosis. Clin Orthop. 239: ) Lunsford LD, Bissonette DJ, Jannetta PJ, Sheptak PE, Zorub DS: Anterior surgery for cervical disc disease: Part I. Treatment of lateral cervical disc herniation in 253 cases. J Neurosurg. 53: ) Mosdal C: Cervical ostochondrosis and disc herniation: Eighteen years use of Interbody fusion by Cloward s technique in 755 cases. Acta Neurochir. 70: ) Murphey F, Simmons JC, Brunson B: Surgical treatment of laterally ruptured cervical disc: Review of 648 cases, 1939 to J Neurosurg. 38: ) Bemgard M, Hynes RA, Blume HW, White III AA: Cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg. 75-A: ) Shin Y, Shoichi K, Yushin I, Yasuhisa T: Courses of cervical disc herniation causing myelopathy or radiculopathy. Spine. 28: ) Hayashi K, Yabuki T, Kurokawa T, Seki H, Hogaki M, Minoura S: The anterior and the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the lower cervical spine. J Anat. 124: ) Sasaki T: Considerations on the nature of the ossification of posterior longitudinal ligamentum of the cervical spine (in Japanese). Saigaiigaku. 18: ) Sasaki T, Hosokawa M, Ukai S, et al.: Anatomy of the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament on the cervical spine (in Japanese). Central Jpn J orthop Trauma. 19: ) Suzuki Y: An anatomical study on the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament of the spinal column: especially on its fine structure and ossifying disease process (in Japanese). J Jpn J Orthop Assoc. 46: ) Parke WW: Correlative anatomy of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine. 7: ) Debois V, Herz R, Berghmans D, Hermans B, Herreqodts P: Soft cervical disc herniation. Influence of cervical spinal canal measurements on development of neurologic symptoms. Spine. 24: ) Wada E, Yonenobu K, Suzuki S, Kanazawa A, Ochi T: Can intramedullary signal change on magnetic resonance predict surgical outcome in cervical spondylotic myelopathy?. Spine. 24: ) Faiss JH, Schroth G, Grodd W, Koeing E, Will B, Thron A: Central spinal cord lesions in stenosis of the cervical canal. Neuroradiology. 32: ) Iwasaki Y, Abe H, Isu T, Miyasaki K: CT myelography with intramedullary enhancement in cervical spondylosis. J Neurosurg. 63: ) Scoville WB, Dohrmann GJ, Corkill G: Late results of cervical disc surgery. J Neurosurg. 45: ) Francois A: Posterolateral microdisectomy for cervical monoradiculopathy caused by posterolateral soft cervical disc sequestration. J Neurosurg. 72: , ) Williams RW: Microcervical foraminotomy: a surgical alternative for intractable radicular pain. Spine. 8: ,
6 단분절퇴행성추간판질환에의한경추척수증 류종선외 국문초록 연구계획 : 경수척수증을일으키는단분절퇴행성추간판질환의원인에따른분류및예후에미치는영향에대해알아보고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2002년 8월부터 2006년 6월사이에단분절경수척수증증상을호소한환자 31예를대상으로그원인에따라연성추간판탈출환자군 (Group A) 및횡골극대를형성한환자군 (Group B) 으로분류하였다. 이들을술전, 술후의이학적검사소견, 단순방사선사진, 컴퓨터단층촬영, 자기공명영상, JOA점수, 회복율등제인자들을비교하였다. 수술은모든예에서단분절전방감압및전방유합술을시행하였다. 결과 : 총 31예중 A군은 20예 B군은 11예였으며두군의평균연령은 A군은 47.7세, B군은 55세였다. 임상증상의지속기간은 A군은 3개월, B군은 8.7개월로추정되었다. 경부외상에대한과거력은 A군은 4예, B군은 1예에서있었고, 경추척수증에신경근병증이동반된경우는 A군은 5예 (25.0%), B군은 4예 (36.4%) 였다. 술전단순방사선사진에서추간판높이는 A군은 85.9%, B군은 72.7% 로감소되었으며, 술전최고압박분절의전후사선직경은 A군에서는 13.9 mm, B군에서는 12.1 mm로측정되었다. 술전MRI사진상척수의압박부위는 A군에서는정중앙부 7예, 측중앙부 13 예로나타났으며 B군에서는정중앙부 9예, 측중앙부 2예로 A군에서유의하게측중앙부압박이높았다. 술후MRI상 T2신호강도영상에서고신호변화부위가소실된경우는 A군에서는 14예 (73.7%), B군에서 2예 (20.0%) 였다. 술전 JOA점수는 A군은 10.3, B군은 12.8로측정되었으며, 술후회복율은 A군은 66.2, B군은 22.5였다. 결론 : 퇴행성추간판질환에서단분절경수척수증을일으키는원인에따라다른임상증상및예후를보여주었다. 치료방법으로원인에관계없이단분절전방감압및유합술이유용한방법으로사료된다. 색인단어 : 경추, 척수증, 단분절퇴행성추간판질환, 전방감압및유합술 통신저자 : 채종우대전광역시중구목동대전선병원 Tel: Fax: chspine@korea.com
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