01-장한(전화교정)9.13
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- 자현 구
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1 대한척추외과학회지제 13 권제 3 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 13, No. 3, pp 153~162, 2006 후종인대골화증 한 대전선병원정형외과척추센터 Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament Han Chang, M.D. Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun General Hospital, Daejeon, Korea 서 론 후종인대골화증 ( 이후 OPLL) 은경추척수증 (cervical myelopathy) 을흔히일으키는질환으로많은연구에도불구하고아직병리는분명하지않고인대의골화를일으키는다른질환즉 diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) 와비슷한부류가아닌가생각된다. 일본에서는경추환자의 2~3% 로비교적높은빈도를보고하고있으나 1,2) 이는일본에서먼저 OPLL 에대해많은관심을가지고연구가이루어졌기때문으로생각되며인종적차이가예상되는유럽, 미국등은빈도가다소낮게보고되고있다. 국내를포함한아시아타국가는정확한역학조사는이루어지지않았지만일본과비슷할것으로예상된다. 인대의골화는척추관협착을일으키며신경근증이나척수증등압박성신경증상 (compressive neuropathy) 을유발한다. 심한경우에는수술적치료가요하나대부분은모르고지내다목의통증이나외상후우연히발견된다. OPLL 에의한경추척수증은 1938 년 Key 3) 에의해처음보고되었고 1960 년 Tsukimoto 4) 가 OPLL 의부검소견을발표하면서관심을갖기시작했다 년에는일본동경대학의 Tsuyama 교수를초대회장으로후종인대골화증연구반 (Investigation Committee on OPLL) 이발족되면서역학조사와함께병리와임상증상, 수술결과등많 은연구가이루어지기시작하였다. 그러므로 OPLL 에대한대부분의지식은일본으로부터얻어진것이라해도과언이아니다. 수술적치료로서는한두분절에국한되어있을때는전방감압술및유합술 (anterior decompression and fusion) 이효과적이며경막과의유착이있는경우에는 Yamaura 5,6) 등이보고한부양술 (floating operation) 을시행하기도한다. 후방감압술 (posterior decompression) 은다분절에걸쳐서척추관협착이심한경우에비교적안전하며후궁절제술 (laminectomy) 보다는후궁성형술 (laminoplasty) 이보편화되어있다. 후궁성형술은 Hirabayashi 7,8,9) 등에의해후궁확장성형술 (expansive open-door laminoplasty) 이소개된후많은방법이개발되었으나 10,11,12,13) 이들은모두척수의후방전위 (posterior migration of cord) 에의한간접적인감압 (indirect decompression) 이그목적이다. OPLL 은근본적으로는진행하는질환으로골화의진행이항상척수증의진행을동반하는것은아니지만특히수술후에는구조적혹은생물학적인자극 (structural or biologic stimulation) 에의해진행이가속될수있으므로지속적인방사선추시와반복적인신경학적검사를필요로한다 8,14,15,16,17). Address reprint requests to Han Chang, M.D. Spine Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sun General Hospital, 10-7 Mok-dong, Joong-gu, Daejeon, Korea Tel: , Fax: , chspine@korea.com
2 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006 진 단 단순방사선검사상상부경추에발생된경우에는진단이용이하나하부경추에서는후관절이나후궁과겹쳐서간과하기쉽다. 그러므로의심스러운경우에는컴퓨터단층촬영을시행하여골화의크기와정확한위치, 척추관협착의정도를확인하여야한다. 최근저자는삼차원재구성단층촬영 (three dimensional reconstruction CT scanning) 으로서척추관내차지하고있는골화덩어리를입체적으로관찰하고있다 (Fig. 1). OPLL 은제 4,5,6 경추부에가장흔하며측면방사선검사상연속형 (continuous), 혼합형 (mixed), 분절형 (segmental), 기타형 (other) 등 4 가지형태로분류된다 (Fig. 2). 일본의통계에의하면분절형이 39% 로가장많고, 연속형 27%, 혼합형 26%, 기타형 7% 순이나 1) 이는단순방사선검사와단층촬영 (tomography) 에의한분류이므로 정확치않고컴퓨터단층촬영의시상면재구성 (sagittal reconstruction) 이나삼차원재구성으로서관찰하면혼합형과분절형이대부분이다. 그러나분절형이나혼합형으로생각되는 Type 이 MRI 상에서는인대의비후와골화의신호강도차이가뚜렷치않아연속형으로보이고또한굴신방사선검사상에서는분절부에계측가능한운동성이관찰되지않거나역으로연속성으로생각되는부위에서분절운동성이확인되는경우도있기때문에모든영상소견을종합한새로운분류가필요하다고생각된다. 간혹컴퓨터단층촬영상골화된덩어리내에빈공간이관찰되기도하는데 T2-MRI 상에서는지방을포함한골수강 (medullary cavity) 과같은음영으로증가된신호강도영상으로나타난다 (Fig. 1C, E). 이는 OPLL 이부분적으로는연골내골화 (enchondral ossification) 와유사한과정으로형성된다는증거이기도하다 (Fig. 5C). 또한방사선검사상후종인대골화가뚜렷치는않으나 Fig. 1. Diagnostic imagings of cervical OPLL. (A) Flexion / Extenion dynamic radiograms show no definite detetectable motion at the continous portion of OPLL. OPLL is frequently overlooked on plain radiograms because of superimposed bony structures such as facets and laminae. (B) Sagittal reconstruction CT scan shows a long strip of ossification posterior to the C2-C4 vertebral bodies and mixed configuration at C5-7. (C) Axial CT shows ossified mass with a hole inside enchroaching spinal canal. (D) Three dimensional reconstruction CT scans show coronal and sagittal configuration of OPLL. (E) Sagittal T2-weighted MRI shows bandlike low or no signal intensity of ossified mass compressing spinal cord and small linear high-intensity area (fatty marrow) posterior to C6 and intramedullary bright signal posterior to C5-6. (F) Axial T-weighted MRI shows fuge ossified mass compressing spinal cord
3 후종인대골화증 한 컴퓨터단층촬영상에서는수핵탈출과비슷한음영내에불규칙한석회화를보이기도하는데 Epstein 18) 은이같은영상이후종인대골화증의전단계 (OPLL in Evolution) 로서일부에서는 OPLL 로이행됨을보고하였다. 그러나아직은논란의여지가있고장기추시상전혀변화가없는경우도빈번하기때문에 OPLL 과는다른질환이거나탈출된수핵에석회가침착된경우도배재할수없다 (Fig. 3). 신경증상이동반된경우에는 MRI 촬영이필수적인데 척수의압박정도와척수자체의이상뿐만아니라동반된추간판질환등을평가하는데매우유용하다. 특히척수의단면적을측정하여척수증과의상관관계를알수있고 T2 MRI 상척수최대압박부위에서흔히관찰되는신호강도증가부위 (Intramedullary high signal intensity area) 는척수의부종 (edema), 탈수초화 (demyelination), 신경교증 (gliosis) 및척수연화증 (myelomalacia), 동공형성 (cavity formation) 등을의미한다 19) (Fig. 1). 인대의골화는경추이외에도흉추와요추의후종인대 Fig. 2. Classification of OPLL by Investigation Committee of Japan. (A) Segmental type (B) Continuous type (C) Mixed type (D) Other (localized) type Fig. 3. OPLL in Evolution. Axial T2-weighted MRI (A) and CT scan (B) show OEV-like mass compressing spinal cord. OEV mass, especially at C5-6, shows inhomogeneity of the mixed signals reflecting hypertrophied ligamentous and calcified or ossified contents
4 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006 뿐만아니라황색인대 (yellow ligament) 의골화증도동반될수있다 (Fig. 4). 그러나이들모든골화부위가증상을다일으키는것은아니며골화와척수압박이가장심한부위혹은 T2 MRI 상척수내신호강도증가부위가현증상발현의원인일가능성이높다. 그러므로이들모든골화를제거하고감압술을시행하는것은위험할뿐만아니라불필요하며, 효과적인치료를결정하기위해서는세밀한이학적검사가무엇보다도중요하고임상증상과영상소견도일치해야한다. 임상증상및자연경과 대부분은모르고지내다외상후혹은경부의통증 (axial pain) 과뻣뻣함 (stiffness) 으로방사선촬영시우연히발견된다. 신경증상으로는상지의통증과, 감각둔마, 근력약화등신경근증 (radiculopathy) 과양손의어둔함과주먹을쥐었다폈다 (grip and release) 하는것이느린부자연스런손놀림 (clumsiness), 보행장해, 건반사의항진을동반한강직성마비와방광기능장해등척수증 (myelopathy) 증상을유발하기도한다. 척수증은대부분서서히진행되며저절로나타나나넘어지거나교통사고와같은외상후척수손상으로발생되기도한다. 저자의경우 1996 년 1 월부터 2006 년 6 월까지가톨릭의과대학의정부성모병원 ( 수술 29 예 ) 과대전선병원 ( 수술 49 예, 보존적치료 30 예, 총 79 예 ) 에재직중 OPLL 로등록된환자는총 108 예로척수증으로수술을시행한환자 78 예중 14 예 (17.9%) 에서외상후사지부전마비가발생되었고, 이들은모두외상전에는전혀증상이없이모르고지내다외상후영상검사상처음발견되었다. 그리고외상병력이없이척수증이발생되어감압수술을시행한 64 예 (82.1%) 에서는병력청취상모두증상발현이전에는척수증의기왕력이없었으며우연히발생된후서서히진행되었다고호소하였다. 보전적치료로서경과관찰중인 30 예는모두최근 1 년이내에등록된환자로초진시척수증증상을나타내지않았다. 그러므로저자는척수증은일단발생되면자연회복은드물고서서히악화되는것으로생각하며 Hirabayashi 교수께서개인적으로저자에게말씀하신 척수증은척수증이발병되고난후부터척수증이다 라는간단한명언이자연경 Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Fig. 4. A 54-year-old female with OPLL of cervical (A), Thoracic (B) and lumbar spine (C) and ossification of yellow ligament (OYL) of Thoracic spine (B)
5 후종인대골화증 한 과의답이될것이다. 일본후생성 (Japanese ministry of public health and welfare) 에서역학조사결과척수신경근증으로일상생활에경미한장해만을호소하여보존적치료를받는환자의 5 년추시상 54.8% 는증상의변화가없었고 26.7% 는호전, 18.5% 는증상이악화됨을보고하였다 1,2). Matunaga 등 15,20,21) 은경추 OPLL 552 예중초진시척수증증상이있는 184 예, 척수증증상이없는 368 예를각각후향적, 전향적조사를실시하여척수증이있는 184 예는문진상거의외상병력이없이저절로증상이시작되었고 24 예 (13%) 에서만경추부외상으로척수증이발생되었다. 초진시척수증증상이없던 368 예중 70% 환자에서는 20 년이상원격추시결과척수증이발현되지않았고단지 6 명 (2%) 만이외상과관련되어척수증이발생되었다. 그리고척추관이 60% 이상협착이있는환자에서는외상병력과관계없이모든환자에서척수증이유발되었다. 이상과같은결과로저자들은척수증증상이없는대부분의 OPLL 환자의예방적인수술은불필요하다고결론을지었다. OPLL 은근본적으로는진행성질환으로특히 60 세이하젊은연령층에서는골화의성장이예상된다. 골화의진행이임상증상의악화와항상동반되는것은아니지만한가지요인은되며이의관찰은수술방법과범위를결정하는데도움이될것이다. 일본후생성의보고와함께여러저자들이진행을증명하였고 8,14,15,16,17,20,21,22) 특히수술한경우에높은빈도를나타내었으므로수술후구조적결함과생물학적자극 (structural, biologic stimulation) 이골화의성장을촉진할것으로추 정하고있다. Hirabayashi 등 8) 에의하면보전적치료를시행한환자의 62% 에서골화가축방향 (axial direction), 58% 에서는횡방향 (transverse direction) 으로진행되었고수술환자군에서는각각 74% 에서진행되었다. 그리고형태에있어서도분절형의 16.7% 가혼합형으로, 연속형의 7.6% 가혼합형으로, 혼합형의 17.4% 가연속형으로전환되었다. Chiba 등 17) 은최근 multicenter study 131 예를분석한결과수술후 2 년에 56.5% 로대부분의진행은첫 2 년이내에일어남을보고하였으나임상증상의진행에대해서는언급하지않았다. 저자의경험은추시가제대로이루어지지않았다고보지만최근 10 년간척수증으로수술한후종인대골화증환자 78 예의수술후회복정도의차이는있지만척수증이진행된환자는없었으며이들환자에서후종인대골화가진행되었다는뚜렷한방사선학적증거도발견할수없었다. 더욱이각각 3 년전, 9 년전타병원에서 OPLL 을발견후특이한증상이없이일상생활을하던중갑자기척수증이발생하여내원한두환자의초진시 MRI 소견과내원당시 MRI 소견을비교한결과골화정도의뚜렷한차이를인지할수없었고척수증과관련된외상병력도없었다. Matsunaga 등 21) 은척수증의유발인자로서골화에의한척수압박과동적요소 (dynamic factor) 의중요성을보고하였고 Ogawa 등 22) 도분절형에서다른형태에비해후궁성형술의장기추시결과가좋지않음을보고하여경추운동성이술후척수증의진행에관여할것으로생각했다. Fig. 5. Anterior decompressive surgery. (A) Sagittal T2-weighted MRI shows localized type of OPLL compressing spinal cord at C4-5. (B) Post-op. lateral radiogram shows partial corpectomy of C4,5 and iliac bone graft and plate fixation. (C) Hematoxylineosin staining of the OPLL specimen achieved from same patient showing osteoblast (black arrows) and osteocytes (black arrowheads) in ossified areas, chondrocytes (black hollow arrows) in cartilaginous areas, and fibroblasts (white hollow arrows) in unossified areas ( 40)
6 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006 그러나대부분의후종인대골화증에의한척수증이외상과관련성이없이저절로발현되며혼합형의경우 MRI 상척수내신호강도변화부위가운동성이있는분절형과인접된부위뿐만아니라연속된골화의최대척수압박부위에서도발견되므로운동성에의한척수손상만으로는척수증발현에대한설명이부족하다. 그러므로 OPLL 에의한척수증의증상발현에는골화의진행에따른물리적인척수압박과동적요소이외에도척수자체의점탄력성 (viscoelasticity), 혈행장해, 저산소증 (hypoxia) 에대한신경세포의민감도등다른요소들도관여하지않을까생각된다. 수술적치료 신경근증상만있는경우에는대부분자연호전을기대할수있으므로외고정이나물리치료등보전적치료를우선적으로시행하고이에반응하지않고견딜수없을정도로방사통이심하고신경근마비가동반될경우에는수술적치료를시행한다. 척수증은 JOA 점수가 12 점이하, 일상생활에지장이있고점차진행되면감압수술이권장된다. 그러나척수증은일단발생되면자연회복을기대하기힘들고서서히진행하며척수압박이심한경우에는가벼운외상으 로도사지마비의위험성이높다. 그러므로척수의불가역적인변화가오기전에조기에수술적치료를시행하는것이바람직하다. 그러나전술한일본에서의결과와같이경미한척수증환자에서 10 년이상장기추시에도척수증이나골화의진행을보이지않는경우도있기때문에이들환자에서예방적인조기감압술이필요할것인가는아직논란의여지가있다. 또한흔히관찰되는골화및척수압박의정도와신경증상의불일치는치료의결정을어렵게한다. 그러므로저자는문헌고찰과경험에비추어수술적치료는후종인대골화증의정도와진행상태, 척추관협착의정도, 경추운동범위, 불안정성의유무, 척수내신호강도의변화, 초진시신경증상의정도와진행상태, 연령, 일상활동범위, 직업, 환자스스로치유에대한열망등모든조건들을고려해야할것으로생각한다. 그러나이같은조건중에서무엇보다도중요한것은초진시신경증상과이환기간이다. 척수증증상이있고 MRI 상증상과일치하는부위에심한척수압박소견과척수내신호강도변화부위가있는경우에는증상이경미하더라도감압수술을시행하며상지방사통등신경근증상만있을경우에는기다림을원칙으로한다. Fig. 6. A 67-year-old male with cervical OPLL complained of both hand clumsiness and walking difficulty. (A) Pre-op. T2-weighted MRI show marked cord compression with intramedullary high signal intensity at C4-5. (B) Post-op. T2-weighted MRI show expansion of spinal cord and recovery of subarachnoid space and still show intramedullary high signal intensity at the previous maximum cord compression area
7 후종인대골화증 한 1. 전방도달법 (Anterior Approach) 전방감압술은인대의골화가한두분절에국한되고후만변형이있는경우척수를압박하는골화덩어리를직접제거하며안정성을부여하는동시에경추만곡을교정할수있다 (Fig. 5). 그러나후만변형과함께골화덩어리가크고단단하거나, 경막과의유착이있는경우에는척수손상의위험성이높고뇌척수액이유출될가능성이있다. Mizuno 등 23) 은전방감압술을시행한 107 예중 17 예 (15.3%) 에서경막의골화를발견하였다. 그러므로전방감압술을시행시는골화를포함한척추체후방골괴질을얇게갈아내고양측변연부를먼저개방하여유착및골화를확인한후골화덩어리를조심스럽게제거하거나제거할수없는경우에는골화덩어리를부양 (floating) 시킨후유합술을시행한다 5,6). Epstein 등 24) 은 47 예의 OPLL 환자를전방추체제거술및유합술후동시에후방고정술 (circumferential cervical surgery) 을시행하여비교적좋은결과를보고하였는데전방감압과유합술을이미시행후또후방고정술이필요할것인가는논란의여지가있다. 대부분의후방도달법을선호하는일본저자들은전후방수술이동시에필요할경우라면후방감압으로척수를전위시켜충분한공간을확보한후전방감압또는유합술을시행하는것을권장하고있다. 이방법은비교적안전하며저자도심한후만변형으로척수의후방전위효과를기대하기어려운경우에는척수의전방감압을위해서라기보다는경추전만곡을만들어준다는목적으로전후방병행수술을시행한다. 이때도역시안전을위해서후방감압술을먼저시행한다. 전방도달법은환자의수술자세가보다안전하며, 조직사이 (tissue plane) 로접근하기때문에조직손상이적고생체역학적으로도수술직후에안정성을얻을수있는장점이있다. 골화의진행빈도도전방감압및고정수술후가 20% 로후궁절제술 (89%) 이나후궁성형술후 (34%) 에비해현저하게낮다 8). 2. 후방도달법 (Posterior Approach) 후궁절제술 (laminectomy) 와후궁성형술 (laminoplasty) 은척수의후방전위를유도함으로서간접적인감압을얻을수있다. 후방감압술은척수증이오랫동안진행되었고, 3 분절이상장분절에척추관협착이심한환자에서시행하며특히경추전만곡이있는경우에효과적이다 (Fig. 6). 그러나직만곡 (straight curve) 이나다소후만곡이있더라도후방감압술은국소적인감압효과를기대할수있다. 실제로대부분의 OPLL 은경추체의만곡은전만곡일지라도 MRI 를관찰해보면전방의골화로인해척추관과척수자체는후만곡변형을나타낸다. 이같은경우에도후궁성형술후많은환자들이증상이호전됨으로저자는시상 MRI 상척수의후만곡변형이 20 이하이거나단면 MRI 상척수가후방에서후궁에눌려경막외공간 (epidural space) 이보이지않는경우에는후방감압으로경막의국소팽창효과 (local expansion effect) 를기대할수있을것으로생각한다 (Fig. 7). 후궁절제술은술후경추의후만변형과골화를증가시킬수있기때문에단분절의제한된경우이외에는후궁성형술이보편화되있다. Fig. 7. Posterior migration of spinal cord is more effective in lordotic cervical curve (A), however, local dural expansion effect can be expected even in straight (B) and kyphotic cervical curve (C)
8 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006 후궁성형술은대표적으로 Hirabayashi 등 7,8,9) 에의한편측경칩형 (unilateral hinge type) 후궁확장성형술과 Kurokawa 10) 에의한양측경칩형 (bilateral hinge type), Z- plastic type 25) 등이있고이후많은방법이개발되었으나보다안전하고, 빠르고, 쉽고, 효과적인방법이가장좋을것으로사료된다. 극돌기 (spinous process) 중앙을횡절개하여양측으로개방하는중앙절개방식은이미압박되있는척수위에서작업을해야하는위험성과개방시경칩골절의빈도가높고, Z-plasty 방법과개방측에이식골을삽입하여함께고정하는편측개방방식 11) 은재닫힘 (reclosure) 의위험성은적으나이식골의이탈과불유합, 수술시간이많이걸리는단점이있다. 그러므로저자는비교적쉽고안전하게편측을개방하는 Hirabayashi 방법을선호한다 (Table 1). 후궁성형술의술후결과는여러저자들이비교적만족할만한보고를하였다. Hirabayashi 와 Satomi 9) 는후궁성형술로치료한 87 예의수술전평균 JOA 점수가 8.7 에서 1 년후 13.0, 3 년후 13.4, 5 년후 13.7, 7 년후 14.0( 회복율 59%) 로점차호전됨을보고하였다. 저자의경우도대부분의환자는수술직후에가장많은호전을보이고이후부터는서서히호전되므로수술 직후에증상호전이없는환자는결과가좋지않을것으로예상된다. 술후결과에미치는영향은여러가지가있으나척수증증상이 1 년이상오래경과된경우에는예후가좋지가않으므로척수증이환기간이가장관계가많을것으로생각하며심한척수압박이나손상에의한척수의불가역적변화가이미일어난것을의미한다. 후궁성형술의합병증으로는경칩의골절이나재닫힘이가장빈번하며이는 retention suture 를견고히확보하거나, laminar spacer 를사용함으로서예방할수있다 9,11). 그러나저자는무엇보다도경칩의탄력을잘맞추는것이중요하다고생각한다. 그리고양측어깨부위통증은빈번하나일시적이며대부분 1 년이내에소실된다. Iwasaki 26) 등은후궁확장성형술로치료한 92 예중골화의성장은 70% 에서확인되었으나단지 2 예 (3%) 만이임상증상이악화되었음을보고하였다. 예방할수없는합병증으로감압술후제 5 경추신경근마비 (C5 palsy) 로주로삼각근과이두박근마비와상지의 hyperalgesia 가발생될수있다 27,28,29,30,31,32,33). Sakura 등 32) 은 1986 년부터 2002 년까지술후제 5 경추신경근마비에대해발표된논문들을종합분석한결과빈도는평균 4.6% 였고전방감압과후방감압, 후궁성형술의방법간에빈도차이는없었다. 대부분의저자들은감압술후척수의전위에따른신경근의견인 (tethering) 에의한것으 Table 1. Technical Points for Expansive Open Door Laminoplasty Positioning - avoid eyeball compression Incise skin over C1 to T1 Expose C3-7 lamina lateral to the medial one fourth of facet joint using subperiosteal dissection Cut long spinous processes to avoid reclosure Cut the lamina completely on open side, first - cutting bur is used until the bottom of the trough become reddish transparent, then lamina is cut with a small kerrison rongeur or dissector - avoid injury of epidural venous engorgement Make trough at the junction of lamina and facet joint on hinge side - check the flexibility of hinge frequently by pushing the spinous process while making trough Cut half of the yellow ligament at C2-3 and C7-T1 interlaminar space Open the lamina slow, gentle and carefully, using dissector or small kerrison rongeur - avoid fracture of hinge - check flexibility of hinge repeatedly Make notch above and below each of the spinous process to avoid slippage of retention suture Retention suture between the facet joint capsule and the spinous process to maintain open the lamina using non-absorbable suture Check dural pulsation and control epidural bleeding Close surgical wound layer by layer - securely suture the semispinalis cervical muscles to the tip of the spinous process
9 후종인대골화증 한 로생각하고있고대부분 3 개월이내최대 2 년이내에자연회복된다. Seiki 등 33) 은최근후궁성형술후 MRI 촬영상술전척수내신호강도부위가 9 예 (7.9%) 에서증가됨을관찰하였다. 이중 4 예에서삼각근, 이두박근을비롯한상지근육의미만성부분마비를나타내었고원인으로확실치는않으나압박된척수의재관류 (reperfusion) 에의한척수부종으로생각하였다. 저자는 1996 년부터 2006 년까지후종인대골화증에대한감압수술을시행한 78 예 ( 전방 7 예, 후방 71 예 ) 중전방감압술후 1 예에서삼각근마비가발생하였으나후방신경공절제술 (posterior foraminotomy) 후회복되었고후궁성형술후에는삼각근마비 2 예 (0.3%), 제 5 신경근지배부위의 hyperalgesia 는 1 예뿐으로모두 3 개월이내에자연회복되었다. 그리고이들은모두 1996 년부터 1998 년까지의증례이었고그이후에는발생되지않았다. 결 론 OPLL 은근본적으로진행성질환이라고는하나임상증상을항상동반하는것은아니며적절한치료를위해서는질환의자연경과를이해해야한다. 임상증상이없거나경미한경우에는대증적인보전적치료만을시행하고외상에의한갑작스런척수손상을피하도록해야한다. 대부분의신경근증은증상의악화와호전을교대하므로심한통증과마비의경우를제외하고는보존적치료로서기다림이원칙이나척수증은일단발생되면자연회복은거의없고서서히진행하므로 MRI 를비롯한영상소견이일치되면불가역적인척수손상이발생되기전에조기에감압수술을시행하는것이바람직하다. 끝으로후종인대골화증으로내원하는환자수가점차증가되고있고 2006 년 6 월 10 일 75 명의환자들이후종인대골화증환우회를조직하여서로의지하며지식을교환하고있다. 그러나후종인대골화증에대한국내연구는거의없는실정이고일본이나미국의연구결과에의존할뿐이다. 저자는질환에대한지역적, 인종적차이가분명히있을것으로생각하기때문에보다관심을가지고우리나름대로의전국적인역학조사와함께많은연구가절실하다고생각한다. 참고문헌 01) Inaba H, Nakae K, Kurokawa T: Statistical analysis for the national survey of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments (in Japanese). In : Investigation committee 1976 report on the ossification of the spinal ligaments of the Japanese ministry of Public Health and Welfare, Tokyo 1977: ) Tsuyama N: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. Clin Orthop 1984; 184: ) Key CA: Paraplegia depending on disease of the ligaments of the spine. Guy s Hosp Rep 1938; 3: ) Tsukimoto H: A case report: autopsy of syndrome of compression of spinal cord owing to ossification within spinal canal of cervical spine(in Japanese). Nippon Geka Hokan 1960; 29: ) Yamaura I, Isobe Y, Kamikozuru M et al.: Evaluation of surgical treatment of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine ; anterior decompression (in Japanese). Seikeigeka 1976; 27: ) Yamaura I: Anterior approach (anterior floating method) and its surgical results for cervical myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). J West Pac Orthop Assoc 1990; 17: ) Hirabayashi K: Expansive open-door laminoplasty for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (in Japanese). Geka (surgery) 1978; 32: ) Hirabayashi K, Miyakawa J, Satomi K, Maruyama T, Wakano K: Operative results and postoperative progression of ossification among patients with ossification of cervical posterior longitudinal ligament. Spine 1981; 6: ) Hirabayashi K, Satomi K: Operative procedure and results of expansive open-door laminoplasty. Spine 1988; 13: ) Kurokawa T: Enlargement of spinal canal by the sagittal splitting of spinous processes (in Japanese). Bessatsu Seikeigeka 1982; 2: ) Itoh T, Tsuji H: Technical improvements and results of laminoplasty for compressive myelopathy in the cervical spine. Spine 1985; 10: ) Kawai S, Sunago K, Doi K, Sakai M, Toguchi T: Cervical laminoplasty (Hattori s method). Spine 1988; 13: ) Tomita K, Nomura S, Umeda S, Baba K: Cervical laminoplasty to enlarge the spinal canal in multilevel ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in myelopathy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1988; 107: ) Matsunaga S, Sakou T, Taketomi et al.: Effects of strain
10 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 13, No. 3, 2006 distribution in the intervertebral discs on the progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments. Spine 1996; 21: ) Matsunaga S, Kukita M, Hayashi K et al.: Pathogenesis of myelopathy in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurosurg 2002; Spine 2: ) Taketomi E: Progression of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine. J Jpn Spine Res Soc 1997; 8: ) Chiba K, Yamamoto I, Hirabayashi H, et al.: Multicenter study investigating the postoperative progression of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervical spine ; a new computer-assisted measurement. J Neurosurg 2005; Spine 3: ) Epstein N: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament ; Diagnosis and surgical management. Neurosurg Q 1992; 2: ) Chang H, Bahk WJ, An JG, Choi KH: Pre and postoperative evaluation of cervical myelopathy using MR imaging. J Korean Soc Spine Surg 1994; 1: ) Matsunaga S, Sakou T, Taketomi et al.: The natural course of myelopathy caused by ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligaments in the cervical spine. Clin Orthop 1994; 305: ) Masunaga S, Sakou T, Hayashi K, Ishidou Y, Hirotsu M, Komiya S: Trauma-induced myelopathy in patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament. J Neurosurg 2002; Spine 2: ) Ogawa Y, Chiba K, Matsumoto M et al.: Long term results after expansive open-door laminoplasty for the segmental-type of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine : a comparison with non-segmental type lesion. J Neurosurg 2005; Spine 3: ) Mizuno J, Nakagawa H, Matsno N, Song J: Dural ossification associated with cervical ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament : frequency of dural ossification and compression of neuroimaging modalities in ability to identify the disease. J Neurosurg 2005; Spine 2: ) Epstein N: Circumferential cervical surgery for ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament, A multianalytic outcome study. Spine 2004; 29: ) Kawai S, Sunago K, Doi K, Sakai M, Taguchi T: Cervical laminoplasty (Hattori s method). Spine 1988; 13: ) Iwasaki M, Kawaguchi Y, Kimmura T, Yonenobu K: Long term result of expansive laminoplasty for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine : more than 10 years follow up. J Neurosurg 2002; Spine 2: ) Yonenobu K, Okada K, Fuji T et al.: Causes of neurologic deterioration following surgical treatment of cervical myelopathy. Spine 1991; 11: ) Tsuzuki N, Abe R, Saiki K et al.: Paralysis of the arm after posterior decompression of the spinal cord II ; Analyses of Clinical Findings. Eur Spine J 1993; 2: ) Tsuzuki N, Abe R, Saiki K et al.: Extradural tethering effect as one mechanism of radiculopathy complicating posterior decompression of the cervical spinal cord. spine 1996; 21: ) Dai L, Ni B, Yuan W et al.: Radiculopathy after laminoplasty for cervical compressive myelopathy. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1998; 80: ) Chiba K, Toyama Y, Matsumotor M et al.: Segmental motor paralysis after expansive open door laminoplasty. Spine 2002; 27: ) Sakura H, Hosomo N, Mukai Y, Ishii T, Yoshikawa H: C5 palsy after decompression surgery for cervical myelopathy, Review of the literature. Spine 2003; 28: ) Seiki A, Takeshita K, Kawaguchi, Nakajima S, Akune T, Nakamura K: Postoperative expansion of intramedullary high intensity areas on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging after cervical laminoplasty. Spine 2004; 29:
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