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1 대한골절학회지제 17 권, 제 2 호, 2004 년 4 월 Journal of the Korean Fracture Society Vol. 17, No. 2, April, 2004 흉요추부골절에서자기공명영상을통하여진단된골및연부조직손상의진단 김용민 김동수 최의성 손현철 박경진 한기석 * 정재중 정경일 김융성 충북대학교의과대학정형외과학교실, 진단방사선과학교실 * 목적 : 흉요추부골절의골손상및연부조직손상에서기존의진단방법에비해자기공명영상으로더알수있는것을분석하여진단및치료의유용성을평가하고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 1997년 1월부터 2003년 6월사이에흉요추부골절로내원하여단순방사선촬영, 전산화단층촬영, 자기공명영상을시행한 30명을대상으로단순방사선촬영, 전산화단층촬영등기존의영상법들에비해자기공명영상을통해서더알수있었던골및연부조직손상을비교분석하였다. 결과 : 30명중 14명 (46.7%) 의 20추체에서주골절이외에추체의골손상이발견되었고, 12명 (40%) 에서후방인대복합체의손상이자기공명영상을통해추가로진단되었다. 이외에도근육및피하혈종과척수손상및디스크등연부조직의상태를자기공명영상을통해더잘알수있었다. 치료방법의결정에있어 MRI 소견이결정적이었던경우는 30명중 16명이었다. 결론 : 흉요추부골절에서자기공명영상은전위가없는다른추체의골손상, 후주의인대손상, 근육및피하혈종등의연부조직의손상을진단하는데효과적이며, 특히치료방침의결정이애매한경우중요한검사라고생각되었다. 색인단어 : 흉요추부골절, 자기공명영상, 추체의골손상, 인대및연부조직 Bone & Soft Tissue Injuries Diagnosed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Thoracolumbar Fractures Yong-Min Kim, M.D., Dong-Soo Kim, M.D., Eui-Seong Choi, M.D., Hyun-Chul Shon, M.D., Kyoung-Jin Park, M.D., Gi-Seok Han, M.D. *, Jae-Jung Jeong, M.D., Kyoung-Il Jeong, M.D., Yung-Sung Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Diagnostic Radiology *, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea Purpose: To assess diagnostic efficacy of the MRI in thoracolumbar fractures, especially in changes of bone and soft tissue which cannot be documented by other diagnostic tools. Materials and Method: Among 85 patients managed for thoracolumbar fractures between January 1997 and June 2003, MRI was performed in 30 patients to get more informations. Plain X-ray, CT and MRI of these cases were reviewed retrospectively by two orthopaedic spine surgeons and one radiologist to investigate the informations which only MRI could afford. Results: 14 (46.7%) among 30 patients had occult fractures of vertebrae other than main fracture which had not been diagnosed as fractured. Besides 6 patients who showed distraction of posterior structure on plain X-ray, injury of posterior ligament complex was confirmed by MRI in 12(40%) patients. Additionally, MRI visualized other soft tissue injuries such as intramuscular and subcutaneous hematoma, changes of the spinal cord and intervertebral disc. In 16 among 30 patients, informations achieved from MRI were the most important factors in deciding treatment modality. Conclusion: MRI seems to be efficient in visualizing not only soft tissue injury such as ligament but also occult fractures of additional vertebra in thoracolumbar fractures, therefore MRI seems to be an important diagnostic tool in decision of treatment modalities, especially in cases of uncertain stability. Key Words: Thoracolumbar fracture, MRI, Occult fracture of other vertebra, Ligament and soft tissue injury 통신저자 : 김용민충북청주시흥덕구개신동 62, 충북대학교병원정형외과 Tel : Fax : ymkim@med.chungbuk.ac.kr Address reprint requests to : Yong-Min Kim, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chungbuk National University Hospital, 62, Gaeshin-Dong, Cheong-Ju, Chungbuk, , Korea Tel : Fax : ymkim@med.chungbuk.ac.kr 184
2 흉요추부골절에서자기공명영상을통하여진단된골및연부조직손상의진단 185 서론흉요추부골절의올바른치료방침을결정하기위해서는척추구조물의손상에대한정확한진단이매우중요하다. 그런데척추구조물에는단순히골조직만있는것이아니라인대, 관절, 신경및주위의근육등이복합되어있으므로척추구조물의손상에대한정확한진단이란이러한여러조직들이어떠한상태에놓여있는지를종합적으로판단하는것이라할수있다. 척추골절은영상진단장비가개발됨에따라더정확히진단되고새롭게분류되어치료에많은발전을가져오게되었고, 현재까지도전산화단층촬영 (CT) 은척추골절진단에좋은검사로선택되어지고있다 3). 그러나척수손상과인대등연부조직손상을직접적으로진단할수있는영상검사는없었다. 자기공명영상 (MRI) 은연부조직의변화및골실질의변화를보여주므로척추골절의진단에도유용할것으로보인다. 이에본연구에서는흉요추부골절에서단순방사선촬영, CT 등의고전적검사에비해자기공명영상으로더알수있는소견은무엇인지, 또한이로인해치료방침을결정하는데도움이되는지를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법본원정형외과에서 1997년 1월부터 2003년 6월사이에골다공증과관련된병적골절을제외한외상성흉요추부골절로내원하여치료받은환자중단순방사선촬영과 CT 이외에도 MRI를추가로시행한 30명을대상으로하였다. MRI는후방에압통등후주 (posterior column) 의손상이의심되거나중주 (middle column) 의손상여부혹은신경조직의상태등을알기위한경우에추가로시행하였다. 즉흉요추부골절환자중단순방사선검사, CT, MRI를모두시행한 30명을대상으로하였으며, 이들은남자 22명, 여자 8명이었고, 평균연령은 37.6 (18~65) 세이었다. 손상의원인은추락사고 14명, 차량교통사고 15명, 정확한기전을모르는직접가격이 1명이었다. 이들 30명의의무기록, 단순방사선검사, CT, MRI를조사하여후향적으로연구를시행하였다. 2명의척추외과학전문의와 1명의진단방사선과전문의에게각환자의단순방사선사진과 CT 사진을먼저보여준뒤, 이어서 MRI를보게하여단순방사선검사와 CT로알수있었던손상내용에비해 MRI를통해서추가로알게된사항을기록하게하였다. MRI로추가적으로관찰된소견은 3명의전문의가모두동의한것만을인정하였다. 이소견들을골손상과연부조직 의손상으로분류하여분석하였으며, 주로후주의인대손상, 전위가없는인접추체의골손상, 근육및피하혈종, 척수손상을중심으로분석하였다. 이를토대로기존의진단방법인단순방사선촬영및 CT에비해 MRI가갖는진단적의미를알아보고자하였다. 결과 MRI를시행한 30명중 23명에서추가적소견이관찰되었다 (Table 1). 임상적으로는비전위성골절이라고생각하는주골절부이외의다른추체의골실질의신호변화, 후방인대복합체의손상, 혈종, 추간판및척수의손상을 MRI를통해더알수있었다. 이중인접추체의비전위성골절과후방인대복합체의손상, 혈종이모두발견된경우는 6명, 비전위성골절과후방인대복합체의손상이발견된경우는 4명, 후방인대복합체손상과혈종이발견된경우는 3명, 비전위성골절만발견된경우는 4명, 후방인대복합체의손상만발견된경우는 5명이었고, 혈종만보인경우는 1명이었다. MRI를통해손상병변에관한추가정보를얻지못한경우는 7명이었는데, 이중 4명에서는후주의손상이없음이확인되어보존적치료를결정한경우로 MRI가그의미가있었으나, 3명 (10.3%) 에서는 MRI에서방사선단순촬영및 CT에비해의미있는정보가추가적으로얻어지지않았다 (Table 2). 1. 골조직의손상흉요추부골절환자에서 MRI를통해더알게된골조직의손상으로는주골절부이외의다른추체의골실질의신호변화가관찰되었다. 30명중 14명 (44.8%) 20추체에서골실질의신호변화 ( 임상적의미는비전위성골절 ) 가보였다. 이중 1명은골조직의손상이 4개의추체에서더발견되었고 (Fig. 1-A, B), 3개및 2개의추체에서발견된경우도각각 1명이었으며, 나머지 11명은 1개의추체에서만골조직의손상이발견된경우였다. 14명중 10명은주골절에바로인접한추체에서골손상이관찰되었고, 2명은한개의추체를건너뛰어, 나머지 2명은제 1요추에주골절이있었는데제 5 요추에서골손상이관찰되었다. 이 2명에서시행되었던 CT 를살펴본결과제 5요추는검사범위에서제외되어있었다. 2. 연부조직의손상 1) 후방인대복합체총 30명중 18명에서후주의인대손상이확인되었다. 이중 6명은단순방사선촬영에서도극돌기사이의간격이벌어져있었으나, 12명은 (37.9%) MRI를실시한후에야후방인대복합체의손상여부를확인할수있었다.
3 186 김용민, 김동수, 최의성, 손현철, 박경진, 한기석, 정재중, 정경일, 김융성 Table 1. Patients profile No. Age/Sex Dx OFV PLI Hematoma Tx Significance 1 F/35 L1 B T op 2 M/25 L2 C con Tx(c) 3 M/24 L3 B L5 +(s) para op 4 M/61 T11 B op C.I. 5 F/65 T11 C, L1 F-D T9 +(s) subq op 6 M/33 T7-10 C op C.I. 7 M/29 L1 C op Tx(o) 8 F/22 T12, L1 C T11 + para op Tx(o) 9 F/45 L2, 4, 5 C con Tx(c) 10 M/29 L1, 2 B T12 + para op 11 M/22 L1 B T11, T12 +(s) - op 12 M/24 T12, L1 C T12 + para op Tx(o) 13 M/43 T12 C L1 - - con Tx(c) 14 M/18 L1 C T11, 12, L2 - - op 15 M/58 R/O T12 C T op Tx(o) 16 M/53 L3 B op 17 M/28 T12 C con Tx(c) 18 F/26 L1 C T8, 9, 11, op 19 M/61 L2 C - +(s) subq op 20 M/34 L1 F-D op Tx(o) 21 M/43 L1 C - + subq op Tx(o) 22 M/48 L2, 3 C - - para con Tx(c) 23 F/44 T12 C con Tx(c) 24 M/25 L1 C op Tx(o) 25 M/38 L1 F-D L5 +(s) para op 26 F/20 L1 F-D T op Tx(o) 27 M/57 L1 C L5 - - con Tx(c) 28 M/33 L2 C - +(s) subq op 29 M/40 T12 C op Tx(o) 30 F/19 L4 B op FDx: diagnosis before MRI, OFV: occult fracture of additional vertebra, PLI: post. ligament injury, Tx: treatment, B: burst fracture, C: compression fracture, F-D: flexion-distraction injury, para: paravertebral hematoma, subq: subcutaneous hematoma, +(s): post. injury was visible by plain X-ray also, op: operation, con: conservative treatment, Tx(o): treatment modality (operative) was determined by MRI, Tx(c): treatment modality (conservative) was determined by MRI, C.I.: cord injury 2) 혈종 30명중 10명에서혈종이발견되었는데, 혈종은척추근육에주로있었던경우가 6명, 피하에주로있었던경우가 4명이었다. 근육내혈종은방사선단순촬영및 CT로는알수없었던것으로 MRI를통해손상을알수있었다. 3) 기타연부조직손상이외에도 2명에서척수신경조직의신호변화가관찰되었다. 이들은이미내원당시부터신경학적증상이있어척수의손상이있는것으로간주되었고, MRI를통해정확한병변이확인된것이었다. 3명에서는인접추간판의신호변화가
4 흉요추부골절에서자기공명영상을통하여진단된골및연부조직손상의진단 187 Table 2. Additional informations achieved by MRI which could not be found by conventional plain X-ray and CT. Incidence of injuries per individual patient Informations Patient No. (No./30) OFV + PLI + Hema 6 OFV + PLI 4 PLI + Hema 3 OFV only * 4 PLI only 5 Hematoma only 1 No more information 7 Tx(c) 4 None 3 * OFV : Occult Fracture of additional Vertebra PLI : Posterior Ligament Injury Hema: Hematoma Tx(c) : treatment modality (conservative) was determined by intact post. ligament 보여추간판의손상으로간주하였다 (Fig. 2). 이외에도원격부위의파열성추간판탈출증이발견되어수핵제거술을같이시행한경우도 1명있었다. A 3. 치료방법결정과 MRI 후주의손상여부는치료방법선택에있어매우중요하였는데, 30명중 16명이이를통해치료방법이결정되었다. 이중 12명은단순방사선검사및 CT에서보이지않던후주의손상을확인하여수술적치료를받았고, 나머지 4명은반대로 MRI로후주의손상이없음이확인되어보존적치료를하였다 (Table 1). 그외다른관찰소견들은치료방법의결정에크게영향을주지는않았다. 증 례 65세여자가내원 3일전타고가던관광버스가전복되는사고로개인병원에입원중연고지관계로전원되었다. 흉요추부동통을호소했으며, 이학적검사상흉요추부이행부위에압통및부종이있었고, 특별한신경증상은없었다. 흉요추부의단순방사선검사상경도의퇴행성변화및골다공증소견과함께제 11흉추체및제 1요추체의압박골절이있었다 (Fig. 3-A). 흉요추부의 CT 또한제 11흉추부터제 1 요추체전방에골절만보였고척추관내합입은관찰되지않았다 (Fig. 3-B). 이학적검사상흉요추부의후방으로압통및부종이있음에도단순방사선검사및 CT로는후주손상여부를알수없어좀더정확한진단및후방인대복합체의 Fig. 1. (A) T-L spine lateral view shows no definite compression fracture. (B) T1 weighted sagittal MR image of the same patient shows signal changes in T9, T11, T12, L1 vertebral bodies, which were interpreted as occult, non-displaced fractures. B
5 188 김용민, 김동수, 최의성, 손현철, 박경진, 한기석, 정재중, 정경일, 김융성 Fig. 2. T2 weighted sagittal MR image shows decrease of signal and disc height in L3-4, L4-5 intervertebral disc (arrow heads) in a 19 year-old girl. 손상여부를보기위해흉요추부의 MRI를시행하였다. MRI 상제 11흉추부터제 1요추체뿐아니라제 10흉추체에도신호강도변화 (signal change) 가있었다. 또한제 1요추체가척추관내로함입되어경막을압박하고있는소견도알수있었다. 제 1요추-제 2요추간후방인대복합체는극상인대 (supraspinous ligament), 극간인대 (interspinous ligament) 가완전한파열의소견을보이고있었으며, 피하혈종도있었다 (Fig. 3-C). 제 10, 11, 12흉추의안정성압박골절과제 1요추- 제2 요추간의후방인대복합체손상을동반한제 1요추의불안정한굴곡-신연손상으로진단하여제 12흉추및제 2 요추간후방유합술을시행하였다. 수술소견상제 1요추와제 2요추사이의극상인대와극간인대의완전한파열소견을볼수있었다. 환자는술후 4일만에흉요추보조기착용후보행시작하였으며, 술후 2주만에퇴원하였다. 외래추시단순방사선사진에서도척추의변형및신경증상없었으며, 동통도감소하여큰불편없이일상생활로복귀하였다. 고 찰 척추의안정성은척추의구조적손상이얼마나심하냐하 는점과신경이상의가능성및그정도에따라결정된다고하겠으나아직까지도그개념은모호한상태이다. 더구나최근의연구에서는불안정성의정의에척추의지연붕괴와만성통증까지를포함시켜더욱더정의를내리기복잡하여지고있다 2). 안정성여부는척추를구성하는골과인대등연부조직의손상과관계있으며두구성성분중어느하나의손상이있어도척추의불안정성이올수있다 7). 척추의안정에관여하는연부조직으로극상인대 (supraspinous ligament), 극간인대 (interspinous ligament), 황색인대 (ligamentum flavum), 후방종인대, 돌기관절막 (capsule of facet), 섬유륜 (annulus fibrosus), 전방종인대등이있으며, 이중극상인대, 극간인대, 돌기관절막, 황색인대를통칭하여후방인대복합체 (posterior ligament complex) 라한다. 척추불안정성에대한정확한진단은적절한치료방법의선택과더이상의손상을막기위하여필요하며, 특히후방인대복합체의손상은불안정성골절여부를결정하는데매우중요하다 5). 단순방사선검사나 CT에서골조직의손상은쉽게발견할수있으나, 인대의손상은단순방사선검사에서보이지않는다. 그러므로단순방사선검사에서후방인대복합체의손상은간접적으로 20도이상의후만의증가, 2 mm 이상의전위, 극돌기간간격의증가로알수있다 4). 그러나, 척추골절환자에서단순방사선검사는기립자세가아닌앙와위 (supine position) 나측와위 (lateral decubitus position) 로시행하므로손상받은척추가하중을받지않는다. 따라서후방인대복합체의진단을놓치는경우가흔히있다 6). MRI는 CT로진단되지않던척수손상과인대등연부조직손상을직접적으로진단할수있게하였다. MRI는척추주위의연부조직및추간판그리고척수특히, 척수내병변의평가에있어서탁월한능력을보이고있다. MRI는그동안은추간판질환등척추의퇴행성, 감염성질환에대한진단적검사로서많이시행되어왔지만시간지연등의이유로척추손상과같은응급환자에서는그사용빈도가그리높지않다 1). 최근에야척수의손상과후방인대복합체의손상을검사하는데사용되기시작하였다 8,10). 기존의방사선학적진단으로후방인대복합체손상이간과되어불안정골절이안정골절로오인되기도하였으나 MRI 는중주와후주의보존여부를알수있어안정골절과불안정골절의구분을가능하게한다. 후방인대복합체의손상을놓칠경우진행성전만증과진행성신경결손, 만성요통의위험성에놓일수있다 13). Sledge 등 12) 은급성흉요추부손상시 MRI는신경손상과연부조직을평가하는훌륭한방법이고, MRI는척추손상후인대, 추간판, 뼈, 척수를효과적으로보여준다고하였다. 또한, 척수의변화는 3개의양상 (pattern) 으로나눌수있고,
6 흉요추부골절에서자기공명영상을통하여진단된골및연부조직손상의진단 189 A B C Fig. 3. A 65 year-old female was injured in a traffic accident. (A) T-L spine lateral view show that the height of L1 vertebra was decreased (arrow head) without definite evidence of posterior column injury. (B) CT scan of L1 showed fracture lines in the body only without any other injuries. (C) T2 weighted sagittal MR image of the patient reveals additional signal changes in T10 and T12 vertebral bodies (arrow heads). Canal encroachment of fragment compressing dura was seen at inferior part of L1 vertebra. MRI also showed rupture of posterior ligament complex and extensive subcutaneous hematoma (white arrow). 이에따라임상적예후를예측할수있다고하였다. 이등 6) 의연구에서후방인대복합체의손상에있어서촉진소견과수술소견은통계적으로의미있는관계가없으며, 단순방사선소견도수술소견과통계적으로의미있는관계가없다고보고하였다. 반면에후방인대복합체의손상에있어서자기공명영상소견과수술소견과는통계적으로의의있는관계가있었다. Petersilge 등 10) 의연구에서도 21명의흉요추부방출성골절환자에게후방인대복합체의손상유무를확인하기위해단순방사선촬영, CT, MRI를시행하였는데, 방출성골절시단순방사선사진과 CT로실제로손상중 33% 만단순방사선상극상인대손상의증거가있어이들로는실제극상인대손상의진단을얻는데미흡하다고주장하였다 9). 본연구에서는흉요추부골절환자의정확한진단을위한 MRI의유용성을알아보기위해후주의손상이나불안정성의진단이명확하지않은흉요추부골절환자에게 MRI를시행하여 30명중단순방사선촬영및 CT에나타나지않는전위가없는추체의골손상이 14명의 20추체, MRI로만알수있는후방인대복합체의손상이 12명, 근육및피하혈종이 10명, 척수손상이 2명에서발견되었으며, 이외에도인접추간판등의상태를알수있었다. 또한 9명에서는후주의손상을확인하여수술적치료를결정하였고, 7명에서는후주인대및연부조직의손상이없는안정성골절로확인되어보존적치료를결정하였다. 만일 MRI를시행하지않아후방인 대복합체의손상및인접추체의골손상을발견하지못한채보존적치료를받았다면이로인한만성동통, 진행성후만변형및신경손상의위험성이있었을것이다. 반대로 MRI로후방인대복합체의손상및인접추체의골손상이없는안정성골절임을확인하지못하여, 불필요한수술적치료를받는경우도있었을것이다. 척추골절의치료방침을결정하는데고려되는두가지중요사항이기계적안정성과신경증상이므로이에대하여는세심한관찰과이학적검사가요구된다. 그러나현재까지나와있는척추골절의분류는모두골조직의손상에중점을두고있어인대나신경의손상에대하여는간접적으로판단하거나필요한경우 MRI를촬영하여확인할수밖에없으며특히신경손상에대하여는이학적검사에의해수집된정보가치료방침의결정에결정적인영향을주므로단순방사선촬영이나 CT로얻는골조직의손상에대한정보, 즉골절의분류외에도세밀한신경학적검사가척추골절의치료방침을결정하는데매우중요한요소임을간과해서는안될것이다 11). 흉요추부골절에서 MRI는비전위성인접추체의골손상및후주인대손상등연부조직의손상에우수한진단장비이다. 그러나비용적부담이크고, 또한기존의진단방법인단순방사선촬영, CT에서도 MRI에서보이는소견이보이는경우도많다. 본연구에서도 3명에서는 MRI로추가로더알
7 190 김용민, 김동수, 최의성, 손현철, 박경진, 한기석, 정재중, 정경일, 김융성 아낸것이없으며, 비전위성인접추체의골절및혈종은임상적으로큰의미가없고치료계획에큰영항이없다. 흉요추부골절환자에서우선단순방사선촬영과 CT를면밀히관찰하고주의깊은이학적검사를시행하고, 후주의불안정성등이의심이되지만그객관적자료가없는경우에만엄선하여 MRI를시행하면치료계획수립에큰도움을얻고, 환자도보다정확한진단및적절한치료를받을수있을것으로생각된다. 결론 30명의흉요추부골절에서실시한 MRI에서, 다른진단검사로는알수없었던인접추체의비전위성골손상과후주인대손상, 근육및피하혈종등의연부조직의손상을추가로진단할수있었다. 대상의약 50% 에서 MRI는치료방법을결정하는데에있어서결정적인역할을하였다. MRI는후방인대복합체손상뿐아니라인접추체의골손상의진단에도매우유용하므로흉요추골절의치료계획을결정하기애매한경우커다란도움이될것으로생각되었다. 참고문헌 1) Blumenkopf B and Juneau PA: Magnetic resonance imaging of thoracolumbar fracture. J Spinal Disorder, 1: , ) Bucholz RW and Gill K: Classification of injuries to the thoracolumbar spine. Orthop Clin N Am, 17: 67-73, ) Czervionke LF and Berquist TH: Imaging of the spine. Orthop Clin N Am, 28: , ) Daffner RH: Thoracic and lumbar vertebral trauma. Orthop Clin N Am, 21: , ) Ferguson RL and Allen BL, Jr: A mechanistic classification of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Clin Orthop, 189: 77-88, ) Lee HM, Kim HS, Kim DJ, Suk KS, Park JO and Kim NH: Reliability of magnetic resonance imaging detecting posterior ligament complex injury in thoracolumbar spinal fracture. Spine, 25: , ) Nagel DA, Koogle TA, Piziali RL and Perkash I: Stability of the upper lumbar spine following progressive disruptions and the application of individual internal and external fixation devices. J Bone Joint Surg, 63-A: 62-70, ) Neumann P, Nordwall A and Osvalder AL: Traumatic instability of the lumbar spine. Spine, 20: , ) Park WW: Imaging study of the thoracolumbar spine fracture. J Korean Spine Surg, 8: , ) Petersilage CA, Pathria MN, Emery SE and Masaryk TJ: Thoracolumbar burst fractures. evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology, 194: 49-54, ) Shin BJ: Mechanisms and classifications of thoracolumbar fractures. J Korean Spine Surg, 8: , ) Sledge JB, Allred D and Hyman J: Use of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating injuries to the pediatric thoracolumbar spine. J Pediatric Orthop, 21: , ) Young PC and Petersilage CA: MR imaging of the traumatized lumbar spine. Spine, 25: , 1999.
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