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1 대한정형외과학회지 : 제 43 권제 5 호 2008 J Korean Orthop Assoc 2008; 43: 자기공명영상을이용한요추부척추관면적계측방법및분석 심대무ㆍ최윤홍ㆍ양정환ㆍ오성균ㆍ김채근ㆍ박정현 원광대학교의과대학정형외과학교실 Analysis and Measurement of the Lumbar Spinal Canal Dimension using Magnetic Resonance Imaging Dae Moo Shim, M.D., Yun Hong Choi, M.D., Jung Hwan Yang, M.D., Sung Kyun Oh, M.D., Chae Geun Kim, M.D., and Jung Hyun Park, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wonkwang University Hospital, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea Purpose: It is very difficult to measure the spinal canal dimension in elderly patients because of disc degeneration and facet joint hypertrophy. The purpose of this study is to determine reference values of the spinal canal dimension in a population of normal Korea subjects and to evaluate other measurement methods of the spinal canal dimension that correlate to normal spinal canal dimensions determined using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: We studied 100 patients who had mild symptoms and had normal MRI findings from 2475 outpatients that had undergone lumbar MRI from November 2002 to May The dimension of the spinal canal and dural sac was measured at the center of intervertebral discs L3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1. The dimension of the spinal canal and vertebral body was measured and was compared at the transverse plane perpendicular to the spinal canal that transected L4, L5 and the S1 pedicle. Results: For the sequence of L3/4, L4/5 and L5/S1, the mean spinal canal dimensions were ± mm 2, ±48.62 mm 2 and ±57.62 mm 2, respectively. For the sequence of L4, L5 and S1, the mean spinal canal dimensions were ±42.36 mm 2, ±54.26 mm 2 and ±60.65 mm 2, respectively. The correlation coefficient was high at for the L3/4 and L4 interpedicular transverse plane. The correlation coefficient for L4/5 and L5 was 0.905, and the correlation coefficient for L5/S1 and S1 was Conclusion: The lumbar spinal canal dimension measured at the intervertebral disc level in a population of normal Korean subjects is expected to be useful as reference data. The transpedicular plane perpendicular to the spinal canal can give information for estimating the spinal canal dimension at the disc level. Key Words: Lumbar spinal stenosis, Magnetic resonance image, Spinal canal dimension 서론요추부척추관협착증 (Lumbar spinal stenosis) 은서로다른두개의요추척추체사이의추간판공간에서추간판, 척추체종판, 관절돌기, 황색인대 (ligamentum flavum) 등의퇴행성변화에따라생기는공간-점유성 통신저자 : 최윤홍전북익산시신용동 원광대학병원정형외과학교실 TEL: ㆍ FAX: oscyh@dreamwiz.com * 본논문은 2008 년도원광임상의학연구소지원을받아이루어졌음. 병소 (space-occupying lesion) 에의해신경근이눌리면서생기는질환이다 2,7). 이렇듯면적이좁아지면서발생하는질환이지만, 아직까지면적과임상증상과의관계는아직명확하게밝혀져있지않다. 하지만, 많은저자들이작은면적의척추관은방사통의발생에중요한역할을하 Address reprint requests to Yun Hong Choi, M.D. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, 344-2, Shinyong-dong, Iksan , Korea Tel: , Fax: oscyh@dreamwiz.com 588
2 자기공명영상을이용한요추부척추관면적계측방법및분석 589 며, 수술후에불만족스러운결과를보이는원인이라고인식하고있으며 3,6,12,14,15), 다양한방법을통하여척추관면적의계측을위한연구를시도해왔다. 최근요추척추관협착증이나추간판탈출증의진단에있어서, 자기공명영상은비침습적이고, 요추의연부조직구조물에대한다양한정보를제공하며, 탁월한시상면과관상면을제공하기때문에가장많이이용되고있는진단방법이다 9-11). 하지만자기공명영상을이용한요추부척추관면적측정에대한국내문헌보고는찾을수없었으며, 한국정상성인의요추부척추관면적에대한참고치도없는실정이다. 또한, 측정방법도일정하게제시되어있지않으며, 측정횡단면에따른해부학적구조의차이가존재하는등, 그측정값을연구에적용하는데있어해결해야할문제가많이있다. 이에본저자들은널리사용되고있는자기공명영상을이용하여한국정상성인의척추관면적에대한기준치를제시하고, 비교적용이하게추간판위치에서의척추관면적을계측할수있는방법을제시하여다른연구의기초자료로써활용될수있도록하였으며, 추간판위치에서의척추관면적과척추경위치에서의면적에대해상관관계를알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법 1. 연구대상 2002년 11월 1일에서 2004년 5월 31일까지본원정형외과에내원하여요추부자기공명영상을시행한 2,475 예중신경학적이상소견은없으며임상증상이심하지않으나자기공명촬영을원하는환자중방사선과전문의의판독상정상소견을보인 100명 ( 남자 : 50명, 여자 : 50명 ) 의자기공명영상을연구대상으로하였다. 평균연령은 29.08세 (15-62세 ) 였으며, 남자의평균연령은 세 (15-54세), 여자의평균연령은 세 (15-62세) 였다. 2. 자기공명영상프로토콜자기공명영상은 Synergy Spine 코일을갖는 1.5 Tesla 기종 (Phillips R, Netherlands) 을이용하였다. 시상면에서 T1 강조영상은 TE/TR:10/1100 ms, T2 강조영상은 TE/TR:10/4500 ms로구성되었으며, 횡단면에서 T1 강조영상은 TE/TR:9/603 ms, T2 강조영상은 TE/TR:120/3500 ms로구성되어있고, 단면간간격은 4 mm였다. 척추간계측을위한횡단면은요추추간판탈출증의빈도가가장많은제 3-4요추간, 제 4-5요추간, 제 5요추-제 1천추간에서얻었으며, 각위치에서는제 3요추의척추경위치에서부터제 5요추-제 1천추간까지 3개의척추경위치에서의단면과, 시상면상에서추간판의중앙을가장가깝게지나는 3개의횡단면, 총 6개의횡단면에서척추관면적및경막강면적을계측하였다. 3. 계측치및계측방법계측은확대및수치보정이가능하고재현성이높아쉽고정확하게측정할수있는 INFINIT PACS (Picture Archiving Communication System) 상에서 free line ROI calculator를이용하여시행하였으며 1), 계측치는연구자중 1인이 3회에걸쳐시행하여그평균값을이용하였으며, 10명에대해서는 2명이 2주후다시계측하여측정방법의관찰자내및관찰자간신뢰도를알아보았다. 이를통해본연구에서의측정방법이재현성이높은방법임을알아보고자하였다. 계측방법은척추경직하부나추간판위치에서의척추관은추간공때문에양쪽이막혀있지않아서각위치와환자간의차이가심하여이런차이를최소화하기위해척추경위치에서극돌기에평행한선에직각으로추체의가장긴직경에서양쪽의 1/4씩을제외한중간 1/2부위에서수직선을그어이선을양측의경계로하였으며, 전방은추체나추간판을경계로, 후방은추궁판을경계로하였으며, 골성구조물이아닌실제척추관의내경인연부조직을따라 T1 강조영상에서계측하였다 (Fig. 1). 경막강의면적은경막을따라계측하였으며, 역시 T1강조영상에서계측하였다 (Fig. 2). 4. 통계학적분석 1) 관찰자내신뢰도는 1차계측과 2차계측치의 Pearson의상관계수를이용하여알아보았으며, 관찰자간신뢰도는 Cronbach α계수를이용하여알아보았다. 2) 각분절별로척추경직하부에서의척추관면적및경막강의면적이추간판위치에서의척추관면적및경막강의면적과상관관계가있는지를 Pearson 의상관계수를이용해알아보았다.
3 590 심대무ㆍ최윤홍ㆍ양정환외 3 인 결과 1. 추간판위치에서의척추관면적계측치제 3-4요추간, 제 4-5요추간, 제 5요추-제 1천추간순으로척추관면적은남 / 여 / mm 2, / mm 2, / mm 2 로전위치에서여자가남자보다넓었으나통계학적으로유의할만한수치는아니었다 (p>0.05). 제 3-4 요추간, 제 4-5 요 추간, 제 5요추-제 1천추간순으로남녀전체평균은 ±38.30 mm 2, ±48.62 mm 2, ± mm 2 로계측되었다 (Table 1). 2. 척추경위치에서척추관면적계측치척추경위치에서척추관의면적은제 4요추, 제 5요추, 제 1천추순으로남 / 여 / mm 2, / Fig. 1. This MR image shows to measure the spinal canal dimension in disc level using PACS. Fig. 2. This MR image shows to measure the dural sac dimension using PACS. Table 1. The Spinal Canal Dimension (mm 2 ) at Each Intervertebral Disc Space Mean±SD Minimum Maximum p value Mean±SD L3/4 Male ± Female ± ±38.30 L4/5 Male ± Female ± ±48.62 L5/S1 Male ± Female ± ±57.62 Table 2. The Spinal Canal Dimension (mm 2 ) at Each Pedicle Level Mean±SD Minimum Maximum p value Mean±SD L4 Male ± Female ± ±42.36 L5 Male ± Female ± ±54.26 S1 Male ± Female ± ±60.65
4 자기공명영상을이용한요추부척추관면적계측방법및분석 mm 2, / mm 2 이었다. 모든위치에서여자가남자보다넓은수치를보였으나통계학적으로유의하지는않았다 (p>0.05). 남녀전체평균은제 4요추, 제 5요추, 제 1천추순으로 ±42.36 mm 2, ±54.26 mm 2, ±60.65 mm 2 로계측되었다 (Table 2). 3. 추간판위치와척추경위치에서의척추관면적의비교및상관관계제 3-4 요추간과제 4요추의척추경을지나는횡단면에서의척추관면적의비의평균은 0.893±0.057, 제 4-5 요추간과제 5요추의척추경에서는 0.840±0.071, 제 5 요추-제 1 천추간과제 1천추의척추경에서는 0.813± 0.088이었다. 추간판위치에서의척추관의면적과척추경위치에서의척추관의면적의상관계수는제 3-4요추간과제 4요추의척추경에서는 0.913, 제 4-5요추간과제 5요추의척추경에서는 0.905, 제 5요추-제 1천추간과제 1천추의척추경에서는 0.845로, 추간판위치에서의척추관면적과척추경위치에서의척추관면적은높은상관관계를보였다 (Table 3). 4. 추간판위치에서의경막강면적, 전후길이, 좌우길이및척추경위치에서의척추체면적의계측치제 3-4요추간, 제 4-5요추간, 제 5요추-제 1천추간순으로경막강면적은 ±36.63 mm 2, ± mm 2, ±52.65 mm 2 이었으며, 전후길이는 18.84±2.03 mm, 17.40±1.88 mm, 16.23± 2.39 mm이었으며, 좌우길이는 14.94±2.55 mm, 15.35± 2.65 mm, 19.01±3.01 mm이었다. 척추경위치에서척추체의면적은 ± mm 2, ± mm 2, ± mm 2 이었다 (Table 4). 5. 추간판위치에서의척추관면적과경막강면적, 전후길이, 좌우길이및척추경위치에서의척추체면적간의상관관계추간판위치에서척추관면적은경막강면적과는각부위별로 0.797, 0.847, 0.441의상관계수를가졌으며, 전후길이와는 0.620, 0.612, 0.754의상관계수를가졌으며, 좌우길이와는0.427, 0.718, 0.713의상관계수를가졌으며, 척추경위치에서의척추체의횡단면과는 0.087, 0.076, 0.311의상관계수를가졌다. 계측치중제 4-5 Table 3. Proportion of Spinal Canal Dimension at the Intervertebral Disc Space and Pedicle Level Mean±SD Pearson correlation coefficient L3/4 Intervertebral Space : L4 Pedicle 0.893± L4/5 Intervertebral Space : L5 Pedicle 0.840± L5/S1 Intervertebral Space : S1 Pedicle 0.813± Table 4. Dural Sac Dimension (mm 2 ), AP Diameter (mm), Transverse Diameter (mm) at Each Intervertebral Disc Space and Vertebral Body Transverse Dimension at Each Pedicle Level Dural Sac Dimension AP Diameter Transverse Diameter Vertebral Body Transverse Dimension L3/ ± ± ±2.55 1,396.95± L4/ ± ± ±2.65 1,499.85± L5/S ± ± ±3.01 1,389.57± Table 5. Correlation of the Spinal Canal Dimension at the Intervertebral Disc Space with the Dural Sac Dimension, AP Diameter, Transverse Diameter and Vertebral Body Transverse Dimension using Pearson Correlation Coefficients Dural Sac Dimension AP Diameter Transverse Diameter Vertebral Body Transverse Dimension L3/ L4/ L5/S
5 592 심대무ㆍ최윤홍ㆍ양정환외 3 인 요추간에서척추관면적과경막강면적사이에는의의있는상관관계가있었으나, 다른위치에서는상관관계가없었으며, 전후길이, 좌우길이, 척추체면적과는의의있는상관관계를갖는계측치는없었다 (Table 5). 6. 관찰자내및관찰자간신뢰도척추경위치에서의척추관면적측정에대한관찰자내신뢰도는 r=0.933 (p<0.001) 이었으며, 관찰자간신뢰도는 a=0.926 (p<0.001) 이었고, 추간판위치에서의척추관면적에측정에대한관찰자내신뢰도는 r=0.929 (p<0.001), 관찰자간신뢰도는 a=0.965 (p<0.001) 이었으며, 경막강면적은관찰자내신뢰도 r=0.948 (p< 0.001), 관찰자간신뢰도 a=0.961 (p<0.001) 이었다. 이를통해, 관찰자내및관찰자간신뢰도가높은것을알수있었으며, 저자들이제시한방법이재현성이높은측정방법임을알수있었다. 고찰척추관협착증환자의진단에있어단순방사선, 척수강조영술, 전산화단층촬영, 척수조영술후전산화단층촬영과자기공명영상등이이용되고있지만. 자기공명영상은척수, 경막, 신경근, 지방과골수등연부조직의해부학적구조를잘볼수있으며, 비침습적이고, 방사선에노출될필요가없는점과탁월한시상면을제공한다는점에서많이사용되고있다 9-11). Epstein 등 6) 은척추관의해부학적크기는신경근압박증상의발현과관계가있다는보고하였으며, Winston 등 16) 은척추관협착증에의해수술한군이정상군에비해단순방사선요추측면사진상에서척추관의전후길이가의미있게짧다고보고하였으며, Dora 등 4) 의자기공명영상을이용한척추관면적계측에서, 요추부추간판탈출증을갖는사람중증상군이무증상군에비해척추관이의미있게작다고보고하였다. Elsberg 와 Dyke 5) 에의해 1934년최초로척추관크기에대한연구가시작된이후, 1954년 Verbiest 13) 이래로많은사람들에의해척추관크기와척추질환과의관계를밝히려는시도가이루어졌다. 하지만, Gill과 White 8) 는이행제 5요추 (transitional fifth lumbar vertebra) 를가진환자의척추관에서비정상적으로시상면직경 (sagittal diameter) 이작음을관찰하였고, 그부위에서 매우작은추간판탈출로도증상이유발할수있음을보고한바있다. 척추관면적과증상의관련성은 Porter 등 12) 에의하여처음으로조사되었다. 73명의증상이있는요추부추간판탈출증환자와 200명의대조군의사면시상면직경을초음파로비교하여, 돌출된추간판의증상을악화시킬수있는위험성은척추관의크기와반비례함을보고하였으며, 요추부추간판탈출증환자의 68% 에서척추관의크기는요통증상이없는정상인중척추관내경이좁은 10% 가보유한크기와같은범위로좁아져있다고보고하였다. 이처럼많은저자들이작은면적의척추관은요추부방사통의발생에서중요한역할을함과, 수술후에불만족스러운결과를보이는원인이라고인식하고있으며, 다양한방법으로척추관의주변해부학적구조와정상계측치에대한연구가이루어져왔음을알수있다. 이에저자들은현재흔히사용되는자기공명영상을이용하여척추관의단면적및경막강의면적, 척수강의전후좌우길이에대한계측을하였다. 이를통해, 정상한국인의척추관면적에대한참고치를제시함으로써, 증상이있는환자에있어척추관의단면적및경막강의면적, 척수강의전후좌우길이를측정하여이를정상참고치와비교하여수술전. 후의증상과의관계를밝힐수있는자료로쓰일수있도록하였다. 또한, 요추부추간판탈출증이있는환자의경우, 탈출된추간판으로인하여정상척추관의면적을구하는데는어려움이있어, 척추관의면적이정상에비하여얼마나감소하였는지에대해알수가없다. 그리하여, 본연구에서는정상한국인에서탈출된추간판의영향을적게받는척추경에서의척추관면적과추간판위치에서의척추관상관관계를연구하여다음과같은결과를얻을수있었다. 요추간에서의척추관면적과척추경에서의척추관면적의상관계수는제 3-4요추간과제 4요추의척추경에서는 0.913, 제 4-5요추간과제 5요추의척추경에서는 0.905, 제 5요추- 제 1천추간과제 1천추의척추경에서는 0.845로척추간과척수경에서의척추관면적은매우높은상관관계를보임을알수있었다. 이를통해, 추간판탈출증이있는환자의척추관면적의감소가얼마나되어있는지에대해, 척추경위치에서의척추관면적을측정함으로써, 추간판위치에서의정상척추관면적을
6 자기공명영상을이용한요추부척추관면적계측방법및분석 593 평가할수있는자료로사용할수있을것이라사료되었다. 결론 1. 추간판위치에서의척추관면적은제 3-4 요추간 ±38.30 mm 2, 제 4-5요추간 ±48.62 mm 2, 제 5요추-제 1천추간 ±57.62 mm 2 로계측되었다. 2. 척추경위치에서의척추관면적은제 4요추 ± mm 2, 제 5요추 ±54.26 mm 2, 제 1천추 ±60.65 mm 2 로계측되었으며, 추간판위치에서의척추관면적과척추경위치에서의척추관면적은높은상관관계를보였다. 3. 추간판위치에서의경막강면적은제 3-4요추간 ±36.63 mm 2, 제 4-5요추간 ±39.80 mm 2, 제 5요추-제 1천추간은 ±52.65 mm 2 이었으며, 제 4-5요추간에서척추관면적과경막강면적사이에는의의있는상관관계가있었으나, 다른위치에서는상관관계가없었으며, 전후길이, 좌우길이, 척추체면적과는의의있는상관관계를갖는계측치는없었다. 정상한국인의추간판위치에서의척추관면적기준치와저자들이제시한측정방법은향후요추부척추관협착증에서척추관면적에대한연구에있어참고자료로활용될것으로기대되며, 요추부자기공명영상촬영시추간판위치에서의척추관면적에대한정보를제공할수있는척추경을지나는척추관에직각인횡단면을포함하여촬영함으로써, 병변부위의척추관협착정도를판단하는하나의지표로서활용할수있을것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Arnoldi CC, Brodsky AE, Cauchoix J, et al: Lumbar spinal stenosis and nerve root entrapment syndromes. Definition and classification. Clin Orthop Relat Ress, 115: 4-5, Becker SH, Arenson RL: Costs benefits of picture archiving and communication systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc, 1: , Clark K: Significance of the small lumbar spinal canal: cauda equina compression syndromes due to spondylosis. 2. Clinical and surgical significance. J Neurosurg, 31: , Dora C, Wälchli B, Elfering A, Gal I, Weishaupt D, Boos N: The significance of spinal canal dimensions in discriminating symptomatic from asymptomatic disc herniations. Eur Spine J, 11: , Elsberg CA, Dyke CG: Diagnosis and localization of tumors of spinal cord by means of measurements made on X-ray films of vertebrae and the correlation of clinical and X-ray findings. Bull Neurol Inst NY, 3: , Epstein JA, Epstein BS, Lavin L: Nerve root compression associated with narrowing of the lumbar spinal canal. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 25: , Frymoyer JW: Back pain and sciatica. N Engl J Med, 318: , Gill GG, White H: Mechanisms of nerve-root compression and irritation in backache; surgical decompression in intervertebral disk conditions; spondylolisthesis, spina bifida occulta and transitional fifth lumbar vertebra. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 5: 66-81, Haughton VM: MR imaging of the spine. Radiology, 166: , Masaryk TJ, Ross JS, Modie MT, Boumphrey F, Bohlman H, Wilber G: High-Resolution MR imaging of sequestered lumbar intervertebral disks. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 150: , Modic MT, Pavlicek W, Weinstein MA, et al: Magnetic resonance imaging of intervertebral disk disease. Clinical and pulse sequence considerations. Radiology, 152: , Porter RW, Ottowell D, Wicks M: Use of diagnostic ultrasound for spinal canal measurements. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 59: , Verbiest H: A radicular syndrome from developmental narrowing of the lumbar vertebral canal. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 36: , Verbiest H: Further experiences on the pathological influence of a developmental narrowness of bony lumbar vertebral canal. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 37: , Verbiest H: Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. A review of twenty-seven years' experience. J Bone Joint Surg Br, 59: , Winston K, Rumbaugh C, Colucci V: The vertebral canals in lumbar disc disease. Spine, 9: , 1984.
7 594 심대무ㆍ최윤홍ㆍ양정환외 3 인 = 국문초록 = 목적 : 척추질환에대한진단에자기공명영상촬영이일반화되어있기에저자들은자기공명영상소견을이용하여척추관의크기를계측할수있는방법과한국인의기준치를제공하고자한다. 대상및방법 : 2002 년 11 월 1 일에서 2004 년 5 월 31 일까지본원에내원하여요추부자기공명영상을시행하여정상소견을보인 100 명의요추부자기공명영상을이용하였다. 제 3 요추에서제 1 천추까지각각의척추간및척추체에서척추관에직각인횡단면에서척추관면적을계측및비교하였다. 결과 : 각각의척추간에서윗부분에서부터척추관의면적의평균은 mm 2, mm 2, mm 2 였으며, 각각의척추간에서척추경을지나는횡단면에서의척추관면적의평균은 mm 2, mm 2, mm 2 이었다. 제 3-4 요추간과제 4 요추, 제 4-5 요추간과제 5 요추, 제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간과제 1 천추의척추관면적의상관계수는각각 0.913, 0.905, 로높은상관관계를보였다. 결론 : 요추부자기공명영상촬영시추간판위치에서의척추관면적에대한정보를제공할수있는척추경을지나는척추관에직각횡단면을포함하여촬영하는것이유용할것으로사료된다. 색인단어 : 요추부척추관협착증, 자기공명영상, 요추부척추관면적
Lumbar spine
Lumbar spine CT 32 111 DOI : 10.3831/KPI.2010.13.2.111 Lumbar Spine CT 32 Received : 10. 05. 23 Revised : 10. 06. 04 Accepted : 10. 06. 11 Key Words: Disc herniation, CT scan, Clinical analysis The Clinical
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