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1 CLINICAL ARTICLE J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc 1(1):98-104, 2005 척추수술후발생한척추경막외혈종 연세대학교의과대학신경외과학교실 권영섭ㆍ이성ㆍ윤도흠ㆍ신현철ㆍ김긍년ㆍ김상현 Hemorrhagic Complication after Spine Surgery Young Sub Kwon, M.D., Seong Yi, M.D., Do Heum Yoon, M.D., Hyun Chul Shin, M.D., Keung Nyun Kim, M.D., and Sang Hyun Kim, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Objectives: Spinal epidural hematoma after spinal surgery is a dreadful complication that can cause major neurologic deficit. We have evaluated factors leading to increased risk for epidural hematoma and its outcome after decompression surgery. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 3,720 cases of spine operation over period of 7 years (1998 April~2005 July) where 9 cases of postoperative spinal epidural hematoma were experienced. We evaluated patient factors including underlying medical disease and use of anticoagulation therapy, surgical strategies, and neurological outcome in these patients. Results: The incidence of spinal epidural hematoma after surgery was 0.24%. Their original diagnoses were tumor in 3 cases, cervical stenosis in 2 cases, lumbar stenosis in 3 cases and herniated lumbar disc in 1case. Factors increasing the risk of postoperative epidural hematoma were coagulopathy from medical illness, anticoagulation therapy and surgery of highly vascularized tumor. After decompression for epidural hematoma, clinical outcome varied. Complete recovery was achieved in 3 cases (33.3%), incom plete recovery in 5 cases (55.6%) and no change in 1 case (11.1%). The neurologic recovery after decompression was thought to be related to the preoperative minimal neurological deficit and short interval from diagnosis to decompression Conclusion: Epidural hematoma following spinal surgery is a rare but devastating complication. Patients with coagulopathy and highly vascularized tumor were more vulnerable to spinal epidural hematoma. The neurologic recovery was related to the degree of preoperative neurological deficit and time interval to the decompression. Key Words: Clinical outcome Postoperative Risk factor Spinal epidural hematoma Spine surgery 서 론 수술후척추경막외혈종 (Postoperative spinal epidural hematomas) 은드물지만치명적인합병증이다 18). 이는경막외공간의풍부한정맥총에서기인한출혈에의한것으로생각되며, 경막외공간이비교적넓은흉추에서가장흔하게발생한다. Crresponding Author: Hyun Chul Shin, M.D. Department of Neurosurgery, 134, Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, , Korea Tel: /2161, Fax: imdrshin@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr 척추수술후에는수술후경막외혈종이대부분발생하지만 11), 임상적으로크게의미없을정도로적은양의혈종인경우가많다. 그러나본연구에서언급하고있는수술후척추경막외혈종은척수신경을압박하여신경학적손상을일으키며, 이의회복을위하여수술적치료가필요할정도로충분한경우를말한다. 척추수술직후에환자에게서새로운척수손상증상이발견되거나, 마미총증후군이생기는경우경막외혈종을의심해보아야한다. 수술후척추영상검사를시행할경우수술부위에약간의혈종은대부분나타내기때문에 18) 이러한혈종이수술후통증이나신경학적이상에기여하는지여부를판단하기는쉽지않다. 척추경막외혈종은수술부위와신경분포를따 98 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc
2 YS Kwon, et al. 라통증을일으키며, 시간이지나면혈종이압박하는위치에따라신경학적이상을동반하게된다 10). 이에본저자는척추수술또는침습적시술후신경학적결손을유발시킨척추경막외혈종의사례들을분석하여, 척추경막외혈종발생의위험인자와 2차적감압수술후신경학적호전에기여할수있는요소에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상및방법본연구는 7년간 (1998년 4월~2005년 7월 ) 시행된총 3,720 례의척추수술자료를기초로하였으며, 척추수술후경막외혈종의발생빈도가매우낮기때문에후향적인분석을시행하였다. 9례의환자에서척추수술또는침습적시술후신경학적증상악화또는통증을유발시킨척추경막외혈종이생겼으며, 이에대한감압수술이필요하였다. 환자의과거력, 수술전후의증상및신경학적검사를포함한의무기록과수술전후일반방사선촬영, 컴퓨터전산화단층 (Computed tomography, CT) 촬영및자기공명영상 (Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 촬영을분석하였다. 척추경막외혈종발생에있어서다분절수술, 응고장애 ( 혈소판감소증, 응고인자부족, 항응고제사용등 ), 수술중경막의손상, 수술후배액관삽입및배액량등이혈종발생에기인하는인자로추정하고분석하였다. 또한수술중출혈량, 수술시간, 수술전항응고제또는항혈소판제제의사용, 당뇨의병력그리고흡연여부등도수술후혈종발생과의연관성이있는지조사하였다. 검사실인자로는수술전에시행한혈소판수치를포함한총혈구세포검사, 간기능검사, 혈액응고기능검사 (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time) 를분석하였다. 혈종감압술후신경회복인자에있어서는감압술전의신경손상의정도, 신경학적이상의발생후감압수술까지의시간을분석하였다. 신경학적검사는 American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) grading system에의한방법으로첫수술전과직후, 혈종감압술전과직후의네시점에서분석하였다. 혈종발생및신경학적예후에관련된인자의분석은 SPSS for windows software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, Ver 12.0) 를이용하여비모수적검정 (Mann-Whitney 검정법 ) 으로분석하였다. 결과 1. 환자군의일반특성수술후척추경막외혈종의발생률은 0.24% 였으며, 침습적시술 ( 경막외차단술 ) 을제외한개방형척추수술후경막외혈종의발생률은 0.19% 였다. 환자의평균연령은 57.3세 (37~76세) 였으며, 남 : 녀비율은 1:2였다. 척추경막외혈종이발생된부위는경추부 3명, 흉추부 2명, 요추부 4명의분포를보였다. 1명 ( 증례 2; 경추전방유합술 ) 을제외한모든환자에서후궁절제술또는고정술을포함한후방접근법이시술되었다. 2명의환자 ( 증례 3, 8) 는경막외차단술후혈종이발생한경우였다. 평균수술시간은 143.3분이었으며, 3명의환자 ( 증례 1, 3, 8) 를제외한 6명의환자에서배액관을삽입하였다. 질환별분포는종양 3례 ( 혈관종 1례, 척수수막종 1 례, 전이성척추체종양 1례 ), 경추부척추관협착증 2례 ( 퇴행성경추부추간반탈출증 1례, 경추부후종인대골화증 1 례 ), 요추부척추관협착증 3례 ( 퇴행성요추전방전위증 1례, 퇴행성척추관협착증 1례 ) 그리고요추부추간판탈출증 1 례를보였다 (Table 1). 대부분의환자에서초기증상은수술부위의찌르는듯한심한통증이었으며, 신경근통증 (3명, 33.3%), 배뇨장애 (3명, 33.3%) 등이이후에발생하였고, 곧이어대부분의환자 (8명, 88.9%) 에서척수압박에의한운동및감각신경기능의약화가생겼다. 증례 1에서는운동및감각마비없이하지통증및배뇨장애만을보였다 (Table 2). 이중 2명의환자 ( 증례 6, 9) 는혈종에의한신경손상이수술 3일이후에나타나는것으로정의되는지연성경막외혈종 1) (delayed postoperative SEH) 의양상을보였다. 2. 방사선검사 7명의환자에게 MRI를시행하였고, 2명의환자는 CT를시행하여경막외혈종을확진하였으며, MRI가 CT보다혈종의범위, 양과정확한위치확인에유리하였다. MRI상혈종은 T1강조영상에서등신호또는고신호강도를보이며, T2강조영상에서이형적인고신호강도를보였다. 시상면 MRI상혈종은일반적으로볼록한형태 (Fig. 1) 를보였고, 후방경유척추수술후 6명의환자에서는척수후방에혈종이고였으나, 2명의경우 ( 증례 4, 8) 척수전측방에 Volume 1, No 1 October,
3 Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma Table 1. Patient profile No Sex/ Age Past Hx Diagnosis Location/ level Surgery 1 F/48 None HLD Lumbar L4/5 Laminectomy L4 discectomy 2 F/37 None Cervical OPLL Cervical C4/5 Cervical anterior fusion, C4-5 3 M/68 DVT Coumadin Cervical stenosis 4 F/70 None Spinal cord tumor, Meningioma 5 M/48 ESRD Vertebral tumor, Hemangioma 6 F/61 HTN Degenerative spondylolisthesis 7 F/55 None Degenerative spondylolisthesis 8 F/76 Liver cirrhosis HCV 9 M/53 Multiple myeloma 1st Op duration(min) Blood loss(ml) No Drain/ vol(ml) Yes/24 Cervical Epidural block 50 0 No Cervical C5/6 Thoracic T11/12 Lumbar L4/5 Laminectomy C5/6 tumor Removal Laminectomy T11, 12 Tumor removal 360 fusion L4-5 Laminectomy L4, fusion Lumbar L4/5 Laminectomy L4,5 360 fusion Yes/ Yes/ Yes/ Yes/440 Lumbar stenosis Lumbar Epidural block 40 0 No Vertebral tumor Anaplastic plasmacytoma Thoracic T3/4/5 Laminectomy T3, 4, 5 Tumor Removal Yes/39 HLD = herniated lumbar disc; OPLL = ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament; DVT = deep vein thrombosis; ESRD =end stage renal disease; HTN=hypertension. Fig. 1. Dorsally located epidural hematoma in thoracic spine(case 9). The signal characteristics of the epidural hematoma lesion included isointense or increased signal intensity on T1-weighted image, heterogenous intensity on T2-weighted images. The sagittal and parasagittal images usually show a convex lens-shaped lesion. 위치해있었다 (Fig. 2). 증례 2의경우전방유합술부위에국한되어척수를전방에서압박하는혈종이생겼다 (Fig. 3). 증 Fig. 2. Ventrolaterally located epidural hematoma extending from C3 to T3 in case 4. 례 3의경우경추제3, 4, 5번에대한경막외차단술후다량의경막외혈종이척수후방에고인것을볼수있었다 (Fig. 4). 환자의신경학적이상소견은방사선검사에서신경압박이확인된부위와일치하였다. 100 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc
4 YS Kwon, et al. Table 2. Neurologic deterioration and recovery Patient No Symptom of SEH Symptom duration (hours) Preoperative ASIA Postoperative ASIA Follow up (months) Recovery 1 Pain Bladder dysfunction 72 D E 8.9 Complete 2 Motor/sensory 7 D E 0.7 Complete 3 Motor/sensory 9 B E 4.2 Complete 4 Motor/sensory 24 B D 22.4 Incomplete 5 Motor/sensory 7.5 C C 77 Incomplete 6 Pain Motor/sensory 176 D D 31.5 Incomplete 7 Pain, Bladder dysfuction Motor/sensory 57.2 C D 55 Incomplete 8 Bladder dysfunction Motor/sensory 1080 * C D 2.6 Incomplete 9 Motor/sensory 5 B B 2.5 No change SEH = spinal epidural hematoma; ASIA = the American Spinal Injury Association grading system; * = immediate evacuation of hematoma was impossible due to patient's poor general condition. Fig. 3. Ventrally localized epidural hematoma mixed with absorbable hemostat(ehicon), compressing cervical cord at the level of initial surgery(case 2). 3. 수술적치료 9명의환자중 8명은응급으로혈종제거술을시행받았으나, 1명 ( 환자 8) 은전신상태의악화로인해지연하여수술하였다. 첫수술부위를다시절개하여혈종을제거하였으며, 증례 4의경우혈종이첫수술부위보다아래까지위치하여흉추 2번까지후궁절제술을연장하여혈종을제거하였다. 증례 2의경우혈종이지혈제 (EthiconSARL, Rue du Puits Godet, Neuch Atel, Switzerland) 와뭉쳐있어척수를압박하고있었다. 신경학적이상이발생한후감압수술까지의시간은평균 44.8시간 (5~176.7시간, 환자 8제외 ) 이었으며, 재수술후모든환자에게배액관을삽입하였다. Fig. 4. Extensive dorsally located epidural hematoma after minimal invasive procedure(epidural block on C3-5) with slightly increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images (Case 3). 4. 위험인자 수술후척추경막외혈종을증가시킬수있다고가정되는과거력을가진환자는 4명 (44.4%) 이었다 ; 다발성골수종 1명, 말기신부전 1명, C형간염에의한간경화 1명, coumadin치료중인심부정맥혈전증 1명 (Table 1). 혈액응고검사상환자중 2명 (22.2%) 이지연된응고시간을보였다. 증례 3의경우심부정맥혈전증으로인해 coumadin 복용중이었으며, 지연된 prothrombin time (INR 3.95, 정상치 0.7~1.2) 을보였고, activated Partial thromboplastin Time은정상상한치에근접하였다 (44.9초, 정상치 28~45). 증례 8의경 Volume 1, No 1 October,
5 Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma 우간경화의병력이있었는데, 지연된 PT(INR 1.36) 과정상적인 aptt(33초 ) 를보였다. 환자의평균혈소판수치는 235,000/ μl( 정상치 150,000~400,000/ μl) 였으며, 증례 8만이 96,000/ μl으로정상에못미치는수치를보였다. 5. 신경학적결과 2차적감압수술전평가된각환자의 ASIA 신경기능등급은 B( 증례 3, 4), C( 증례 5, 7, 8, 9), D( 증례 1, 2, 6) 였으며, 수술후마지막외래추적검사시 ASIA 신경기능등급은 B( 증례 9), C( 증례 5, 7), D( 증례 4, 6, 8), E( 증례 1, 2, 3) 였다. 척추경막외혈종에대한수술적치료는전반적으로신경학적호전양상을보였다. 이중 3명의환자 (33.3%, 증례 1, 2, 3) 에서는완전회복을보였으며, 5명에서는불완전회복 (55.6 %, 증례 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) 그리고 1명 (11.1%, 증례 9) 의환자에서변화가없었다 (Table 2). 완전회복된환자군에서신경학적이상에서수술적감압까지의시간은평균 29.3시간 (7~72시간) 이었으며, 이들환자는모두퇴행성척추질환에대해첫수술을받았던환자들이다. 한편불완전회복환자군에선평균 66.3시간 (7.5~176.7 시간 ) 이걸렸다 ( 증례 8은전신상태의악화로인해수술이지연되어제외하였다 ). 오직 1명의환자만이수술후신경학적변화를보이지않았는데, 수술전까지의시간은 5시간이소요되었다. 신경학적이상발생과수술까지의시간이완전및불완전회복군사이에서비모수 Mann-Whitney 검정상유의한차이를보이지않았지만 (p=0.48), 증상기간이짧을수록임상적결과가좋은경향이있다는것을알수있었다. 수술후평균추적기간은 24.9개월이었다. 증례 1의경우수술후통증이소실되었고, 환자 2의경우지혈제 (Surgicel) 와혼합된혈종을제거한직후운동및감각기능이완전히회복되었다. 이는골화된후종인대를제거한후발생한다량의경막외출혈에대해지혈제를다량으로사용한경우, 지혈제와출혈이혼합되어부피가증가하면서척수압박을초래하고신경학적이상의원인이될수있음을보여주는예였다. 증례 2와 3에서는신속한진단과감압수술로서완전한신경학적회복을볼수있었으며, 증례 4의경우수술후하반신부전마비 (ASIA B) 를보였으나, 수술후 12개월시신경학적호전을보였다 (ASIA D). 증례 6은좌측발가락의배부굴전력이약화를보였고, 증례 7의경우발목관절근력이 grade 1으로약화된상태로유지되었으나, 감각신경의호전을보였다. 증례 9(ASIA B) 의경우수술후신경학적호전을 보이지않았으며, 환자가다발성골수종으로수술후 2.9개월시사망하였기때문에장기추적관찰을할수없었다. 대부분의환자에서 ASIA 신경등급의호전을보였으나, ASIA 등급이말초신경 ( 마비총 ) 의기능을반영하지않아호전된임상양상을정확히평가하는데는어느정도의한계가있었다. 고찰척추수술후발생된척추경막외혈종은비록드물지만, 척추수술후에발생하는고전적인합병증이며, 본연구에서는 0.24% 의발생률을보였다. 침습적방법에의해유발된척추경막외혈종을제외하면 0.19% 의발생률을보였다. 이것은 Scavarda 17) 과 Lawton 13) (0.1%) 등에의해발표된것보다약간높으며, Uribe 등 18) (0.22%) 에의해발표된것보다낮은수치이다. Uribe 등 18) 은혈종에의한신경손상이수술 3일이후에나타나는것으로정의되는지연성경막외혈종 (delayed postoperative SEH) 환자에대한연구에서발생률을 0.17% 로보고하였다. 본연구에서는지연성경막외혈종의발생률은 2 명 (0.05%) 이었다. 증례 6은수술후 4일째하지통증과근력약화를보였고, 증례 9는수술후 9일째하지근력약화를보였다. 본연구에서는경추전방유합술후연조직에혈종이생겨수술적치료를시행한 5명의환자에대한조사 ( 본연구에서제외됨 ) 도시행하였는데, 모든환자가혈종으로인해목의부종및호흡곤란을공통적으로보였고, 혈종제거술후신경학적인손상없이완전히회복되었다. 수술후신경학적이상이생겨재수술여부를결정할때, 최근에는보조적인방사선학적검사가큰기여를하게되었다. 수술후에새로운신경학적결손을보이는환자는척추경막외혈종을반드시의심해야하며 11), 신속한수술적감압이신경학적회복을결정하는중요한인자이다 17). 그러나수술후발생하는척수기능부전은수술중에척수에가해진직접적인손상, 또는고정이식물에의한합병증과연관되어수술후척추배열의이상에기인할수도있다 20). 따라서재수술전에정확히방사선학적확진을하는것은치료를성공하게하는필수요건이다. 근래에는 MRI가척추경막외혈종의진단에있어서 CT 또는척수조영술을대신하고있다. MRI에서시상면영상들은혈종이경막외공간의어느부분에있는지, 어떤분절까지연장되어있는지여부를비교적 102 J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc
6 YS Kwon, et al. 정확히보여준다. MRI는출혈에매우특이적인소견을보이는데, 급성혈종의경우 T1강조영상에서등신호강도를, T2강조영상에서고신호강도를보이고, 아급성의경우에 T1 및 T2강조영상에서고신호강도를보인다 2,3,9,16). 또한초급성기의혈종의경우조영제를사용한 MR 영상이유용하다는보고도있다. MRI 조영제의일종인 Gadolinium을정맥내로주입한후 MRI를시행하면혈액과조영제가혈관밖으로유출되어 MRI 상점상조영증강 (sizeable dotted enhancement) 을보인다는것이다. 또한이와같은소견은출혈이지속되고있음을나타낸다고보고하였다 14). 여러분절에걸쳐수술하거나수술전환자의혈액응고이상은이미정립된척추수술후경막외혈종의위험요소이다 11). Groen 등 9) 이보고한바에의하면수술시경막외공간이넓게노출될수록내측의척추정맥총으로부터의출혈의위험이높아지며, 결과적으로혈종을형성한다고한다. 본연구에서는단지 2명의환자가수술전검사에서비정상적인혈액응고결과를보였다. 증례 8은 C형간염바이러스감염에의한간경화가있었다. 자발성경막외혈종은간질환과응고장애환자에서보고되어왔다 3). 증례 5는말기신부전으로혈액투석치료를받아왔고, 환자 9는다발성골수종의척추체전이로진단되었는데, 위두환자모두혈액응고기능에장애를갖고있을것이라여겼지만, 수술전의혈액응고기능검사는정상이었다. 이번연구결과를보면, 출혈성경향의원발성질병, 예를들면혈관분포가풍부한종양 ( 본연구에서 3명의환자 ) 는경막외혈종의위험을높이는데기여할수있다. 척추경막외혈종환자에서비록수술중에출혈이일반적인척추수술에비해많았다하더라도 ( 평균 1,278 ml) 이것이경막외혈종을일으키는위험요소라고, 본연구에서증명되지않았다. 비록신경외과의가수술에대해확신한다고해도수술후혈종의원인으로서수술중의불완전한지혈은완전히배제될수는없다. 다분절에대한수술또는혈액응고장애를지닌환자에서는매우세심하고완벽한지혈이요구된다고볼수있다. 감압술후의임상적인결과는수술전의신경학적결손 ( 완전혹은불완전운동혹은감각신경마비 ) 과증상기간에영향을받는다. 본연구에서즉각적수술적혈종의제거로 9 명의환자중 8명에서신경학적회복을볼수있었다. 이는수술전의 ASIA 신경학적등급이수술후의신경학적결과를예측할수있는척도가될수있음을보여준다. 수술전완전한신경마비를보인환자의경우 ( 증례 9) 는마지막추적 검사에서도신경학적회복이없었다. 이러한결과는빠른수술적감압과신경손상정도그리고신경학적결과와의관계를보고한다른임상연구와일치한다 1,4,6,7,8,15). Delamarter 등 5) 는척수의압박이 6시간동안지속된경우압박제거후에도신경학적회복이없었으며, 척수에서점진적인괴사를보였다는것을동물실험을통해증명하였다. Vandermeulen 등 19) 은증상발현후 8시간내에수술적감압을받은척추경막외혈종환자의대부분은양호하거나, 부분적인신경학적회복을보인다는것을보고하였다. 본연구에서완전회복된군의수술전기간 (29.3 hrs) 은불완전회복군 (66.3 hrs) 보다짧았으나, 위험요소로서증명되기엔모집단의수가부족하다. 본연구의큰제한점은후향적분석, 척추수술후경막외혈종의낮은발생률이다. 경막외혈종의발생률이매우낮기때문에합리적인연구분석을위해서는여러기관에서공동으로자료를관리하는노력이필요하다. 혈액응고장애의발병률은진단되지않거나, 혹은보고되지않을수도있기때문에정확하지않을수있다. 미래에는더욱다양한혈종의위험요소와수술후임상결과를향상시킬수있는요소를다기관에서협력하여연구분석해야만보다정확한연구결과가나올수있을것이다. 결론본연구는척추수술후에발생한척추경막외혈종에대한보고를하였다. 한환자를제외한모든경우는후방접근법에의한수술후발생하였으며, 두경우는침습적시술후에일어났다. 항응고치료를받거나전신적질환으로인해혈액응고이상이있거나, 혈관분포가풍부한종양의경우척추경막외혈종이일어날가능성이많았다. 수술후신경학적회복의극대화를위해서는가능한한조기에진단하고즉각적인혈종제거술이중요할것으로사료된다. 참고문헌 1. Beatty RM, Winston KR: Spontaneous cervical epidural hematoma. A consideration of etiology. J Neurosurg 61: , Bernsen PL, Haan J, Vielvoye GJ, Peerlinck KM: Spinal epidural hematoma visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology 30:p280, 1988 Volume 1, No 1 October,
7 Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma 3. Boukobza M, Guichard JP, Boissonet M, George B, Reizine D, Gelbert F, et al: Spinal epidural haematoma: report of 11 cases and review of the literature. Neuroradiology 36: , Cooper DW: Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. Case report. J Neurosurg 26: , Delamarter RB, Sherman J, Carr JB: Pathophysiology of spinal cord injury. Recovery after immediate and delayed decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77: , Dickman CA, Shedd SA, Spetzler RF, Shetter AG, Sonntag VK: Spinal epidural hematoma associated with epidural anesthesia: Complications of systemic heparinization in patients receiving peripheral vascular thrombolytic therapy. Anesthesiology 72: , Dolan EJ, Tator CH, Endrenyi L: The value of decompression for acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. J Neurosurg 53: , Foo D, Rossier AB: Preoperative neurological status in predicting surgical outcome of spinal epidural hematomas. Surg Neurol 15: , Groen RJ, Ponssen H: The spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. A study of the etiology. J Neurol Sci 98: , Johnston RA: The management of acute spinal cord compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 56: , Kou J, Fischgrund J, Biddinger A, Herkowitz H: Risk factors for spinal epidural hematoma after spinal surgery. Spine 27: , Laglia AG, Eisenberg RL, Weinstein PR, Mani RL: Spinal epidural hematoma after lumbar puncture in liver disease. Ann Intern Med 88: , Lawton MT, Porter RW, Heiserman JE, Jacobowitz R, Sonntag VK, Dickman CA: Surgical management of spinal epidural hematoma: Relationship between surgical timing and neurological outcome. J Neurosurg 83:1-7, Nawashiro H, Higo R: Contrast enhancement of a hyperacute spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:p1445, Payne DH, Fischgrund JS, Herkowitz HN, Barry RL, Kurz LT, MontgomeryDM: Efficacy of closed wound suction drainage after single-level lumbar laminectomy. J Spinal Disord 9: , Rothfus WE, Chedid MK, Deeb ZL, Abla AA, Maroon JC, Sherman RL: MR imaging in the diagnosis of spontaneous spinal epidural hematomas. J Comput Assist Tomogr 11: , Scavarda D, Peruzzi P, Bazin A, Scherpereel B, Gomis P, Graftieaux JP, et al: [Postoperative spinal extradural hematomas. 14 cases]. Neurochirurgie 43: , Uribe J, Moza K, Jimenez O, Green B, Levi AD: Delayed postoperative spinal epidural hematomas. Spine J 3: , Vandermeulen EP, Van Aken H, Vermylen J: Anticoagulants and spinal-epidural anesthesia. Anesth Analg 79: , Yonenobu K, Hosono N, Iwasaki M, Asano M, Ono K: Neurologic complications of surgery for cervical compression myelopathy. Spine 16: , J Kor Neurotraumatol Soc
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