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1 A St udy on Opt i mum De s i gn of Cor ona Di s c har ge Oz oni z e r Us i ng Me di um Fr e que nc y and Ce r ami c Di s c har ge r

2 A St udy on Opt i mum De s i gn of Cor ona Di s c har ge Oz oni z e r Us i ng Me di um Fr e que nc y and Ce r ami c Di s c har ge r

3 A St udy on Opt i mum De s i gn of Cor ona Di s c har ge Oz oni z e r Us i ng Me di um Fr e que nc y and Ce r ami c Di s c har ge r

4 2002 8

5 .,,,,,,. 0.3, 0.5, 0.7mm 0.3mm 8.7g/ hr. 3.5KV 900Hz. 8.7g/ hr 44g/ hr 4 1.6A, 1.7A LPM, 5-10LPM.. Scale, Air preparation 45 30%., i -

6 A B S T RA CT T his r esearch purport s to calculate the design fact or and oper ational condition of cor ona discharge ozonizer, which is the large scale ozone pr oduction method. T ow ards this end, the said r esearch sought to calculate the optimum operational condition by studying the factor s that need to be t aken into con sider ation during the pr ocess of configuring and designing ozone pr oduction sy st em that u se ceramic dischar ge tube and medium frequency and by ex amining the effect of oper ating based on these factor s. T he resear ch factor s of this study ar e dischar ge gap, operation v oltage, frequency, air sour ce injection v olume, oxygen sour ce injection v olume, dew point, and coolant temper atur e. T o ev aluate the ozone pr oduction char act eristics fr om dischar ge gap, test w as conducted with discharge gaps of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7mm. A s a result, ozone production v olume w as most out standing at a narrow discharge gap of 0.3mm. T he operating v oltage and fr equency under this dischar ge gap condition, show ed the best characteristics at 3.5KV and 900Hz. A s a result of comparative testing of air source and oxy gen sour ce injection, compared to 8.7g/ hr as feed air, ov er 4 times incr ease in ozone pr oduction w as manifested at the instance of oxy gen source. And the increase in con sumption v olume m anifested out standing yield w ith 1.7A at the instance of oxygen source and 1.6A at the in st ance of air source. In addition, the r esult s of the test on the ozone pr oduction char acteristics fr om the flux variation of air and oxygen sour ce, show ed that the - ii -

7 setting up of condition s at appr oximately 10-15LPM as feed air at the instance of oxygen source, 5-10LPM of source air or oxygen injection is recommendable. Effect from dew point did not manifest short - term effect. In case of air source, dischar ge, nitr ogen form s into nitric oxide m atter due t o the reactions with oxy gen and ozone under the electric energy condition. And scale is formed under the humidity dischar ge tube. Operation testing during 45 day s after the separ ation of Air prepar ation sy stem manifested approxim ately 30% decr ease in ozone production v olume. And the ozone pr oduction v olume test based on coolant temper atur e show ed that the ozone production v olume decr eased drastically as the coolant temperature incr eased. T hu s, it is recommendable to configur e a coolant circulation sy st em at under iii -

8 ABST RACT List of T able List of Figure iv -

9 T est T est v -

10 List of T able T able. 1 Phy sicochemical char acteristics of ozone 5 T able. 2 Electrical potential of oxidation & deoxidation 6 T able. 3 Char acteristics of glaze component s 15 T able. 4 Char acteristics of ozone pr oducing part 15 T able. 5 Char acteristics of temper ature sen sor and flow indicator 16 T able. 6 Char acteristics of air prepar ation sy stem 19 T able. 7 Char acteristics of pow er supply sy stem 21 T able. 8 Char acteristics of measuring equipment s 23 T able. 9 Ozone pr oduction characteristics by v oltage & fr equency variation 30 T able. 10 Oper ational condition of low frequency ozonizer 32 T able. 11 Electric curr ent variation by air & oxygen 35 T able. 12 Ozone pr oduction characteristics without air pretreatment 37 - v i -

11 List of Fig ure Fig. 1 Structur e of ozone m olecules 3 Fig. 2 Resonance structure of ozone 4 Fig. 3 Diagr am of ozone gener ating sy st em 14 Fig. 4 Ozone pr oducing part 14 Fig. 5 Flow of air pr eparation sy stem 17 Fig. 6 Flow of pow er supply system 20 Fig. 7 Cooling water circulation system 27 Fig. 8 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by dischar ging gap 28 Fig. 9 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by v oltage and fr equency variation 31 Fig. 10 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by air flow r ate variation 33 Fig. 11 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by oxygen flow rat e variation 34 Fig. 12 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by dew point v ariation 36 Fig. 13 Scale formation by nitr ogen oxidation 37 A ) Before operation - v ii -

12 B) After 45 day oper ation Fig. 14 Ozone pr oduction char act eristics by cooling w ater 38 - v iii -

13 1,,.,.. 1 )., ,. 1 ). 3, 19,, - 1 -

14 16 2 ).,,

15 g. T able. 1, Fig , 1.278, Fig. 2 3,5,6,7 ),., 10 2% /. 2 ) Fig. 1 Structure of ozone molecules - 3 -

16 Fig. 2 Resonance structur e of ozone. T able , T HM.,,., - 1 )., - 4 -

17 OH, OH 2,. T able. 1 Phy sicochemical char act eristics of ozone Parameter s Characteristics Symbol O 3 Molecular w eight 48 Formation Specific gr avity (air = 1) Density (0, 1atm ) Solubility in water Photochemical reaction Electrical discharge g/ L 1.09 g/ L(0 ) 0.57 g/ L(20 ) Melting point (760mmHg ) Boiling point (760mmHg ) Critical temperature Critical den sity Critical pr essur e Critical volume Vapor density (at 0 ) Liquid density (at ) Liquid viscosity (at ) Absorption w av elength Color Odor g/ ml atm L/ mol g/ L g/ L cp 253.7nm None Pungent, Fresh 5ppm Obnoxious, Acrid 5ppm - 5 -

18 T able. 2 Electrical potential of oxidation & deoxidation (at 25 ) Oxidation & deoxidation agent EOP (VOLT ) Fluorine ( F ) 2.87 Hydroxyl radical ( OH ) 2.80 Atomic oxygen ( O ) 2.42 Ozone ( O3 ) 2.07 Hydrogen peroxide ( H 2O2 ) 1.78 Potassium permanganate ( KMnO4 ) 1.70 Hyper chlorite ( HOCl ) 1.49 Chlorine ( Cl2 ) 1.36 Chlorine dioxide ( ClO2 ) 1.27 Oxy gen (molecular ) ( O2 )

19 2. 2,,,,,,,,. ) (6-15KV ),. 7,8 ) O 2 e - O O e - O 2 e - O 2 O O 2 O M O 3 M O 2 O 2 O 3 O, 2, (25 )

20 ).,,.. 7 ) 3H 2 O O 3 + 6H + + 6e - E 0 = 1.6 VH 2H 2 O O 2 + 4H e - E 0 = V 1 2H + + 2e - H 2 E 0 = VJ ) nm nm. 7 ) O 2 + h O + O ( = nm ) O 2 + h O + O ( = nm ) - 8 -

21 ,,. ).,. X. 9 ) ),,,. 9 ) - 9 -

22 2. 3, ) ( Low frenquency type ) 50-60Hz 8-15Kv, 8,9 ).,. (1.3% ),. ) ( Medium frenquency type ) Hz 2-6Kv, 8,9,10 ). 19,,, PCI 2 ).. (2-3% by air ). ) ( High frenquency type ) 1500Hz 2-3Kv. 6-12% 10,11 ),,,

23 2. 4,,,, 8,9,10,1 1 ).,,,. ). ),,,,,.,, NO, NO2, NO3, N 2O5, N 2O 8,12 ).,,, 13,15 ).,, 2Bar

24 13,15 ).,, N 2O5, N 2O 8,13 )., 13,15 ).. Scale, 13 )...,.,. Air preparation,

25 Fig. 3., Air preparation., Fig. 4. Pipe. 3 1, 2, T able T ube. T ube T able

26 Fig. 3 Diagr am of ozone gener ation sy stem Fig. 4 Ozone producing part

27 T able 3. Char act eristics of glaze component s (unit : w t % ) F ir st glaze S econd glaze T hird glaze Com ponent Cont ent s Com ponent Cont ent s Com ponent Content s SiO SiO2 58 SiO Al2O A l2o Al2O F e2o F e2o3 0.2 F e2o CaO 5.95 CaO 1.44 CaO 5.39 M go 0.27 M go 1.06 M go 0.24 K 2O 2.13 K 2O 4.05 K 2O 2.23 N a2o 3.88 Na2O 9.06 Na2O 13.7 T io2 0.2 T io T io B 2O P 2O 6.19 B 2O BaO 1.11 ZnO 0.21 BaO 0.12 CoO 0.33 CoO 1.22 CuO 0.73 CuO 0.24 Mn O 0.23 NiO 0.45 NiO 1.45 ZrO ZnO 0.85 T able 4. Char act eristics of ozone pr oducing part Item T ube Discharging tube Ozone producing part Ch aract eris tic s Outer size 73.5 T hickn ess 5.45T Length 500m m Outer size 60.2 Ceram ic thickn ess Length 495m m Outer size 250 Length 900m m

28 T ube Check. Check Flow indicator. Flow indicator T able. 5. T able. 5 Char act eristics of temper atur e sen sor and flow indicat or Ite m Ch arac teris tic s T emperature sen sor Flow indicator (w ater ) Flow indicator (air ) Maker Model Range Maker Model Range Maker Model Range LG T 4Y Dwy er RMA series 0-30 LPM Dwy er RMA series LPM

29 Air preparation Flow Fig. 5. Compressor Filter (40 ) Filter (5 ) Refrigerant dryer Filter (0.01 ) Absorbent dryer Filter (1 ) F/ I Ozone producing part Fig. 5 Flow of air preparation sy stem Compressor, (5-10 / ), Filter (40 ) Filter 0.01 Filter 2. 2 (A, B) 1Set 5.,,. A B Purge B, B A Purge A

30 Filter (1 ). Compressor Filter (1 ) / 6.5 /. Reducing valve, Safety valve. Reducing valve /, Air preparation T able

31 T able. 6 Char act eristics of air prepar ation sy st em It em Ch arac teris tic s Compr essor Maker Model Capacity Maker Kyungw on in Korea BC- C /, 11Kw Hankison Refriger ant dry er Model HPRD- 25 Capacity Maker 42.9N / hr Sey ang in Kor ea Ab sorbent dryer Model DAH - 13 Filter (40 ) Filter (5 ) Filter (1 ) Capacity Maker Model Maker Model Maker Model 24N / hr Sey ang in Kor ea NH3700 Sey ang in Kor ea NH3200 Sey ang in Kor ea NH3100 Filter (0.01 ) Maker Sey ang in Kor ea Model NH 1300 Reducing valve Maker Model NIHONSEIKI SN3R31 Safety valve Maker T &E ENG Model GB6T

32 Flow Fig. 6. Inverter/ Conv erter T ransformer AC Reactor Ozone producing part Fig. 6 Flow of pow er supply system / ( ) T / R 1. T / R 1, AC Reactor T/ R Noise. T / R AC Reactor T able

33 T able. 7 Char act eristics of pow er supply sy stem Item Ch aracte ris tic s Inv erter/ Conv ert er Maker Dimension Model Input pow er Output pow er Output fr equency Capacity Maker Dimension W oosin electronics SEA V 3P 4W V Hz 3KVA Samdai electronics T ransformer Model SADT 0104 Input pow er V AC Reactor Output pow er Capacity Maker Dimension Model Capacity 1.5-5Kv 3KVA Samdai electronics SADR0104 3KVA

34 3. 2 Ozone monitor, T/ R Current amp Current probe. Check Ociloscope AC Reactor 1000 : 1 Probe. Dew point meter. Ozone moniter Current amp Ociloscope, T able

35 T able. 8 Char act eristics of measuring equipm ent s It em Ch arac teris tic s Maker Moistur e met er LT D Dew point meter Model SW S- SD- 20 Dimension mm Range 0 - (- )80 Maker O3 T ech in Korea Ozone monitor Curr ent amp Model Dimension Range Maker Model Dimension Range Maker OZ- 1000D mm ppm by w eight T.M in USA 502A A T ektronix in USA Ociloscope Model T DS 220 Dimension mm Range 100MH z / 1GS/ S Maker T ektronix in USA Current probe Model A 6303 Magnification 10 : 1 High v oltage pr obe Maker Model T ektronix in USA P6015A Magnification 1000 :

36 3. 3.,., Check , / Current amp Ociloscope. Digital Flow indicator. Dew point meter

37 ) 0.3, 0.5, 0.7mm 3 3KV Hz. Air flow rate 10LPM, Flow rate 1LPM ) ) / 2.5-5KV 0.5KV, Hz 100Hz. Air flow rate 10LPM, - 4 0, 20 Flow rate 1LPM ) ) ) / 10-40LPM 5LPM, 40-90LPM 10LPM

38 . - 40, 20 Flow rate 1LPM ) Fig % 10-40LPM 5LPM, 40-90LPM 10LPM. - 40, 20 Flow rate 1LPM ) T est (- )50-5. Air flow rate 10LPM, 20 Flow rate 1LPM Set Air preparation, Air preparation. Air preparation 45 Scale

39 ) T est ) - ) Pump Fig. 7. 1,. 20. Fig. 7 Cooling w at er circulation sy st em

40 4 4. 1, 0.3mm, 0.5mm, 0.7mm. 3.5KV Hz. 0.3mm 8.46g/ hr, 0.5mm 8.31g/ hr. 0.7mm 7.18g/ hr Fig. 8. Fig. 8 Ozone production characteristics by discharging gap

41 mm, KV, Hz 500V, 100Hz. T able KV 4KV 700Hz

42 T able. 9 Ozone production char acteristics by voltage & fr equency variation KV Hz g/ hr NGD A NGD KV Hz g/ hr A KV Hz g/ hr NGD A NGD KV Hz g/ hr NGD A NGD KV Hz g/ hr NGD A NGD KV : Voltage, Hz: Frequency, g/ hr : Ozone production A : Curr ent, NGD: Not good dischar ge 2.5KV 1200Hz

43 Fig. 9. Fig. 9 Ozone pr oduction characteristics by v oltage and frequency variation T able. 10,,.,

44 T able. 10 Operational condition of low fr equency ozonizer Dischar ging tube length (mm ) 1200 Ozone pr oduction (g/ hr ) 3.5/ ea Oper ation v oltage(kv ) 9-10 Oper ation fr equency (Hz) 60 Operation curr ent (A/ ea ) , 10-40LPM 5LPM 40-90LPM 10LPM. Fig LPM. 0.3mm 3.5KV/ 900Hz,

45 Fig. 10 Ozone production characteristics by air flow rate variation Fig. 10 Air preparation 15LPM, Air preparation Air preparation 70%. 4. 4,

46 - 40LPM 5LPM, 40-90LPM 10LPM 99%. Fig Fig. 11 Ozone production char acteristics by oxy gen flow r ate v ariation 21%, 99%., T able %,

47 ., Air prepar - ation. T able 11. Electric curr ent v ariation by air & oxy gen Flow rate (LPM ) Current (A ) by oxy gen Current (A ) by air T e s t (- )50-5. Fig

48 Fig. 12 Ozone production characteristics by dew point variation - 40,. Set Air preparation Air preparation 45, Fig

49 (A ) Before oper ation (B) After 45 day oper ation Fig. 13 Scale formation by nitrogen oxidation 79% Scale. Scale 45 30% T able. 12. T able. 12 Ozone production char acteristics w ithout air pr etr eatm ent Initial operation 45 day later Ozone pr oduction (g/ hr )

50 4. 6 T e s t, Fig. 14. Fig. 14 Ozone production characteristics by cooling w ater t emperature variation

52 mm 15g/ hr KV / 900Hz LPM, 40LPM. Air preparation

53 , Scale Scale, Scale. 6.,

54 REF EREN CE 1.,., 1(1998) 2.,, 64 70(1998) 3., -,, 5 13(1998) 4.,, 12 21(1997) 5.,,, G- 7 2, ( ) 6.,,,, (1993) 7., (1995) 8.,,, 10 32(1992) 9. Schw eckendiek, J., and Stiehl, H. H., Characteristic and performance of high - yield ozonizer s. 10th Ozone World Congress, pr oceeding s, Vol 2, (1991) 10. Hahn, L., Parameter s for evaluating the performance of an ozone gener ator, 10th Ozone W orld Congr ess, proceeding s, Vol 2, (1991) 11. Blancenfeld, D., Experiences with oxy gen - oper ated ozone plant s in w ater w orks, 10th Ozone W orld Congr ess, proceeding s, Vol 2, (1991) 12. Mechter sheimer, G., Influence of different dielectric materials on the ozone form ation proces s. 12th Ozone W orld Congr ess, proceeding s, Vol 1, 1 12(1995) 13. Br aun Dieter, Kuchler Ulrich and Piet sch Gerhar d, A spect s of ozone generation from air, 12th Ozone W orld Congr ess, proceeding s, Vol 1, 13 25(1995)

55 14. Heu ser, C., and Piet sch, G., : On the description of the ozone production in ozonizers, Proc, 7, Intern, symp. plasmachem., (1997) 15. Braun, D., and Kuchler, V., and Piet sch, G., : Behaviour of N O X in air - fed ozonixers, Pure & Appl. chem., vol, 60, NO5, (1998) 16. Pier son, Shaun S., High concentr ation ozone production with megos gener ator s, 12th Ozone World Congres s, pr oceeding s, Vol 1, 26 36(1995)

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