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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, June 2010 Symposium pissn , eissn 만성어지럼의진단과치료 전북대학교의과대학신경과학교실 오선영 Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Dizziness Sun-Young Oh, MD, Ph.D Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Jeonbuk, Korea Corresponding Author: Sun-Young Oh, MD, Ph.D Department of Neurology, Chonbuk National University College of Medicine, Geumam-dong, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk , Korea Tel: Fax: Copyrightc 2010 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. Chronic dizziness has several common causes, including anxiety disorders, migraine, traumatic brain injuries, and dysautonomia, that require different treatments. Key features of the clinical history distinguish these illness from one another and from active neurotologic conditions. In this review article, the expanded differential diagnosis of chronic dizziness was discussed and treatments including vestibular rehabilitation were described.. Research in Vestibular Science 2010;9(2 suppl 1):S65-S71 Key Words: Chronic dizziness, Vestibular rehabilitation 서론비회전성의만성적인어지럼을지속적으로호소하는환자들을임상에서흔히볼수있으며, 전정성의진성어지럼에비해병리기전이나진단방법, 치료에대해확립되어있지않기때문에어려움을겪는질환중의하나다. 대개신경이과적검진이나전정기능검사에서저명한이상소견을보이지않으며불안증과흔히동반되어과거에는심인성어지럼 ( psychogenic dizziness) 과혼재되어불려졌었다. 만성어지럼은내과적질환이나약제등에의해서도나타날수있으며최근에전정계나다른내과적질환에의한기질적인문제로설명되지않는지속적이고비특이적인어지럼을기본특징으로하는임상증후군으로만성주관적어지럼 (chronic subjective dizziness, CSD) 의개념이소개되었다. 1 CSD는주관적인어지럼과함께운동자극에대한과민성과상점이나빗속을운전할때처럼복잡한시각환경하에서악 화되는어지럼을특징으로한다. CSD는배제진단 (diagnosis of exclusion) 이아니며다음의임상증상과검진소견을보이는것으로정의하였다. 1 1) 3개월이상지속적인비회전성의어지럼, 머리가어찔어찔함 (lightheadedness), 두중감 (heavy-headedness), 또는주관적인불균형감이거의매일지속된다. 2) 3개월이상자기자신의움직임이나주변환경의움직임에대한과민반응이지속된다. 3) 쇼핑몰이나시장등복잡한시각환경하에서또는읽기나컴퓨터사용등정확한시각작업을요하는경우에증상이악화된다. 4) 신경이과적질환이나명확한내과적질병, 어지럼을유발할수있는약물의사용등의기왕력이없다. 5) 정상뇌영상소견 6) 신경이과적검사와전정기능검사소견이정상이거나진단적의미가없다. 이전에보고된만성어지럼에대한코호트연구들중대다수에서는뚜렷한정신과적증상을동반하지않는경우가많았고 2-4 오히려편두통 5 이나뇌손상 (traumatic brain injury), 6 S65

2 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 그리고자율신경부전 7 등이흔히동반이되었다. 본장에서는만성적인어지럼을초래하는대표적인질환들의증상및감별진단, 치료와전정재활에대해서문헌고찰과함께간략하게살펴보고자한다. 만성어지럼의원인이되는질환들 1. 편두통성현훈 (Migrainous vertigo) 어지럼과편두통과의밀접한관련성이최근십여년동안꾸준히보고되고있으며, 8,9 현재는하나의임상증후군으로, 어지럼은독립적인편두통의한증상이며전조 (aura) 증상이아닌두통과별개로발생할수있다. 이에대한다양한명칭으로, 편두통성현훈 (migrainous erigo) 10 외에도 vertigo as a migraine equivalent, migraine-associated dizziness, migraine-related vestibulopathy, vestibular migraine등으로소개되었다. 에서는수일지속된다고한다. 어지럼은전형적인전조와같이두통이전에발생할수있으나두통과동시에또는두통이지난후에발생할수도있다. 어지럼과함께빛과민증 (photophobia) 이나소리과민증 (photophobia), 그리고시각전조등이동반될수있는데이런증상들은어지럼과편두통과의연결고리가되는중요한증상들이다. 청력저하나이명도동반될수있으나저명하지않으며청력저하는대개경미하며일시적이며진행하지는않는다. 어지럼이없는편두통환자에서청각증상이보고된적이있다. 일반적으로증상이없을때신경이과적진찰은특이소견이없으나 10~20% 의환자에서는일측의전정저하소견을, 10% 에서는안진을보였으며, 신경안과적검진에서뇌간부나소뇌증상없이경미한중추성안구운동이상을보였다 년에 Neuhauser 등이제시한편두통성현훈의진단기준은 Table 1과같다. 10 1) 임상증상과진단기준전형적으로자발성또는체위변환성어지럼을호소하는데, 약40~70% 에서양성돌발성체위성현훈 (BPPV) 이아닌체위변환성어지럼을호소하며일부는어지럼없이머리움직임에의해유발되는간헐적인불균형과진동시, 두부움직임과민성 (head motion intolerance) 등을보이기도한다. 급성기편두통성현훈에서미식거림과불균형이흔한동반증상이며환자마다기간이나빈도는다양하다. 기간은대부분수초에서수시간지속되며수일까지지속되기도한다. 대개 10~30% 의환자에서어지럼은전형적인전조 (aura) 의지속시간인 5~60분정도지속되며, 20~30% 에서는수시간, 20~50% 2) 편두통성현훈의치료많은환자들에서증상이심하고자주, 그리고오래지속되므로급성기치료와예방적치료가필요하지만효과적치료에대한대단위연구가아직없는실정이다. 몇몇보고에서 propranolol, metoprol, flunarizine 등편두통예방약제들과아세타졸아마이드도일부에서효과가있다고하였다. 최근의후향적연구에서예방적치료로유발음식등유발인자를피하고, 소량의삼환계항우울증제제와베타차단제사용의점진적치료로서약 50% 의환자에서호전되었다고하였다. 급성기치료로는급성기편두통치료제인에르고타민, 수마트립탄과전정억제제인 promethazine, dimenhydrinate 등으로 Table 1. Diagnostic criteria for definite migrainous vertigo Definite migrainous vertigo A. Recurrent episodic vestibular symptoms of at least moderate severity B. Current or previous history of migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society C. One of the following migrainous symptoms during at least two vertiginous attacks: migrainous headache, photophobia, phonophobia, visual or other auras D. Other causes ruled out by appropriate investigations Probable migrainous vertigo A. Recurrent episodic vestibular symptoms of at least moderate severity B. One of the following: a) Current or previous history of migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society b) Migrainous symptoms during >2 attacks of vertigo c) Migraine-precipitants before vertigo in more than 50% of attacks d) Response to migraine medications in more than 50% of attacks C. Other causes ruled out by appropriate investigations S66

3 오선영. 만성어지럼의진단과치료 시도할수있겠다. 2. 편두통-불안과연관한어지럼 (Migraine-anxiety related dizziness, MARD) 정신적, 심리적인문제는어지럼과긴밀하고복잡한연관관계를갖게되는데, 정신적문제로어지럼이발생하기도하고, 어지럼에의해심리적문제가발생하기도한다. 이렇듯기질적인질환없이심리적인요인에의해어지럼이발생한경우또는정신과적인증상의일부로나타나는어지럼을심인성어지럼이라하였다. 아직까지심인성어지럼의정확한진단기준이확립되어있지않으나, 일반적으로환자의어지럼을설명할만한기질적질환이확인되지않고, 어지럼을유발할수있는심리적또는정신적요인이존재할때심인성어지럼을진단할수있겠다. 최근에비교적흔한질환인편두통과불안증이어지럼과흔히동반되어발현하는것이인식되어지고있으며이러한연관성은편두통또는불안증이어지럼을유발하거나, 또는편두통과불안증이평형장애에영향을미치는원인적연관성으로설명되어진다. 실제로어지럼환자는편두통이나불안증과자주동반되는데이를편두통- 불안증과연관한어지럼 (Figure 1) 이라고하였다. 12 어지럼클리닉에서공항장애 (17.2%) 와주요우울증 (11.2%) 이높은빈도로나타나고, 전조를동반한 (19.6%) 또는동반하지않는 (14.3%) 편두통환자에서공황장애의발생률이높다는점등으로편두통- 불안증과연관한어지럼은단순한세질환의조합이아니라원인적인측면에서긴밀한연관관계를지닌것으로보인다. 13 편두통- 불안증과연관한어지럼의발병기전에수도관주위회색질 (periaquiductal grey, PAG) 이중추역할을하는것으로알려졌는데위전정신경핵이 PAG로신경로를내고또한 PAG는감정조절에관여하는안와피질 (orbital cortex) 과뇌섬엽 (insular cortex) 으로부터신경로를받는다. PAG는또한편도핵 (amygdaloid nucleus) 과연결되어있어서평형장애와편두통에대한감정반응과행동반응의연결고리로여겨진다. 편두통- 불안증과연관한어지럼의진단은초기증상뿐아니라담당의사가신경과, 이비인후과또는정신과인지에따라서도달라질수있고, 다른증상이간과된경우진단하기가쉽지않다. MARD의흔한특징중의하나가시각의존성 (visual dependence) 인데, 즉균형을유지하기위해시각에과도하게의존하는것이다. 이러한시각의존성은편두통성현훈이나, 불안과동반한어지럼, 그리고 MARD 환자에서자주관찰된다. MARD 환자의치료는증상에맞추어평형장애가주요증상인경우에는 imipramine 등의항우울제와 clonazepam 같은벤조다이아제핀계약물을병합하는것이좋고, 급성기어지럼이편두통과동반되거나전조로여겨진다면트립탄계도효과적이다. 편두통이주요증상인경우에는 imipramine 같은항우울제나토파막스같은항경련제, 베라파밀같은칼슘차단제도사용할수있겠다. 경험적으로베타차단제는 MARD 환자에서도움이되지않는다고하였다. 12 불안증이주증상인경우는 paroxetine이나 sertaline 같은 SSRI가추천되며불안과평형장애가동시에발현한경우는 clonazeoam 같은벤조다이아제핀계약물이유용하다. 모든 MARD 환자에서전정재활치료가효과가있다고보고하고있다. 3. 외상후어지럼 (Post-traumatic dizziness) Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the interfaces among migraine, anxiety, and balance disorders. The MARD (migraine-anxiety related dizziness) represents the central sector of an hypothesized new alignment (modified from reference 12). 두개골이나뇌에가해진둔탁한손상 (blunt trauma) 은교통사고를비롯하여스포츠손상, 폭행, 낙상, 그리고산업재해등으로초래될수있으며, 이들은문헌에서 closed head injury, head trauma, concussion, head injury 그리고 외상후뇌손상 (traumatic brain injury, TBI) 등다양하게기술되고있다. 외상후뇌손상의다양한증상들이있지만두통과어지럼이가장빈번히나오며, 피로, 자극과민성, 집중곤란, 기억장애, 정신적업무수행의곤란, 불면증, 그리고스트레스, 정신적흥분, 혹은알코올에대한내성감소등의증상도나타난다. 또한여러가지정신과적증상, 시력의이상등을호소하며이러한증상은자존심의저하와영구적인 S67

4 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 뇌손상에대한공포감에서오는우울감이나불안을동반할수있다. 외상후어지럼의가장흔한원인질환으로는양성돌발성현훈발작 (BPPV) 으로알려졌으며만성어지럼을초래하는원인으로는지연성내림프수종 (delayed endolymphatic hydrops), 이석기능이상 (otolithic dizziness), 경부성어지럼 (cervicogenic vertigo) 등이있다. 1) 지연성내림프수종전형적인청력저하나이명이수반되지않지만메니에르병에서보이는어지럼이나타나고, 달팽이전기도검사 (EcoG) 에서수종이확인되기도한다. 치료는 betahistidine 같은약물치료와수술적치료가있다. 2) 경부성어지럼편타손상 (whiplash injury) 외에도여러손상후에나타날수있으며기전으로는뇌간의좌상, 경부성고유감각기관의장해, 이석기관의이상, 경부혈관의혈류장애등이제기되나확실히확립되지는않았다. 자발안진과온도안진검사와회전의자검사에서의이상등이보일수있지만이결과들은대부분뇌의외상에의한손상으로인한것이지순수한경부의손상만으로설명하기어렵고또한순수한경부손상만이있는경우에전정기능검사는정상이었다. 이러한환자들은대부분경부통증과경추운동범위의제한등을동반하며어지럼의양상은환자마다다양할수있다. 일반적으로물리치료와진통제와류마티스제제의적절한사용, 전정재활등으로치료하며, 70% 이상이일년후호전되었다. 14 3) 이석기능이상 (Otolithic dizziness) 두부손상시발생되는가속도에의해난형낭이석의이탈 (displacement) 이발생하며이과정에서유모세포의손상이야기될수있으며이러한이석기관의유모세포손상이어지럼의원인일수있다. 외상후어지럼은시간이경과함에따라현저하고지속적인증상의감소를보이게되는데수상후 2일경 73% 에서 3 개월경에는 24% 로감소하며, 1년이경과한후에는 1% 미만의환자만이증상을호소하였다. 두부외상후의행동증상은복합적이므로여러분야의접근을필요로하며, 물질남용의예방과향정신성약물사용에주의를필요로한다. 환자의증상에따라대증요법, 행동치료, 인지치료, 정신치료가효과적이다. 4. 자율신경계부전 (Dysautonomia) 자율신경계부전에의한만성어지럼은실신이나 presyncope 없이발생할수있으며, 지속적이고반복적인비회전성어지럼과머리가어찔어찔하고흐려지는등의증상을호소하며신체활동이나스트레이트, 누웠다일어나기등의자세교정으로유발된다. 최근보고에의하면일차성자율신경계부전에의한어지럼이심부정맥에의한어지럼보다 4배정도흔하며, 또한뇌손상후어지럼이나편두통성현훈의절반정도를차지한다고한다고하였다. 7 자율신경계부전에의해어지럼이유발될수있으며, 또한전정계가호흡과심혈관계조절등자율신경계에영향에미치는것으로알려졌는데, 제8뇌신경마비나내이손상후운동이나자세변환시호흡과혈압조절능력에이상이초래되고, 이러한자율신경조절이상은일시적이며시간이지나면호전이되었다고하였다. 자율신경계부전에의한만성어지럼환자에서기립경검사를통한심혈관이상반응을보고한연구들이최근증가하고있으며, 이러한자율신경이상반응을크게세가지로정리할수있다. 15 하나는기립경검사시심박동이증가하고검사말기에심박동수와혈압이감소 (terminal hypotension) 하는 Type 1 neurally mediated reflex response이고, 또하나는 POTS (postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome) 로지속적인심박동수의상승과검사후반부에혈압의감소를보이지않는양상을보인다. 마지막으로자율신경부전의분류에는포함되지않지만한가지이상의명확한이상을보이는 (intermediate type) 경우로자율신경부전의불완전한형태로간주된다. 자율신경계부전에의한어지럼의치료도아직확립되어있지않지만일반적인자율신경계부전의치료 (Table 2) 에준하여, 우선환자를안심시키고, 증상을유발하는상황을피하며충분한수분섭취와고혈압에유의하면서염분섭취를늘려보는것이다. 팔다리의근육을강화시키는운동과압박스타킹의착용에도증상이지속되면약물치료를시도할수있겠다. 약물로는 Fludrocortisone과베타차단제가도움이될수있다. Midodrine과 Serotonin uptake inhibitors에대한연구가활발하며효과적이라고알려졌으며, 심한증상과 asystole를동반하는경우에는심박동기가도움이되지만일반적으로심한서맥과실신이없는경우심박동기는도움이되지않는다고알려졌다. S68

5 오선영. 만성어지럼의진단과치료 Table 2. Treatment of Dysautonomia Nonpharmacologic 1. Avoidance of aggravating triggers: dehydration, heat, or alcohol consumption, sudden upright positioning 2. Maintenance of fluid volume with electrolyte replacement liquids. 3. Liberalized sodium intake (caution with hypertension) 4. Muscle strengthening and toning of skeletal muscle pump (exercise). 5. Head of the bed elevation (45) 6. Waist high compression elastic hose. Pharmacologic Class Medication Beta adrenergic blocking Mineralocorticoid Serotonin reuptake inhibitor Alpha adrenergic agonist Altha-2 receptor Erythropoietin Anticholinergic agents Antidysrhythmic Adenosine receptor blockade propranolol, metoprolol, atenolol, pindolol fludrocortisones Paroxetine (Paxil), fluoxetine (Prozac), sertaline (Zoloft) Proamatine/midodrine Clonidine (Catapres) Epogen Scopolamine (Transderm Scop) Disopyramide Theophylline 만성어지럼의치료 1. 원인이밝혀지지않은만성어지럼의치료 (Treatment of undefined causes of dizziness) 만성어지럼의진단뿐아니라치료도이비인후과나신경과의사에게가장어려운분야중하나이다. 특히어지럼의원인이편두통성현훈이나, 불안 (MARD), 또는양성발작성체위성현훈이나메니에르병등치료가능한질환일경우에는해당하는적합한치료를고려하지만, 원인이밝혀지지않은어지럼 ( dizziness of unknown diagnosis, nonspecific dizziness ) 인경우는더욱그렇다. 실제로전체어지럼환자의 38~52% 가이러한비특이적어지럼의카테고리에해당 하며 16,17 이들질환은대개신경이과적검진과검사에서이 상소견을보이지않는다. 이러한원인이명확하지않은어지럼의치료는경험적일수밖에없는데가장우선적인것은복용중인약제를확인하여어지럼이나실조증을유발하는약제를복용중인지확인하고가능하면제거해보는것이다. 이와함께운동과다음에기술할전정재활을시도하여저하된전정감각을훈련시킨다. 그다음에몇가지약물치료를시도해보는데 meclozine ( 보나링 R ) 을먼저투여해보고이후에도어지럼이지속되면소량의 clonazepam이나 lorazepam을시도해볼수있다. 일반적으로만성어지럼의경우초기의경미한메니에르병을 배제할수없는데이때는염분제한이나 hydrochlorothiazide/ triamterene 등의이뇨제를사용해볼수있으며, 또는두통과동반되지않은경우라도만성어지럼에서 verapamil 같은편두통예방약제가도움이될수있다. 증상이수초의회전성어지럼 (quick spins) 인경우 carbamazepine 이나 oxcarbazepine을중추성어지럼인경우에는경험적으로 gabapentin을시도해볼수있다. 이상의치료에도효과가없는경우에는 3내지 6개월간격으로관찰하면서매년청력검사를실시하는것을권장하는데, 때로작은청신경종양이나초기메니에르병인경우만성어지럼으로시작할수있기때문이다. 또한증상이갑자기악화된경우에는환자를다시검사하는것이도움이되는데, BPPV나메니에르병발작을진단할수있기때문이다. 2. 전정재활 (Vestibular rehabilitation) 1940년대 Cawthorne과 Cooksey에의해서처음전정재활이소개된이래많은동물실험과임상연구로서일측성또는양측성전정질환환자에서전정재활운동의효과가입증되고있다. 전정재활은안구, 머리, 그리고몸통의움직임을점차적으로증가시킴으로써전정계를자극하는것으로고안되었으며, 이러한자극은중추신경계의보상을촉진하여, 신경계가손상된전정계로부터의새로운정보에적응하도록하는것이다. 이러한운동은또한환자로하여금불안이 S69

6 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, Suppl. 1, Jun 나활동을회피하려는경향을없애는데도움을주며, 방향감각상실의회복, 균형감각을키우며확신을주는데기여한다. 만성어지럼환자에대한전정재활에대한연구도활발히보고되고있으며, 18 복잡한기구가필요하지않는간단한치료법으로서만성어지럼의치료에있어효과적이라고보고하고있다. 전정재활치료로서자세균형유지에는많은효과를보이지만, 전정안반사를반영하는안구회선 (ocular torsion) 이나지각 (perception) 을반영하는주관적수직축 (SVV) 기울임의회복에는별효과를보이지않는것으로알려져있다. 19 이러한중추보상기간동안행동학적, 신경학적활성도변화에차이를보이는이유는보상 (compensation) 과정이각각의신경계의위치, 시간, 정도등이다른복잡하고다각적인과정때문인것으로이해된다. 일반적인전쟁재활의표준운동의구성은안구와두부운동으로이루어지며운동은가능한크고빠르게하여처음에는고개를양옆으로 (side by side) 그리고위아래로 (up and down) 운동하며눈을뜨고주시고정없이하다가, 눈을뜨고정면사물을주시하면서운동을하고, 마지막으로눈을감고운동하는것으로구성된다 (Figure 2). 20 이러한표준운 동외에도자세변환이나시각자극등증상을유발하는상황을고려하여환자에게맞춤운동 (tailored specific exercises) 을제안하는것이중요하며일반활동을강화하거나특별한운동을추가하여점차적으로강도와난이도를증가시키는것으로구성한다 (Figure 2). 전정재활의성공여부는각환자의문제점을정확히파악하고그에맞는운동이나활동을교육하고주기적으로감시하며재평가하는과정이관건이며점수표 (Figure 2) 를이용하는것도좋은방법이다. 맺음말만성어지럼은다양한여러질환들에서관찰되며원인을알수없는경우도많은부분을차지하지만철저한병력청취와신경이과적검진을통해 75% 정도까지원인진단이가능하다. 21 만성어지럼은증상의양상이나, 경과, 치료의효과가다양하게나타날수있으며심리적인측면을중요하게고려해야하고, 편두통이동반되었는지외상의기왕력등이있는지를살펴야하겠다. 원인병소도중추 ( 대뇌, 뇌간, 소뇌 ) 와말초 ( 말초전정기관, 경부연조직등 ) 기관이다양하게관련될수있으며두가지이상의복합적요인을가지고있는경우가많다. 치료에임하는데있어서전정억제제등약물을처방하기보다는철저한병력청취와세밀하고반복적인검진을통해원인을찾으려는노력이중요하며, 전정재활치료와편두통예방약제, 정신과적약물과상담등복합적치료를시도하는것이필요하다. REFERENCES Figure 2. Timed weekly vestibular exercise scoring. 1. Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Chronic dizziness and anxiety: effect of course of illness on treatment outcome. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;131: Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Which comes first? Psychogenic dizziness versus otogenic anxiety. Laryngoscope 2003;113: Eckhardt-Henn A, Breuer P, Thomalske C, Hoffmann SO, Hopf HC. Anxiety disorders and other psychiatric subgroups in patients complaining of dizziness. J Anxiety Disord 2003;17: Lin JK, Hsu WY, Lee JT, Yeh WI, Ho SL, Su WY. Psychogenic dizziness. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei) 1993;51: Cass SP, Furman JM, Ankerstjerne K, Balaban C, Yetiser S, Aydogan B. Migraine-related vestibulopathy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106: Hoffer ME, Gottshall KR, Moore R, Balough BJ, Wester D. Characterizing and treating dizziness after mild head trauma. S70

7 오선영. 만성어지럼의진단과치료 Otol Neurotol 2004;25: Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Expanding the differential diagnosis of chronic dizziness. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133: Neuhauser H, Leopold M, von Brevern M, Arnold G, Lempert T. The interrelations of migraine, vertigo, and migrainous vertigo. Neurology 2001;56: Savundra PA, Carroll JD, Davies RA, Luxon LM. Migraineassociated vertigo. Cephalalgia 1997;17: Neuhauser H, Lempert T. Vertigo and dizziness related to migraine: a diagnostic challenge. Cephalalgia 2004;24: Oh SY, Seo MW, Kim YH, Choi KD, Kim DS, Shin BS. Gaze-evoked and rebound nystagmus in a case of migrainous vertigo. J Neuroophthalmol 2009;29: Furman JM, Balaban CD, Jacob RG, Marcus DA. Migraineanxiety related dizziness (MARD): a new disorder? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76: Breslau N, Schultz LR, Stewart WF, Lipton R, Welch KM. Headache types and panic disorder: directionality and specificity. Neurology 2001;56: Ernst A, Basta D, Seidl RO, Todt I, Scherer H, Clarke A. Management of posttraumatic vertigo. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;132: Staab JP, Ruckenstein MJ. Autonomic nervous system function in chronic dizziness. Otol Neurotol 2007;28: Drachman DA, Hart CW. An approach to the dizzy patient. Neurology 1972;22: Herr RD, Zun L, Mathews JJ. A directed approach to the dizzy patient. Ann Emerg Med 1989;18: Yardley L, Donovan-Hall M, Smith HE, Walsh BM, Mullee M, Bronstein AM. Effectiveness of primary care-based vestibular rehabilitation for chronic dizziness. Ann Intern Med 2004;141: Strupp M, Arbusow V, Maag KP, Gall C, Brandt T. Vestibular exercises improve central vestibulospinal compensation after vestibular neuritis. Neurology 1998;51: Rhee CK, Jung JY, Chung YW. Practice of vestibular rehabilitation. J Korean Balance Soc 2006;5: Hoffman RM, Einstadter D, Kroenke K. Evaluating dizziness. Am J Med 1999;107: S71

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