Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, June 2012 Symposium III pissn , eissn 재발성자발현훈의진단 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원이비인후과학교실 김태수, 박홍주
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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, June 2012 Symposium III pissn , eissn 재발성자발현훈의진단 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원이비인후과학교실 김태수, 박홍주 Recurrent Spontaneous Vertigo: Diagnosis Tae Su Kim, MD, Hong Ju Park, MD Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Corresponding Author: Hong Ju Park, MD Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Pungnap-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: Copyrightc 2012 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. There are two main types of vertigo: spontaneous and positional vertigo. Spontaneous vertigo can be divided into acute, recurrent and persistent depending on the disease course. Representatives of recurrent spontaneous vertigo are Meniere s disease, migrainous vertigo, recurrent vestibulopathy, vertebrobasilar insufficiency, paroxysmal vertigo and acoustic neuroma. Meniere s disease is characterized by episodes of vertigo, low pitched tinnitus, hearing loss and ear-fullness. Recently, endolymphatic hydrops could be visualized by magnetic resonance imaging after intratympanic gadolinium administration. Migrainous vertigo is a vestibular syndrome which presents episodic vestibular and concurrent migraines symptoms. Migrainous vertigo has a variety of clinical symptoms and neuro-otological findings. So the diagnosis of migrainous vertigo should depend on the clinical manifestations. Recurrent vestibulopathy has been defined as recurrent spells of vertigo lasting minutes to hours without auditory and neurological signs. Although recurrent vestibulopathy did not show any characteristic clinical findings, it deserves to be considered for differential diagnosis of episodic vertigo. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency refers to a temporary set of symptoms due to decreased blood flow in the posterior circulation of the brain. The intracranial MRA revealing narrowing of vertebral or basilar artery can be helpful in diagnosis. Ischemia in the vertebrobasilar artery system can cause vestibular symptoms due to peripheral vestibular dysfunction, central vestibular dysfunction, or both. Paroxysmal vertigo and acoustic neuroma can cause recurrent spontaneous vertigo although they are not common. Research in Vestibular Science 2012;11 Suppl 1:S89-S99 Key Words: Recurrent spontaneous vertigo; Meniere s disease; Migrainous vertigo; Vertebrobasilar insufficiency; Recurrent vestibulopathy; Acoustic neuroma; Diagnosis 서론현훈의종류는발작양상에따라자발성, 유발성혹은체위성으로나눌수있다. 자발성현훈 (spontaneous vertigo) 은특별한유발요인없이어지럼이발생되며, 유발성혹은체위성 (positional vertigo) 현훈은호흡, 자세등특정한상황에서 유발된다. 자발성현훈은경과에따라급성, 재발성, 지속성현훈으로나눌수있다. 1 급성자발성현훈의원인으로는급성일측성말초성전정장애 (acute unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy) 의대표질환인전정신경염 (vestibular neuritis) 이있고, 중추성으로는뇌간및소뇌의뇌졸중이있다. 일반적으로고막과청력은정상이면서다른신경학적징후가없는 S89
2 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, Jun 급성어지럼환자에서전정신경염을우선적으로의심할수있으나, 청력저하증상이동반된경우에는미로염 (labyrinthitis), 미로경색 (labyrinthine infarction) 과외림프누공 (perilymph fistula) 을의심할수있다. 재발성자발현훈의원인에는메니에르병 (Meniere s disease), 편두통성현훈 (migrainous vertigo), 재발성전정질환 (recurrent vestibulopathy), 추골기저동맥허혈 (vertebrobasilar insufficiency), 제8뇌신경의신경-혈관교차압박 (neurovascular cross-compression syndrome of the eighth cranial nerve), 청신경종양 (acoustic neuroma) 등이있다. 재발성자발현훈의감별진단에서가장중요한것은동반된증상과현훈발작의지속시간이다. 재발성자발현훈은대개수분내지수시간동안지속된다. 특히어지럼이수분동안만지속된다면혈관성원인으로일과성허혈발작 (TIA, transient ischemic attack) 을의심하여야한다. 급성자발성현훈이나재발성자발성현훈이나다양한원인에의해일어날수있다. 따라서진단에서가장중요한것은어지럼이말초성인지아니면중추성인지구별하는것이중요하다. 이글에서는재발성 (recurrent), 자발성 (spontaneous) 현훈의대표질환인메니에르병, 편두통성현훈, 재발성전정질환, 추골기저동맥허혈, 제8뇌신경의신경- 혈관교차압박, 청신경종양 에대한사례들을통해재발성자발성현훈환자의전형적인임상양상을확인하고, 상기질병의진단에대해살펴보고자한다. 본론 1. 메니에르병 43세여자가오심과구토를동반한 30분정도지속되는현훈을주소로내원하였다. 현훈은 6개월전부터시작되었으며, 우측귀가먹먹해지면서청력이감소되고바람소리와같은이명이동반되면서현훈이발생되는양상을보였다. 현훈은한달에 3-4회반복되었으며, 7일전우측귀의먹먹함이동반된청력감소와이명, 그리고갑작스레생긴빙빙도는양상의 20-30분정도지속되는어지럼을주소로외래를방문하였다. 외래에서시행한순음청력검사 (Figure 1A) 상우측의저주파수의감각신경성난청이동반되어있으며, 교대온도안진검사 (Figure 1B) 에서는우측 27% 의편측마비를보였다. 전기와우도검사 (electrocochleography, ECoG) 에서는 A B C D Figure 1. Cochleo-vestibular tests in a patient with right Meniere s disease. Pure-tone audiogram (A) showed right sensorineural hearing loss, especially in low frequencies. Caloric test (B) revealed canal paresis on the right (27%) and rotatory chair test showed normal gain (C) but slight phase lead at the lowest frequency (D). S90
3 김태수외 1 인. 재발성자발현훈의진단 SP/AP (summating potential/action potential) 비가 0.45/0.30으로우측에서의 SP/AP비가증가되어있었다. 혈액검사상 VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory), 갑상선기능이상, 빈혈, 고지혈증이없었으며, 뇌자기공명영상검사에서도특이한이상은없었다. 2) 진단메니에르병의진단은전형적인증상인 20분이상의현훈과청력검사상확인되는난청이동반되는경우, 충분한검사를통해다른의심되는원인질환이없을경우진단할수있다. 여러가지검사를통해메니에르병의진단에도움을얻을수있으며, 내이수종의유무를확인할수있는 electrocochleography나전정기능검사를시행하여전정기능의저하여부를확인하여진단하는데도움을받을수있다. 1995년 미국이비인후- 두경부외과학회 (American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery) 산하청력평형위원회 에서메니에르병을증상의발현에따라 certain, definite, possible, probable 의네단계로나누었다. 2 증상의정의에서어지럼은자발성으로 20분이상, 일반적으로수시간동안지속되며회전성양상을보이고, 통상수평또는수평회선형안진이동반된다. 이러한어지럼이 2회이상재발될때메니에르병의어지럼이라고하였다. 즉 20분이상지속되는회전성의어지럼이있다하더라도한번만있는경우는 probable 단계에속하고, 최소 2회이상재발성어지럼이있어야임상적확진단계인 definite 에포함될수있다. 메니에르병의진단과치료에있어서전정기능검사의역할은매우제한적으로, 메니에르병의진단시전정기능검사결과가필수적인것은아니다. 그러나전정기능검사를통하여메니에르병의환측을판단하는데도움을받을수있으며, 반대편귀의메니에르병을조기에찾아내는데도움이된다는보고가있다. 3 또한, 급성발작기시의환자의상태를살피는데도움이되며, 내과적치료이외의치료방법을결정할때치료전후의전정기능의변화및치료경과를관찰하기위한기본검사로활용할수있다. 최근메니에르병을자기공명영상을통해영상학적으로진단하기위한노력이진행되고있다. 현재내이의구조를보기위해사용되는조영제는 gadopentetate dimeglumine (Magnevist, Bayer, Berlin, Germany) 가주로사용된다. 4 이는 Gd 3+ 에그주위를돌아다니는킬레이트인 diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) 가결합한화합물이다. 이외에도 Gd 3+ 와 DTPA bismethylamide의결합물인 gadopentetate dimeglumine bismethylamide (Gd-DTPA-BMA) 도많이쓰인다. 5 이러한조영제는외림프액과결합하여조영증강됨으로써 T1 강조자기공명영상에서조영증강된외림프액공간과이에비해조영증강되지않은내림프액공간을명확히구분해주는중요한역할을한다. 6 조영제는내이에정맥주입이나고실을통 A B C Figure 2. A 36-year-old man with left Meniere s disease. 8 3D FLAIR (A, B) and 3D real IR image (C) were obtained 4 hours after intravenous injection of doubledose Gd-DTPA. Dilated endolymphatic space was visualized in cochlea and vestibule of left labyrinth (short and long arrows). Vestibular endolymphatic space occupies almost all space, thus delineation of endolymphatic space of vestibule is clearer on 3D real IR than on 3D FLAIR (long arrows). EH was not seen in the right labyrinth (left image). The intravenous injection method enabled evaluation of both ears simultaneously. S91
4 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, Jun 한직접주입을통해가능하다. 자기공명영상에서와우의내림프수종이보였을때, 순음청력검사에서청력저하가더심하고, 전기와우도에서이상을보이는경우가더많았다. 7 이는자기공명영상에서시각화된내림프수종이실제조직학적으로내림프수종일가능성이높음을시사해준다. Figure 2는우측의 definite 메니에르병으로진단받은환자의 Gd 주입자기공명영상이다. 우측와우는내림프공간이확장되어있으나건측에서는확장소견이보이지않는다. 8 3) 임상양상과특징메니에르병은재발성어지럼을특징으로하는대표적인질환으로 1) 발작성어지럼, 2) 난청, 3) 이명, 4) 이충만감을특징적인증상으로하는질환이다. 메니에르병의원인은아직까지밝혀지지는않았으나염증, 자가면역, 외상, 특발성등이원인으로생각되며, 병리학적인소견상내이수종 (endopymphatic hydrops) 이관찰된다. 이러한내이수종은내이압력의증가, 내이낭 (endolymphatic sac) 의기능이상, 내이액의과다생성, 내이액흡수기능의저하등에의해발생되는것으로생각된다. 발작시에는자발안진이관찰되며, 발작은보통수십분에서수시간이내에호전되는양상을보인다. 급성현훈이호전된후에는약한정도의현기증이남아있을수있으며, 초기에는대개급성발작사이기간에는특별한증상이남지않지만, 발작이반복됨에따라서서히 난청이유발되며, 이명과전정기능의손실이진행된다. 발병은대개 30대이후에시작되며, 성별에따른큰차이는없는것으로알려졌다. 2. 편두통성현훈 (Migrainous vertigo) 50세여자가 6주전부터반복적으로발생하는현훈을주소로내원하였다. 환자는수년전부터두통과동반되면서호전과악화를반복하는현훈으로항우울제를지속적으로복용중이었다. 현훈의양상은하루종일주위가도는것같았고 TV나영화를보면어지럽고머리가아픈증상이발생하였다. 특히무리하게일을하면상기증상이더심해졌다. 6주전부터는지속적인두통을동반하면서깜박거리는불빛 (flickering lights) 과같은특수한시각적인환경에노출될때악화되는평형이상 (disequilibrium) 과구역질이나고열이나는것같고기운이없는증상을호소하면외래를방문하였다. 환자는청력저하나이명, 시력저하등을호소하지않았다. 외래에서시행한청력검사에서양측의경도의난청을보였으며, 안구운동검사, 회전의자검사, 온도안진검사에서는비특이적인반응을보였으나, 동적자세검사에서체성감각, 시각및전정기능을이용한균형을유지하는데있어비정상적인소견을보였다. A B C Figure 3. Cochleo-vestibular tests in a patient with migrainous vertigo. Pure-tone audiogram (A) showed mild sensorineural hearing loss on both sides. Caloric test (B) revealed minimal canal paresis on the right (20%) and posturography (C) showed abnormal results. S92
5 김태수외 1 인. 재발성자발현훈의진단 2) 진단진단에결정적인신경이과적전정기능검사소견은없지만, 감별진단을위해여러검사들이시행된다. 편두통성현훈환자들에서시행한온도안진검사의결과를살펴보면, 기존의문헌들에서는약 20% 정도에서는온도안진검사상일측성반고리관마비 (unilateral weakness, 좌우차가 25% 이상인경우 ), 그리고 10% 정도에서는방향우위성 (directional preponderance) 을보이는것으로알려져있다. 편두통성현훈환자에서안진및안구운동검사소견은명확하게말초성또는중추성이상소견으로구분되어지지않는다. 안진검사와관련한분석에서는체위성안진이약 12% 정도의환자에서관찰되어가장흔한소견으로조사되었다. 9 그외편두통성어지럼의전정기능검사에관한소견은 Table 1과같다. 9 확인할수있는원인이없는현훈을호소하는환자가편두통의병력이있을경우나가족중에편두통의병력이있 을경우에편두통과연관된현훈은항상고려해봐야할진단이다. 이러한환자는광선이나후각에과민하고, 움직임에도과민하여쉽게멀미를하는경향을보여이러한점이진단에도움이된다. 9 편두통성현훈의진단은아직까지명확한질환으로서의확립되지는않았지만, 많은연구가진행중이며편두통이나메니에르병과유사하게검사방법으로진단하는것이아니라특정적인증상을확인함으로써진단한다. 현재까지국제적으로통용되는진단기준은없으나, Neuhauser와 Lempert 10 가발표한진단기준 (Table 2) 이합리적으로생각된다. 이기준에따르면명백한편두통성현훈과편두통성현훈을의심할수있는경우의두가지로나누었다. 이들은현훈클리닉을방문한 200명의현훈환자중명백한편두통과연관된현훈환자는 7%, 편두통과연관된현훈을의심할수있는경우는 9% 로보고하였다. Table 1. Most common patterns of abnormalities on vestibular tests including electronystagmography, rotational testing, and posturography in migraine-related vestibulopathy (n=100) Pattern Percent Normal 27 Isolated directional preponderance on rotation 22 Directional preponderance on rotation & reduced vestibular response 12 Directional preponderance on rotation & abnormal posturography 9 Directional preponderance on rotation & reduced vestibular response & abnormal posturography 6 Isolated reduced vestibular response 5 Isolated abnormal posturography 4 Table 2. Diagnostic criteria for definite migrainous vertigo (Neuhauser & Lempert, 2004) Definite migrainous vertigo Recurrent episodic vestibular symptoms of at least moderate severity Current or previous history of migraine according to the criteria of the international headache society One of the following migrainous symptoms during at least two vertiginous attacks: migrainous headache, photophobia, phonophobia, visual or other auras Other causes ruled out by appropriate investigations Probable migrainous vertigo Recurrent episodic vestibular symptoms of at least moderate severity One of the following: a) Current or previous history of migraine according to the criteria of the International Headache Society b) Migrainous symptoms during 2 attacks of vertigo c) Migraine-precipitants before vertigo in more than 50% of attacks: food triggers, sleep irregularities, hormonal changes d) Response to migraine medications in more than 50% of attacks Other causes ruled out by appropriate investigations S93
6 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, Jun ) 임상양상과특징편두통의발생원인은명확하게밝혀지지않은상태이다. 편두통은뇌간에존재하는삼차신경과경부감각신경을포함한여러신경핵과두경부혈관, 삼차신경계와두경부의부교감신경계의상호작용에의해발생한다고생각된다. 11 편두통은신경계의과반응성에의해혈관이팽창하여혈관성두통이발생하고, 혈관의염증은역으로신경을더욱더자극하여삼차신경핵- 자율신경반사를통해혈관의염증은더욱더악화된다. 11 뇌간에존재하는신경세포가흥분하게되면이러한자극은삼차신경과경부감각신경을따라서머리와목의혈관에있는신경에서여러신경전달물질 (calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP 등 ) 이분비되어혈관이팽창하고, 12 이러한팽창은혈구를포함한여러조직에서프로스타글란딘을분비하게하여염증과부종을유발하여혈관에서보다쉽게통증을느끼게하여팽창된혈관에서맥박에따른박동성의통증을느끼게된다. 13 따라서, 이러한삼차신경과경부감각신경이지배하는이마, 관자놀이부위, 머리뒤쪽, 눈의아래부위, 치아, 악관절부위를포함한모든머리나얼굴부위, 목등두경부의모든부위에두통이생길수있다. 14 또한, 이러한자극이자율신경계를지배하는시상하부등과연결되어오심, 구토, 발한등의증상도일으킬수있다. 최근에는뇌의피질을따라이동하는대뇌피질의기능저하가편두통환자에서발견되어여러증상과연관되는것으로생각된다. 대표적인전조증상인시야중에지그재그모양의섬광이점차로움직이는증상이발생한후눈에잘보이지않는부위가발생하는증상은대뇌피질의기능저하를선행하는일시적인기능증가와대뇌피질의기능저하가뇌의시각을담당하는후두부위의대뇌피질에발생하여이러한증상이발생하는것으로추정된다. 15,16 편두통과연관된현훈의기전도역시명확하게밝혀져있지않으나편두통과비슷한기전으로발생되리라생각된다. 편두통의기전에의해삼차신경의자극에의한머리나목의심한통증이주증상으로나타나는것이아니라현훈이주증상으로나타나는것으로추정된다. 뇌혈관의일시적인수축과뇌의피질을따라뇌기능저하가퍼지면서전정기능을담당하는대뇌의피질에영향을주어수분이나수시간동안현훈이발생하거나, 전정기관을직접자극하거나, 뇌간의전정세포에서신경물질 ( 세로토닌, 아드레날린, 도파민, CGRP 등 ) 의이상으로전정신경핵이활성화되어몸의운동에과민하게반응하여멀미가쉽게발생하는등운동과민성을유발 할수있을것으로추정된다. 9,17,18 3. 재발성전정질환 (Recurrent vestibulopathy) 50세남자환자가 6개월전부터간헐적으로발생하는 20 분정도지속되는현훈을주소로내원하였다. 현훈의양상은주변이빙글빙글도는것같은회전성양상을보였다. 현훈발생시오심, 구토가발생했으며이명이나청력손실등의이과적증상이나기타신경증상은없었다. 주로움직일때증상이발생하는경향을보였으나, 가만히앉아있는상태에서도어지럼이발생하기도하였다. 환자에게두통은발생하지않았으며, 두통이나고혈압의가족력도없었다. 외래에서시행한청력검사, 안구운동검사, 회전의자검사, 온도안진검사, 동적자세검사에서정상소견을보였다. 최근건강검진에서도이상소견은없었다. 2) 진단최근까지의연구에따르면재발성전정질환은수분에서수시간이상지속되고불규칙적으로반복되는발작성현훈을보이나청력소실과같은이과적증상과신경학적증상을보이지않는어지럼질환으로편두통과연관된혈관수축또는바이러스감염이원인으로추정되고있으나, 19 그정확한원인이나병태생리는알려져있지않다. 기존의청각질환이나신경학적질환이없으며, 현훈의양상은뚜렷한회전성양상부터비회전성의어지럼으로다양하게나타난다. 최근에는편두통과의연관성에대한여러주장에따라편두통성현훈이라는진단명이사용되는추세이므로, 어지럼이두통과동반되지않고단독으로발생하는경우에는원인미상의전정기능의이상에의해발생하는것으로생각할수있다. 단순한어지럼이지속적으로재발하는경우 Rutka와 Barber 20 의보고에의하면재발성전정질환환자의평균 8.5 년간의추적관찰동안 15% 에서메니에르병으로진행함을보고한바있다. 편두통과의관련성은기존의보고에서재발성전정질환 (recurrent vestibulopathy) 환자의 % 에서편두통과유사한두통을동반한다고알려져있어편두통과관계없이재발성의전정기능의이상을보이며재발성어지럼을보이는환자의많은수의환자에서재발성전정질환을고려할수있다 년 Moretti 등 22 은양성재발성현훈 (benign recurrent vertigo) 과편두통과의관련성에대하여 1) 현훈발작시기와일치하지않더라도대부분에서환자자신 S94
7 김태수외 1 인. 재발성자발현훈의진단 또는가족에서편두통병력을가지고있고, 2) 생리시기와연관성이있으며, 3) 항편두통제제로현훈의예방효과가있고, 4) 편두통에서와같이양성재발성현훈의가족력이있고, 5) 양성재발성현훈과유사한양상을보이는소아의양성재발성현훈이수년경과후편두통증후군으로발전하는무두통성편두통으로생각되며, 6) 2예의증례에서현훈의양상이뇌기저동맥편두통의전조증상으로추정되는것등을들어양성재발성현훈과편두통과의연관성을제기하였다. 과거에는특별한원인없이편두통과동반되는현훈은양성재발성현훈 (benign recurrent vertigo), 현훈만이단독으로재발할경우재발성전정질환 (recurrent vestibulopathy) 로다양한이름으로진단되어왔으나, 편두통과동반되어현훈이발생하는양성재발성현훈은편두통성현훈으로진단되는추세이며이질환의정확한병태생리에대한연구가필요하며, 어지럼만반복되다가시간이지난후호전되는양상을보이는양성의임상양상을보이는재발성전정질환환자들의경우에도마찬가지로정확한병태생리에대한연구뿐아니라지속적인장기추적관찰및병인에대한연구가필요하다. 3) 임상양상과특징재발성전정질환환자의전정기능의평가에서자발안진, 온도안진검사에서일측마비, 회전의자검사의비대칭등의전정비대칭을나타내는소견을발견할수있다. 이는대부분급성어지럼발작후경과시간이수일이내에검사가가능하였던경우였다. 이러한환자에서일정시간경과후비대칭소견이소실되는것이관찰된다. 19 이는전정신경염과달리장시간에걸쳐여러차례의재발성어지럼을주소로하는재발성전정질환환자군의어지럼도급성전정비대칭에의한것임을시사한다. 특히알코올, 수면부족, 정서적스트레스에의해유발되는경향을보인다. 재발성일경우원인질환에대한검사가필요할수있으며, 보존적인치료를시행한다. 4. 추골기저동맥허혈 (Vertebrobasilar insufficiency) 69세남자환자가 8주전부터반복적으로발생하는현훈을주소로내원하였다. 환자는 2주에한번정도수초에서수분지속되는현훈이발생했는데특히좌측사지에힘이빠지면서좌측으로쓰러질것같은느낌이동반되었다. 좌측손에감각이둔해진것같다는느낌을호소하였고최근좌측시 력이떨어진것같다고하였다. 특히누웠다가일어나는두위변화등으로어지럼이악화되었다. 현재고혈압약복용중이며, 당뇨는없었다. 누웠다가일어날때어지럼이생기는기립성저혈압의증상을보였으며, 양측두부충동검사상경도의양측의전정기능의저하를시사하는소견을보였으나, 안구운동검사, 온도안진검사등모든전정기능검사상정상소견을보이며, 청력도정상이었다. 증상이지속되어 MR 혈관조영술을시행하였으며, 좌측척추동맥의협착이관찰되었다. 2) 진단 Vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) 의진단은앞서병력및증상에대한조사외에결국뇌영상검사를통해척추기저동맥의이상을객관적으로확인하는것이중요하다. 척추기저동맥을확인할수있는영상의학검사에는 computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), 뇌혈관조영검사 (conventional cerebral angiography) 등이대표적이다. 현재까지는뇌혈관조영검사가가장신뢰할수있는검사방법으로알려져있지만, 검사자체가침습적이기때문에 MR 및 CT 혈관촬영술이많이이용되고있고, 영상기술의발달과더불어해상도또한많이향상되어진단에널리이용되고있다. 뇌졸중이아닌 VBI 단계에서체계적으로전정기능검사를시행한연구는그리많지않다. Grad와 Baloh 23 의보고에따르면 VBI의약 26% 에서온도안진검사에서말초성기능이상의대표적징후인일측성반고리관마비 (unilateral canal paresis) 의소견이관찰되었다. 그리고 12% 에서암실에서눈을떴을때관찰되는말초성자발안진, 5% 에서수직성이며, fatigability가없었던중추성체위성안진 (central positional nystagmus) 을보였다고했다. 또다른문헌에서는 VBI 환자 20명과 non-vbi 환자 20명간의비교에서원활추적운동에해당하는 eye tracking test에서 VBI환자의경우더높은빈도의이상소견을보였다고보고하였다. 24 그리고이러한원활추종운동의이상은척추기저동맥영역의뇌혈류이상의민감한척도가될수있다고보고하였다. 25 3) 임상양상및특징 VBI에서발생하는현훈이내이의허혈에서오는것인지, 아니면뇌간의전정신경핵또는전정소뇌의허혈에의한것인지논란이있다. 혈관계에서보면우선전하소뇌동맥 (anterior inferior cerebellar artery, AICA) 와후하소뇌동맥 (posterior inferior S95
8 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, Jun cerebellar artery, PICA) 영역의허혈이어지럼의주요한원인 혈관이될것으로판단된다. 우선 AICA는말단가지인내이 동맥 (internal auditory artery) 을통해서내이에혈류공급을하 Table 3. Symptoms associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency Symptoms Patients (n=42) Visual dysfunction (diplopia, visual illusions, etc.) 29 (69) Drop attacks 14 (33) Unsteadiness, incoordination 9 (21) Extremity weakness 9 (21) Confusion 7 (17) Headache 6 (14) Hearing loss 6 (14) Loss of consciousness 4 (10) Extremity numbness 4 (10) Dysarthria 4 (10) Tinnitus 4 (10) Perioral numbness 2 (5) Values are presented as number (%). 고있고, 또다른분지들은뇌간 ( 특히 lateral pons) 과소뇌의타래 (flocculus) 에각각혈류공급을하고있다. 특히내이는고에너지대사과정을요하면서도측부순환이충분하지않아서일과성허혈에민감하다. 26 단독적인어지럼이있는환자에서 AICA와 PICA가분지하는사이지점의척추- 기저동맥접합부에서동맥경화성폐색이발견되어결국 AICA 영역의저관류가 VBI에서반복적인어지럼의원인이될것이라는보고가있다. 또한추골동맥에이상이있으면서동맥대동맥색전증 (artery-to-artery embolism) 이발생하여내이동맥의폐색이유발된경우도보고되어, 27 VBI 환자에서다양한기전에의해 AICA 영역에허혈이유발될수있고이는단독적인어지럼의원인이될것으로생각된다. PICA는뇌간 ( 특히 lateral medulla), 소뇌의결절과목젖부위에혈류공급을한다. 소뇌나뇌간부위의허혈증상도전정신경핵이나전정소뇌에영향을미쳐현훈을포함한어지럼을유발할수있다. 특히 PICA 내측분지 (medial branch) 허혈의경우다른증상없이어지럼과자세불안만을주증상으로나타낼수있다. Table 3은추골기저동맥허혈시발생하는증상에대해보여준다 23. Table 4. Diagnostic criteria for the diagnosis of vestibular paroxismia Definite vestibular paroxysmia At least five attacks and the patient fulfills the following criteria A E A. Vertigo spells lasting seconds to minutes.* The individual attack subsides without specific therapeutic intervention B. One or several of the following provoking factors of the attacks: 1. Rest 2. Certain head/body positions (not BPPV-specific positioning maneuvers) * 3. Changes in head/body position (not BPPV-specific positioning maneuvers) * C. One or several of the following characteristics during the attacks: 1. No accompanying symptoms 2. Disturbance of stance 3. Disturbance of gait 4. Unilateral tinnitus * 5. Unilateral pressure/numbness in or around the ear 6. Unilaterally reduced hearing * D. One or several of the following additional diagnostic criteria: 1. NVCC demonstrated on MRI (CISS sequence) 2. Hyperventilation-induced nystagmus as measured by ENG 3. Increase of vestibular deficit at follow-up investigations as measured by ENG * 4. Treatment response to antiepileptics (not applicable at first consultation) * E. The symptoms cannot be explained by another disease Probable vestibular paroxysmia - At least five attacks and the patient fulfills criterion A, and at least three of the criteria B E Use of these criteria should help to make a clinical diagnosis of vestibular paroxysmia. The updated criteria presented in this table were based on previously formulated diagnostic criteria. These original diagnostic criteria are marked by asterisks ( * ) in the table; an increase in measurable auditory deficit was also a diagnostic criterion in the original diagnostic criteria, but it was left out of these revised criteria because wedid not find strong evidence for it in the present study. BPPV, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo; CISS, constructive interference in steady state; ENG, electronystagmography. S96
9 김태수외 1 인. 재발성자발현훈의진단 5. 제8뇌신경의신경-혈관교차압박 (Neurovascular cross-compression syndrome of the eighth cranial nerve) 71세여자환자가 2년이상지속되는우측난청과반복적으로재발하는회전성현훈을주소로내원하였다. 현훈은약수초간지속되었고매일수십번반복되었으며고개를흔들때좀더심해지는양상을보였다. 길가다보면술취한사람처럼걷는모습을보이기도했다. 외래에서시행한전정기능검사상비디오안진검사상우측으로향하는안진이나타났다. 온도안진검사에서우측측반고리관기능의 43% 약화소견이관찰되었다. 청력검사상우측에청력저하가관찰되었다. 자기공명영상혈관조영영상에서우측전하소뇌동맥 (anterior inferior cerebellar artery) 이소뇌다리뇌수조 (cerebellopontine cistern) 내의제8뇌신경과인접하여고리를형성하고있었다. 치료및확진을위하여 carbamazepine을처방하였다. 투약개시후환자는즉각적인증상의호전을보였으며, 투약 2개월째증상이완전히소실되었다. 추적전정기능검사에서우측반고리관마비소견은변함이없었다. 2) 진단 1994년에 Brandt와 Deiterich는제8뇌신경의신경- 혈관교차압박의진단을위한기준을제시하였고, 전정발작 (vestibular paroxysmia) 이라고명명하였다. 28 Table 4는 Hufner 등 29 에의해 2008년새롭게정립된진단기준이다. 6. 청신경종양 (Acoustic neuroma) 63세남자가한달전에갑자기발생한좌측난청과이명을주소로내원하였다. 문진상특이사항은없었으며반복적으로수초간지속되는현훈이초기에반복적으로발생했다. 고막소견은정상이었으며, 두부충동검사 (head thrust test) 상좌측으로머리를급속히회전시킬때전정안반사의감소로인한명백한교정성단속운동 (corrective fixation saccade) 을확인할수있었다. 온도안진검사에서좌측 68% weaker 소견을보였다. 청력검사에서양측감각신경성난청을보였으며, 기도청력역치가우측 25 db HL, 좌측 38 db HL이었다. 자기공명영상에서좌측내이도와소뇌교각에위치한병변이관찰되었다 (Figure 4). Figure 4. T1-weighted image after gadolinium enhancement. The tumor in the left internal auditory canal is extending into the cerebellopontine angle with marked enhancement. 2) 진단청력손실이주증상으로어지럼은없을수도있으나, 비회전성의어지럼이나재발성의어지럼이동반될수있다. 온도안진검사를포함한여러가지검사에서비정상적인결과를보여병변쪽의전정기능의손상을확인할수있다. 경도의비회전성의어지럼은청신경종과같이서서히자라는종양에서는흔한소견으로병변에의한전정기능의손상이서서히발생하여중추보상작용을통해이러한전정기능의손상을쉽게극복할수있기때문으로생각된다. 자발안진은말초성또는중추성장애에의하여안구운동신경핵에도달하는긴장신호의부조화로부터나타나는것으로청신경종양에서의자발안진은일측전정장애로인하여종양의반대측으로안진이발생하는경우가많다. 안구운동검사는종양의크기가큰경우에시각및전정경로에장애를일으키게되면단속운동의이상, 시운동성안진상양측성이득의감소및추적운동의장애의중추성장애소견을보일수있다. 두부충동검사에서전정기능이손상된방향으로머리를회전시킬경우에는안구가머리의회전방향과반대방향으로같은속도로회전하지못하게되어물체를안구의중심와 (fovea) 에서놓치게되어환자는검사자의코를중심와를통해보지못하게되며, 주시를유지하기위해이를다시중심와 S97
10 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 11, Suppl. 1, Jun 로고정하기위해보상적인교정성단속운동 (refixation saccade) 이발생하게된다. 또한, 청신경종환자중대부분의환자에서과호흡에의한안진이발생하는것으로보고되었으며, 크기가작은종양에서는주로병변쪽이과호흡에의해흥분되는안진양상을보이고, 크기가큰종양을가진환자에서는주로병변쪽이억제되는안진양상을보인다. 30 결 재발성자발현훈중대부분을차지하고있는메니에르병, 편두통성현훈, 재발성전정질환, 추골기저동맥허혈, 제8뇌신경의신경- 혈관교차압박, 청신경종양의임상적실례를통해진단과임상양상및각질병의특징에대해살펴보고자하였다. 임상의로서는여러가지잘알려진질병들을우선적으로감별하는것이좋으며, 가장흔한양성돌발성두위변환성현훈을감별한후에편두통성현훈, 메니에르병, 재발성전정질환등과같은질환의감별을하여야하며, 각각의다양한질환의특성을염두에두고드문질환이라도항상감별질환으로서고려하여야할것으로생각된다. 현훈의원인에따라신경학적또는청각학적이상이있거나없을수있고같은질병이라도전정기능검사의결과가크게다를수있다. 따라서, 재발성자발현훈의진단에는다양한검사결과뿐만아니라초기병력청취가정확한병의진단에크게중요하다. 또한각각의질환의특징적인증상과증후를잘알고있어야정확한진단이가능하며그에따른최적의치료방법을제시할수있을것이다. 론 REFERENCES 1. Neuhauser HK. Epidemiology of vertigo. Curr Opin Neurol 2007;20: Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy in Meniere's disease. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Foundation, Inc. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1995;113: Dimitri PS, Wall C 3rd, Rauch SD. Multivariate vestibular testing: laterality of unilateral Meniere's disease. J Vestib Res 2001;11: Nakashima T, Naganawa S, Sugiura M, Teranishi M, Sone M, Hayashi H, et al. Visualization of endolymphatic hydrops in patients with Meniere's disease. Laryngoscope 2007;117: Kakigi A, Nishimura M, Takeda T, Okada T, Murata Y, Ogawa Y. Effects of gadolinium injected into the middle ear on the stria vascularis. Acta Otolaryngol 2008;128: Naganawa S, Satake H, Kawamura M, Fukatsu H, Sone M, Nakashima T. Separate visualization of endolymphatic space, perilymphatic space and bone by a single pulse sequence; 3D-inversion recovery imaging utilizing real reconstruction after intratympanic Gd-DTPA administration at 3 Tesla. Eur Radiol 2008;18: Lee WS, Seo YJ. Recent research of radiologic diagnosis in meniere s disease. Res Vestib Sci 2010;9: Pyykko I, Zou J, Poe D, Nakashima T, Naganawa S. Magnetic resonance imaging of the inner ear in Meniere's disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2010;43: Cass SP, Furman JM, Ankerstjerne K, Balaban C, Yetiser S, Aydogan B. Migraine-related vestibulopathy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1997;106: Neuhauser H, Lempert T. Vertigo and dizziness related to migraine: a diagnostic challenge. Cephalalgia 2004;24: May A, Goadsby PJ. The trigeminovascular system in humans: pathophysiologic implications for primary headache syndromes of the neural influences on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1999;19: Goadsby PJ, Edvinsson L, Ekman R. Vasoactive peptide release in the extracerebral circulation of humans during migraine headache. Ann Neurol 1990;28: Moskowitz MA, Cutrer FM. SUMATRIPTAN: a receptortargeted treatment for migraine. Annu Rev Med 1993;44: Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine: current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 2002;346: Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK, Huang Z, Boas DA, Moskowitz MA. Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med 2002;8: Olesen J, Larsen B, Lauritzen M. Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rcbf in classic migraine. Ann Neurol 1981;9: Cutrer FM, Baloh RW. Migraine-associated dizziness. Headache 1992;32: Johnson GD. Medical management of migraine-related dizziness and vertigo. Laryngoscope 1998;108: Kim CH, Kim KS, Choi H, Jung YG, Lee SC. Benign recurrent vertigo: clinical manifestations and vestibular function test. J Korean Balance Soc 2008;7: Rutka JA, Barber HO. Recurrent vestibulopathy: third review. J Otolaryngol 1986;15: Kayan A, Hood JD. Neuro-otological manifestations of migraine. Brain 1984;107(Pt 4): Moretti G, Manzoni GC, Caffarra P, Parma M. "Benign recurrent vertigo" and its connection with migraine. Headache 1980;20: Grad A, Baloh RW. Vertigo of vascular origin. Clinical and electronystagmographic features in 84 cases. Arch Neurol 1989;46: Shigeta T, Nakagawa T, Takashima T, Yamane H, Nakai Y. Clinical value of MRA analysis of the vertebrobasilar system in vertiginous patients. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1998;538: Nakagawa T, Yamane H, Nakai Y, Shigeta T, Takashima T. Quantitative analysis of correlation between smooth pursuit S98
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975_983 특집-한규철, 정원호
Focused Issue of This Month Gyu Cheol an, MD Department of Otolaryngology ead & Neck Surgery, Gachon University of College Medicine E - mail : han@gilhospital.com Won-o Jung, MD Department of Otolaryngology
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