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1 Research in Vestibular Science Vol. 9, No. 2, June 2010 Original Article pissn , eissn 노인성어지럼증에서노인들에맞춘전정재활운동의효과 한림대학교의과대학이비인후 - 두경부외과 1, 한림대학교의과대학산업의학과 2, 경상대학교의과전문대학원이비인후과 3 김태후 1, 김범규 1, 허철영 1, 이재석 1, 박일석 1, 김용복 1, 장태원 2, 안성기 3 Effect of Elderly Organized Vestibular Rehabilitation for Presbystasis Tae Hoo Kim, MD 1, Beom Gyu Kim, MD 1, Chul Young Heo, MD 1, Jae Seok Lee, MA 1, Il-Seok Park, MD 1, Yong Bok Kim, MD 1, Tae-Won Jang, MD 2, Seong-Ki Ahn, MD 3 Departments of 1 Otolaryngology-Head and Neck; 2 Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul; and 3 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeonsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju, Korea Received May 12, 2010 Accepted May 24, 2010 Corresponding Author: Beom Gyu Kim Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Yeongdeungpo-dong 2-ga, Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel: Fax: kbgyu@hallym.or.kr Copyright c 2010 by The Korean Balance Society. All rights reserved. Background and Objectives Recently, The number of patients who have been complaining of the vertigo or dizziness has been increasing due to rapid growth of the elderly population and senile change. Aging is associated with decreased balance abilities, resulting in an increased risk of fall. The purpose of this study is to analyze the result of elderly organized vestibular rehabilitation therapy for presbystasis. Materials and Methods A prospective study was performed on elderly population over sixty-five years. 148 dizzy patients who were admitted to Hallym University Medical Center. We recruited 64 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of presbystasis and treatment of rehabilitation. They were asked to complete the Korean vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale (K-VADL) for the functional aspect before and two to twelve weeks after elderly organized vestibular rehabilitation therapy. The result was analyzed by statistical methods. Results The K-VADL scores were decreased in patient of presbystasis compared with first questionnaire. There were statistically significant differences in the K-VADL scores between before and after rehabilitation therapy. Conclusion Most patients can effectively and safely utilize the modified vestibular rehabilitation therapy. Our results suggest that the vestibular rehabilitation therapy could provide a recovery for dizzy symptoms in presbystasis. Research in Vestibular Science 2010;9(2):58-63 Key Words: Presbystasis; Vestibular rehabilitation 서론어지럼의유병률은나이가들어감에따라증가하게된다. 70세이상의남자에서는 47%, 여자에서는 61% 의유병률이보고되고있으며이러한어지럼은노령기에가장흔한증상 의하나로알려져있다. 1 노인들에게서일어나는쓰러짐 (falling) 의원인중 6.4~7.2% 가어지럼으로인해서발생한다고하며, 낙상으로인해노인연령층에서높은질병이환율과사망률을갖게된다. 1 현재까지알려진노령기어지럼의원인들중에는전정계 58
2 김태후외 7 인. 노인성어지럼증의전정재활운동 문제가가장많은부분을차지하는것으로알려져있다. 문헌보고에의하면그중양성돌발성두위현훈이가장많아약 32~39% 이며, 다음으로메니에르병, 전정신경염, 혈관질환, 종양등의순이라고하였다. 이들특정원인질환들은그에대한적절한치료를함으로써치료가대부분가능하지만특정원인이밝혀지지않은어지럼을노인성어지럼 (presbystasis) 으로정의를내리며유병률은전체의약 22~79% 로다양한보고가있다. 2,3 노인에서의전정질환에대한연구들은국내외에서다수보고된바있었고, 양성돌발성두위현훈과전정신경염에대한치료후전정기능검사나설문지등을통해서평가를한연구결과도보고된바있으나, 노인성어지럼에대한치료방법이나전정재활치료후치료효과에대한구체적평가를시행한연구는보고된바가없다. 1,4,5 또한기존의전정재활운동법들이다양하게개발되어사용되고있지만고령이나신체장애가있는환자들에게는사용하기에불편한점이많이있었다. 따라서저자들은노인성어지럼에있어서전정재활을위해기존의방법들을노인의편의에맞춰수정, 조합하여일반적이고도적절한재활운동법을고안하였으며, 이를대상자군에적용시켜얼마나지속적으로시행가능한지, 그리고전정재활운동치료전과후의어지럼설문지를이용하여주관적증상의호전정도를평가하여그효과를판정하였다. 대상및방법 1. 대상우리나라에서는 1981년도노인복지법에노인을 65세이상으로규정하였다. 따라서노인성어지럼을선별하기위해어지럼을주소로 2009년 3월부터 8월까지한림대의료원산하한강성심병원과강남성심병원, 한림대성심병원, 춘천성심병원이비인후과외래를찾아오는 65세이상의환자 148 명을대상으로전향적연구를시행하였다. 환자는일차적으로이비인후과에서자세한문진과이학적검사, 혈액검사, 전정기능검사 (video-electronystagmography, VNG), 전정유발근전위 (vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, VEMP) 검사등을통해말초성어지럼질환을먼저감별진단하였고, Figure 1. The organized vestibular rehabilitation therapy. 59
3 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, No. 2, Jun 중추성어지럼을감별하기위해신경과와, 안구질환과의감별을위해안과와도협진을하였다. 이러한검사등을통하여서도특별한원인이밝혀지지않는 67명의어지럼환자를노인성어지럼으로분류하였으며, 이들중시력및보행등의장애가없으며끝까지재활치료에참여한 64명을대상군으로선정하였다. 2. 전정재활치료 재활치료는기존의개발되었던 Cawthorne-Cooksey 운동에근간을두고가급적모든대상자가실제로수행가능하도록노인의편의에맞춰변형된프로토콜을제작하였다 (Figure 1). 이프로그램은먼저치료자에의해환자와보호자교육이선행된후연속적인치료효과증진을위해집에서의자가훈련을도모하는형태로, 적응운동 (habituation exercise) 을통해운동유발성증상을경감시키고, 평형운동 (balance exercise) 으로감각및운동조절기전의회복을도모하였으며중추보상작용의유지를위해매일도보를시행토록교육하고정기적인외래추적관찰과전화통화로독려하였다. 1회의치료시간은약 30분으로하루에 2번씩매일시행하도록하였고각각의운동치료시행여부, 시행후운동시간과어지럼, 구토등과같은증상의유발또는악화유무등을기록하도록하였다. 재활치료는시행약 2개월후 2차설문조사를통해서치료전과후의상태를비교분석하여치료효과를판정하도록하였고치료중증상완화를위한투약이나다른조치는하지않았다. 3. 치료효과평가 Figure 2. Korean vestibular disorders activities of dailly living scale (VADL). 4. 통계학적검증 통계학적검증은 SPSS ver (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 을이용하여각집단의치료전후의차이를확인하기위해대응표본 T검정을이용하였으며 p값이 0.05 미만인경우를통계학적으로의미있다고해석하였다. 치료효과는모든대상자들에게치료전과평균약 2개월정도의재활치료가진행된후 2차례에걸쳐설문조사를시행하여장애의정도를분석및평가하였다. 삶의질 ( 불편도 ) 측정은대상자들의기능적평가를위하여 2004년개발된한국어번역판어지럼측도표준화연구에서정한 Korean vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale (K-VADL) 를가지고설문조사하였다 (Figure 2). 그리고 K-VADL 일부문항에있어서노인들에게공통적으로적용하기어려운문항인성생활및운전여부의설문은제외하였다. 따라서정상인경우에있어서 K-VADL점수는 26점으로측정되었고, 점수가높을수록증상이심한것을나타내었다. 결과어지럼을주소로내원한 65세이상의노인 148명중노인성어지럼이 67명 (45%) 으로가장많은빈도를보였고 (Figure 3), 연령별분포는 65세에서 87세로평균 71.75±6.04 세로나타났고, 성별은여자 99명, 남자 49명이었다 ( 여 : 남 =2:1). 노인성어지럼환자들의평균재활기간은 63±14일이었으며, 대상자의중 64명 (95%) 에서운동법설명브로셔에기재된일일운동횟수에맞춰하루 30분씩오전과오후에걸쳐열심히재활에임한것으로나타났다. 어지럼은운동시작 3~7일까지는 64명중 18명 (28%) 에서운동시주관적어지 60
4 김태후외 7 인. 노인성어지럼증의전정재활운동 Figure 3. The prevalance of elderly prevalence dizziness patients. BPPV, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo Meniere's disease 8% VADL VADL 0 Pre-treatment Post-treatment Figure 4. Effect of vestibular rehabilitation therapy in presbystasis (VADL score). * p<0.05: statistically significant. 럼이악화되었다고하였으나전화독려및상담등을통해이후로는대부분감소하여재활운동을지속할수있었다. 64명의환자중 60명 (94%) 의환자에서 K-VADL점수의호전이있었으며나머지 4명의환자는운동전후의점수가같았다. 대상자들의치료전평균 K-VADL 점수는 51±22점이었고치료후점수는평균 34±10점으로감소하여통계적으로도의미있게호전을보였다 (p<0.05) (Figure 4). 고 2000년도에한국은 UN 기준으로 65세이상의인구가전체인구의 7% 이상을차지하는노령화사회로진입하였고, 통계청에따르면 2019년에는 14.4%, 2026년에는 20% 가노인인초고령사회에진입할것으로전망하고있다. 1 또한지속적인어지럼으로일차진료기관을방문하는환자가 65세인구전체의 4% 에달한다고한다. 6 그러나이러한통계수치는다소낮게추정될수있는데, 그이유는많은노인들이 찰 평형장애를연령이증가하면서당연히발생하는증상으로여기고그냥지내는경우가많기때문이다. 1986년 Belal과 Glorig 2 에의하면어지럼을호소하는 65 세이상노인 740명을대상으로한연구에서그원인을밝혀낸경우가 21% 였고나머지 79% 에선원인을밝히지못하였고이를노인성어지럼이라고진단하였다고한다. 국내에서는 2003년 Rhee 7 의보고에의하면 240명의노령기어지럼환자에서 87명 (36%) 만원인을밝혔고, 나머지 153명 (64%) 에서는특정한원인을밝힐수없었지만전정재활치료를시행하여의미있는결과를얻었다고보고하였다. 반면에 Sloane 등 8 은지속적인어지럼을호소하는 70세이상의 116명을검사한결과 85% 에서특정원인을찾을수있다고하였다. 이처럼노인성어지럼에대한정확한정의를내리는것에있어서도학계에서는의견이분분하며서로다른연구결과를발표하기도하여아직도논란의여지가많은상황이다. 최근에는전기안진검사및동적자세검사, 회전검사와같은전정과균형기능에대한검사들이발달하면서특정원인을밝혀낼수있는경우가증가하면서이러한정의도점차확립이될것으로생각한다. 본연구에서는 65세이상의어지럼을호소하는환자들에서노인성어지럼이가장많았고, 전정신경염, 양성돌발성두위현훈의빈도순으로나타났다. 빈도에대한다른연구와의차이는이번연구를시행한계절적인시점 (4~9월) 과도연관이있을것이며, 대상자선정기간을 1년이상으로한다면좀더정확한자료가되지않았을까생각한다. 또한본연구에서는급성기의전정신경염의증상이없이전기안진검사에서만반고리관마비 (canal paresis) 소견을보이는경우 (10예) 는정의상노인성어지럼으로분류를하였다. 이러한이유가노인성어지럼이예상외로높은빈도를차지하는데기여하였을가능성도있다. 어지럼은환자의심리적, 기능적, 혹은사회적이상을초래하는주관적장애이므로기존에이용되던온도안진검사나회전검사등은초기중추보상을정확히반영하지못하거나주관적인느낌과차이가있을수있고, 경제적인이유로여러번의반복검사가어렵다는제한점으로인해치료효과를판정하는데한계성이있다. 이러한점을들어환자의주관적증상을바탕으로치료효과를판정할수있는효과적인도구로써서구에서는정량화된여러어지럼설문지를사용하여왔다. 이에대하여 2004년도에대한평형학회차원에서국외에서흔히사용되는어지럼설문지중가장보편적으로사용된어지럼척도 4종류인 DHI (dizziness handicap inventory), ABC (activities-specific balance confidence scale), FL 61
5 Res Vestibul Sci Vol. 9, No. 2, Jun (functional level scale of the AAO-HNF), VADL (vetibular disorders activities of daily living scale) 들을선정하여한국어로번역하여신뢰도와타당도를입증하였다. 9 본연구에서선택한 VADL은 2000년 Cohen 등 10 에의해보고된것으로, 기존에여러질환에사용되던 ADL (activities of daily living scale) 항목을어지럼에적합하게수정하여개발한것이다. 이것은기존에사용되어온설문지가어지럼을가진환자들의장애를표현하기에는다소비특이적이고실제일상생활에서흔히겪게되는동작들이생략되어있다는점을보완하기위해구체적이고세세한동작들을추가하여어지럼에대한특이도를높이고자하였다. 또한치료전후에따른기능적제한과신체적장애의변화를환자로하여금스스로측정하게하여자신의일상생활수행능력에대한이해를좀더사실적으로인식시키고자하였다. 따라서평형장애를가진노령층을대상으로연구개발된 ABC는설문내용이가장기본적인신체동작에국한되었다는한계점이있었고, 이에비하여 VADL은노인들의보다구체적인일상생활수행능력측정에더합당하다고판단하였다. 전정재활운동치료의목적은불충분한보상작용으로만성적인어지럼을호소하게되는경우기능적으로환자의평형능력을증대시켜일상생활의활동성과신체동요조절능력을향상시키며보행이나이와관련된운동중의안전을도모하여환자의증세즉, 어지럼을감소시키는데있다. 연구에따르면맞춤식전정재활운동과약물치료의결과를비교한결과, 맞춤식전정재활운동군은자세안정성의증진과앞뒤로의신체동요의감소, 외발서기시간의증진을보인반면, 약물치료군은오히려치료기간이길어졌다고한다. 3 따라서본연구에서는재활운동을하지않은대조군과는비교하지않았으며, 이는연구의윤리적문제와도상관이있었다. 또한재활치료의단순효과를보기위한연구이어서약물요법이나타치료방법과같은대조군과도비교하지않았다. 전정및평형재활치료의종류로는적응운동 (adaptation exercise), 습관화운동 (habituation exercise), 대치운동 (substitution exercise), 평형운동 (balance exercise), 보행운동 (gait exercise), 일반조절운동 (general conditioning) 등여러가지가있다. 11 그러나이러한운동요법은고령이거나신체장애가있는대상자에게는제대로시행하는데있어한계가있다. 따라서본연구에서는어지럼에대한재활운동이필요한노인들을대상으로각단계에맞춰대부분의노인들이운동가능하며, 보다쉽게참여할수있도록재활운동법을따로마련 하고자하였다. 특히전정기능장애시에기능의회복은중추신경계의유연성 (plasticity), 특히감각운동계의재구성에의한것으로보이며보상작용에는자연적인회복, 전정적응, 대치의세가지기전이관여하며재활운동도이세가지기전을통한회복이촉진되도록하는운동이다. 이에맞춰저자들은 Cawthorne-Cooksey 운동을근간으로하여이운동법에서노인들이시행하기힘든부분들즉, 선자세와움직이면서하는운동중관절을많이사용하는동작이나보호자의도움없이수행하기힘든운동들은제외하고, 환자의증세가유발되는일상생활에서의특별한자세나상황을찾아이를반복하게함으로써같은상황에노출되더라도증세가감소하게하는전정적응강화운동법을추가하여수정보완하였다. 특히이재활운동법은노인들에있어서균형을잡는데가장중요한전정안반사를집중하여강화시키며, 12,13 이와함께전정척수반사도강화시키는운동법이다. 따라서특별한원인이밝혀지지않은노인환자들대부분에서이번에수정된전정재활운동을통해높은수행율과좋은효과를얻을수있었다. 본연구에서는 3명의환자가운동을지속하지못하였는데, 그이유로 2명은운동시오심, 구토증상이심하여운동을지속할수없다고하였고, 다른 1명은보호자의부재로눈을감고시행하는운동시중심을잡을수없어지속적으로수행할수없다고하였다. 그리고운동후 K-VADL점수가악화된예는없었으나호전을보이지않았던환자는 4명으로서치료전후점수의변화가없었는데, 26점만점이 2명, 27점 1명, 37점 1명으로서이들은공통적으로운동전 K-VADL 점수가좋았던환자들이었다. 이연구는재활치료기간과추적기간이짧아서확정적인결론을내릴수없지만신체여러부분의중복장애를가진노인들에대한포괄적이고, 체계적인운동법으로소개할수있고, 이를통해노인들의일상생활에서의도움뿐만아니라쓰러짐을예방함으로써노인의질병이환및사망률을줄이고삶의질을개선하는데매우중요할것이다. 이번연구의제한점으로는비록시력과근력에따라재활운동의효과에차이가있을수있다고예상은되었지만동적자세검사 (posturography) 등을통한객관적으로수치화하지못한점은향후과제로남아있다고생각된다. 또한윤리적인문제등과같은여러이유로대조군을통한타치료법과의회복율을비교하지못한점은아쉬움이있다. 노인성어지럼은한가지원인보다는말초성, 중추성전정기관의퇴행을포함하여심혈관질환, 시력과체성감각을포함한신경계질환, 심인성질환, 당뇨, 복용약등여러복합적인 62
6 김태후외 7 인. 노인성어지럼증의전정재활운동 원인들도관여할수있다. 따라서이러한모든요소들을반영하여진단을하기위해서는각분야의전문의들이협력을하여야한다. 현재국내에서는각병원마다다양한전정재활운동법을개별적으로사용하고있는데, 이또한학회차원에서의보다기본적이고보편타당하게사용가능한전정재활운동법을제시하여모든임상의들이사용할수있도록도움을주는것도필요할것이라생각한다. 결 노인성어지럼증에대하여저자들이새로이고안하여적용하고있는전정재활운동은대상자노인들의 95% 에서완수할수있었고, 이러한운동을통해노인성어지럼의증상을감소시키는데효과적으로작용할수있음을알수있었다. 론 감사의글 본연구는보건복지부국민건강증진기금으로수행되었음 ( 일반 09-40). 중심단어 : 노인성어지럼, 전정재활치료운동 REFERENCES 1. Chung WH, Park KH. Vestibular disorders in the elderly. J Korean Bal Soc 2005;5: Belal A Jr, Glorig A. Dysequilibrium of ageing (presbyastasis). J Laryngol Otol 1986;100: Horak FB, Jones-Rycewicz C, Black FO, Shumway-Cook A. Effects of vestibular rehabilitation on dizziness and imbalance. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1992;106: Ban JH, Lee NH, Lee JK, Kwon HJ, Lee SJ, Lee NH. Assessment of residual subjective symptoms after canalith repositioning procedure in benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Korean J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2008;51: Kim JY, Hur DG, Jeon SY, Kim JP. Assessment of subjective symptoms using dizziness handicap inventory in patients with vestibular neuritis. Res Vestib Sci 2009; 8: Stevens KN, Lang IA, Guralnik JM, Melzer D. Epidemiology of balance and dizziness in a national population: findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing 2008;37: Rhee CK. Aging disequilibrium. J Korean Bal Soc 2003;2: Sloane PD, Baloh RW, Honrubia V. The vestibular system in the elderly: clinical implications. Am J Otolaryngol 1989; 10: Han GC, Lee EJ, Lee JH, Park SN, Lee HY, Jeon EJ, et al. The study of standardization for a Korean adaptation of self-report measures of dizziness. J Korean Bal Soc 2004;3: Cohen HS, Kimball KT, Adams AS. Application of the vestibular disorders activities of daily living scale. Laryngoscope 2000;110: Herdman SJ. Exercise strategies for vestibular disorders. Ear Nose Throat J 1989;68: Bruner A, Norris TW. Age-related changes in caloric nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl 1971;282: Perrin PP, Jeandel C, Perrin CA, Bene MC. Influence of visual control, conduction, and central integration on static and dynamic balance in healthy older adults. Gerontology 1997;43:
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