Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2014;70(5): Evaluation of t

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1 Original Article pissn / eissn J Korean Soc Radiol 2014;70(5): Evaluation of the Accuracy of Abdominal Ultrasound Focusing on the Missed Lesions Based on the Abdominal Computed Tomography in Health Screening Yong-Suk Jang, MD, Noh-Hyuck Park, MD, Chan-Sub Park, MD, Su Ok Seong, MD Department of Radiology, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Korea Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of abdominal ultrasonography (US), and the incidence, size and types of lesions, easily missed on abdominal US in health screening. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 311 physical checkup patients (male-to-female ratio, 156:155; mean age, 53.1 years), who underwent screening abdominal US and abdominal computed tomography (CT) on same day from July, 2011 to October, Per-organ and per-lesion analyses and verification of size and location of renal and hepatic lesions which were frequently missed on abdominal US were performed. Results: Overall, 209 additional lesions were found on abdominal CT in 140 physical checkup patients and the missing rate of the lesion was 45%. Renal lesions were most common (105 lesions), followed by hepatic lesions (91 lesions). In renal and hepatic lesions which were missed on abdominal US, most (93.4%, 93.5%) lesions were less than 1.5 cm in longitudinal diameter. Most of missed renal lesions were located in mid portion of left kidney (24.7%). Most of the missed hepatic lesions on US were located in the hepatic dome (segment 7, 8, 2) (66%). Conclusion: An awareness of the prevalence and location of easily missed lesions on screening abdominal US is helpful to enhance diagnostic performance of abdominal US in physical checkup patients. Index terms Health Screening Abdominal Ultrasound Abdominal Computed Tomography Received January 3, 2014; Accepted March 21, 2014 Corresponding author: Noh-Hyuck Park, MD Department of Radiology, Myongji Hospital, 55 Hwasuro 14beon-gil, Deogyang-gu, Goyang , Korea. Tel Fax nhpark904@gmail.com This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 서론 현재보건복지부및국립암센터에서주관하는 5대암검진사업및건강보험공단에서시행하는공단검진에서복부초음파검사를간세포암고위험군에서시행하는 2차검사항목으로포함시켰으며, 우리나라에서시행하는대부분의상업적건강검진프로그램에서도기본검사항목으로포함되고있다. 하지만, 간초음파검사는이용하기가쉽고, 검사비용이비교적저렴하고, 방사선유해가없는감시검사도구로서의효용성은인정되고있지만, 간세포암의진단을위한도구로서는전산화단층촬영 (CT) 이나자기공명영상에비해민감도및정확도가높다고할수는없다 (1-3). 또한초음파검사는검사자의숙련도에따라그검사의질이큰영향을받으며, 비만이거나장에 공기가많은수진자이거나간지붕부등초음파로검사가어려운부위에있는결절, 그리고 2 cm 이하의크기가작은결절의경우발견이어려울수있다는단점을갖고있다 (1, 4). B형혹은 C형간염바이러스보균자가흔한우리나라에서는간초음파검사를포함하는복부초음파검사가간세포암의선별검사로서광범위하게이용되고있으며, American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (2005 년 ) 의진료지침과대한간암연구회-국립암센터의간세포암종진료가이드라인 (2009 년 ) 에서도간세포암위험군의선별 (screening) 혹은감시 (surveillance) 검사로서의정기적인복부초음파검사를시행할것을권고하고있다 (4, 5). 초음파검사의이런단점을보완하고, 하복부및골반내의병변을평가하기위해서, 본원에서는건강검진시복부초음파 Copyrights 2014 The Korean Society of Radiology 363

2 검사와함께선택사항으로복부 CT 를시행하고있으며, 초음 파에서놓친병변들을 CT 로발견하는경우를흔하게볼수있 다. 이에저자들은복부초음파와복부 CT 를동시에시행한수 진자들을대상으로하여후향적으로복부 CT 검사결과를표준 으로하여복부초음파검사에서놓친병변의빈도및국소장기 별빈도와종류, 흔하게놓친병변들의크기와각장기내에서 의위치에대하여분석하였다. 대상과방법 연구대상 2011 년 7 월부터 2013 년 10 월까지본원에건강검진을위해 방문한수진자들중복부초음파검사와복부 CT 를동시에시 행한수진자들을대상으로조사하였으며총 311 명의수진자 Table 1. Per-Organ Analysis of Missed Lesions Organs Focal Lesions No. of Lesions Liver Nodule 58 Simple cyst 24 Hemangioma 9 Total 91 Kidneys Simple cyst 100 Calcification/stone 5 Total 105 Gallbladder Polyp 2 Adenomyomatosis 2 Total 4 Pancreas Simple cyst 2 Calcification 2 Total 4 Adrenal gland Adenoma 4 Spleen Simple cyst 1 ( 남자 156 명, 여자 155 명, 평균연령 53.1 세 ) 에서후향적으로연구를시행하였다. 초음파검사및 CT 영상획득과판독복부초음파검사는 30년이상의경력을가지고있는한명의건강검진전담영상의학과전문의에의해 Acuson Sequoia 512 초음파장비 (Siemens Medical Solution, Mountain View, CA, USA) 로 2~5 MHz 굴곡형탐촉자를이용하여시행되었다. 영상스캔은 2001 년대한초음파의학회가발표한 초음파표준진료지침서 의가이드라인을따라시행되었다. 복부 CT는 Lightspeed VCT (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, WI, USA) 64 다중검출나선형 CT를사용하였으며, 단일시기 ( 간문맥시기 ) 조영증강검사로시행되었다. 수진자들은먼저복부초음파검사를시행한후에복부 CT 를시행하였으며, 따라서복부초음파검사를시행한영상의학과전문의는복부전산화단층촬영영상에대한정보없이검사를시행하였다. 복부 CT 영상은복부초음파검사를시행한영상의학과전문의를제외한각각 10년이상의경력을갖는영상의학과전문의세명에의해판독되었다. 검사결과의분석병변의분석은신장, 간, 담낭, 췌장, 비장등의각고형장기에서이상소견이발견되는빈도를장기별로분석하였으며국소병변이많이발견되는신장과간의병변들에대해서는추가로크기와위치에따른분석을시행하였다. 병변들의크기는복부 CT에서관찰되는가장큰직경을측정하였으며, 크기에따라 0.5 cm 미만, 0.5 cm에서 1.0 cm 미만, 1 cm에서 1.5 cm 미만, 1.5 cm 이상으로분류하여분석하였다. 신장의병변은좌신장과우신장그리고각각의상부, 중부, 하부로분류하여분석하였고, 간의병변들은 Couinaud 분류에의한분절중어디에속하는지를분석하였다. 결과 Fig. 1. A 65-year-old male with adrenal adenoma in right adrenal gland (arrow), that was not found on abdominal ultrasonography, though it could be detected on contrast enhanced abdominal CT 년 7월부터 2013 년 10월까지본원에서같은날에복부초음파검사와복부 CT를시행한 311 명의수진자중에서복부 CT에서는관찰되었으나, 복부초음파에서병변을놓친수진자의수는전체수진자의 45% 인 140 명 ( 남자 70 명, 여자 70 명, 평균연령 52.5 세 ) 으로총 209 개의병변이발견되었다. 장기별빈도를보면신장에서발견된병변의빈도가가장높았으며 (105 개, 50%), 간 (91 개, 43%), 담낭, 췌장, 부신, 비장의순서로발견되었다 (Table 1, Fig. 1). 364 대한영상의학회지 2014;70(5): jksronline.org

3 장용석외 복부 CT에서추가로가장많은병변이발견된신장과간의병변들을질환별로분석해보았을때신장의국소병변은대부분단순낭종 (100 개, 95%) 의소견이었고신장결석이 5명 (5%) 의환자에서발견되었다 (Fig. 2). 간의미만성병변은비교적흔하게발견되었는데, 지방간소견이 114 명, 만성간염의소견이 6명에서발견되었다. 간의국소병변은총 91개중간소결절이 58개로가장많았으며간낭종이 24개, 간혈관종이 9개가관찰되었다 (Fig. 3). 크기에따라신장과간의병변들을 0.5 cm 미만, 0.5 cm에서 1.0 cm 미만, 1 cm에서 1.5 cm 미만, 1.5 cm 이상으로초음파검사에서놓친병변들을분류해보았을때, 1.5 cm 미만인경우가간병변의 93.5%, 신장병변의 93.4% 로대부분을차지하였다 (Tables 2, 3, Fig. 4). 초음파검사에서발견하지못한신장의병변들을좌신장과 우신장그리고각각의상부, 중부, 하부로나누어분석해보았을때, 병변들은좌신장중부에서 26개로가장많이발견되었으며, 그뒤로좌신장하부 (23 개 ), 우신장중부 (22 개 ) 순으로많이발견되었다 (Table 3). 간의국소병변들의위치를 Couinaud 에의한분절별로분류해보았을때, 간지붕부에해당하는 7 번및 8번분절에위치하는경우가 39예 (43%) 였으며그외 2 번분절에도 21예 (23%) 로, 복부 CT에서추가적으로발견되었다 (Table 4). 고찰 B형혹은 C형간염바이러스보균자가흔한우리나라에서는간초음파검사를포함하는복부초음파검사가간세포암의선별검사로서광범위하게이용되고있으며대부분의상업적인건 A B Fig. 2. A 42-year-old female with renal stone. A. Ultrasonography shows no abnormal finding in right kidney. B. There is a tiny right renal stone (arrow), that was not found on ultrasonography, in lower pole on contrast enhanced abdominal CT. Fig. 3. A 50-year-old male with tiny hepatic cyst with peripheral calcification (arrow) in S8 of the liver, that was not found on abdominal ultrasonography. Table 2. Size Verification of Missed Hepatic Lesions Focal Lesions < 0.5 cm 0.5 cm, < 1.0 cm 1 cm, < 1.5 cm 1.5 cm Total No. (%) Nodule (63.7) Simple cyst (26.4) Hemangioma (9.9) Total no. (%) 18 (19.8) 52 (57.1) 15 (16.5) 6 (6.6) 91 Table 3. Location and Size Verification of Missed Renal Lesions Location < 0.5 cm 0.5 cm, < 1.0 cm 1 cm, < 1.5 cm 1.5 cm Total No. (%) Right Upper (10.5) Middle (21.0) Lower (10.5) Left Upper (11.4) Middle (24.7) Lower (21.9) Total no. (%) 20 (19) 50 (47.6) 28 (26.7) 7 (6.7) 105 jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2014;70(5):

4 강검진프로그램에포함되고있다. 복부초음파는수진자에게 거의위해가가지않는안전한검사로복강내고형장기에대 해비교적많은정보를얻어낼수있다는점에서가치를인정받 고있으며간세포암위험군에대한선별, 감시검사로서 6~12 개 월간격의간초음파검사는우리나라를비롯하여미국, 유럽, 일 본등에서공통적으로추천되고있다 (2-5). 초음파검사의민감 도와특이도는각각 65~80% 와 90% 이상으로이는알파태아 단백등혈청학적검사보다간암의발견에있어그민감도및비 용 - 효과의효율성이우월한것으로보고되었다 (6, 7). 하지만이런유용성외에도검사결과가검사자의능력에지 나치게의존적이며간경변으로인하여결절화가심하게진행된 간에서는검사가매우제한적일수있는점, 비만인환자나초 음파로검사가어려운간지붕부에위치한병변등은발견하기 어려운점등의단점과한계점들이많이지적되고있다. 이런이 유로, 복부 CT 를감시검사로이용하자는견해도있었지만검 사의침습성, 조영제의필요성및비용, 방사선위해등을고려 Fig. 4. A 39-year-old female with hepatic hemangioma which was not detected on ultrasonography. Poral phase CT shows a centripetal enhancing lesion (arrow) in S8 of the liver. The size of the lesion is 2.3 cm and the lesion was regarded as hemangioma. 하여받아들여지지는않고있다 (4). 비록, 복부 CT가간세포암의선별검사나건강검진시대부분의환자에서시행되는것은아니지만저자들은복부 CT를판독할때복부초음파검사에서놓친병변을추가로발견하는경우가많은것을경험한후이번연구를계획하였다. 연구결과총 45% 의환자에서국소병변이추가적으로발견되었으며, 신장과간에서가장많은병변들이발견되었다. 병변들의크기는대부분 1.5 cm 미만의작은병변이었으며, 또한간병변의경우간지붕부의병변을놓친경우가많아크기가작은병변들과간지붕부의병변이초음파검사에서취약한부분임을다시한번입증하는결과로볼수있다. 국내에서이루어진한연구에의하면, 복부초음파검사와선별검사용흉부저선량 CT를함께시행한환자에서흉부저선량 CT에서포함된상복부고형장기를미리검토한후, 복부초음파검사를시행하면각각 20.8%, 17.8% 의국소병변을간과신장에서추가적으로발견할수있었다고하며, 이는저선량 CT가복부초음파검사의진단능력을향상시킬수있다는것을시사한다 (8). 따라서복부 CT와복부초음파검사를동시에시행할경우에는반드시복부 CT를먼저시행하여, 초음파검사전에먼저병변의유무및특징등을평가함으로써, 초음파검사의진단율을높일수있을것이라생각한다. 그러나현실적으로복부 CT와복부초음파검사를동시에시행하는기관이많지않으므로, 복부초음파검사를단독으로시행할경우에는우리연구에서보여준초음파검사의진단능력의한계를감안하여, 적절한기간을두고추적검사를권유하거나, 교대로복부 CT를검진프로그램에포함시킨다면초음파검사의진단의오류를줄일수있을것으로생각한다. 저자들의연구의단점으로는첫째, 한명의영상의학과전문의가모든초음파검사를시행함으로써, 특정검사자의진단능력이결과에영향을미쳤을수있다. 둘째, 건강검진수진자를대상으로하였기에병변들의병리학적진단을확인하지못하였다. 셋째, 추가로발견된병변의대부분이낭종과간결절, Table 4. Location of Missed Hepatic Lesions According to Couinaud Segments Couinaud Segments Nodule Simple Cyst Hemangioma Total No. (%) S (2.2) S (23.1) S (2.2) S (9.9) S (7.7) S (12.1) S (13.2) S (29.7) Total 대한영상의학회지 2014;70(5): jksronline.org

5 장용석외 석회화와같은양성병변들로실제임상적으로문제가되는간세포암이나전이암, 신세포암등의고형종괴에대한결과가없어임상적유용성에의문이제기될수있다. 결론적으로, 크기가 1.5 cm 미만으로작은병변이나간지붕부의병변등은복부초음파검사시흔히놓칠수있는병변들이다. 따라서검진복부초음파검사를시행할때는이런놓치기쉬운병변들의국소장기별빈도와장기내에서의잘놓치는부위를숙지하고검사를시행하는것이진단의능력을높이는데도움을줄수있을것으로사료되며, 또한검진초음파검사의진단능력의한계를감안하여, 적절한추적검사및교대로복부 CT 검사를시행함으로써, 진단의오류를줄일수있을것으로생각한다. 또한향후대규모연구를통해복부초음파검사가선별및감시검사로서적합한지에대한추가적연구가있어야할것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 1. Bennett GL, Krinsky GA, Abitbol RJ, Kim SY, Theise ND, Teperman LW. Sonographic detection of hepatocellular carcinoma and dysplastic nodules in cirrhosis: correlation of pretransplantation sonography and liver explant pathology in 200 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179: Kudo M, Okanoue T; Japan Society of Hepatology. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma in Japan: consensus-based clinical practice manual proposed by the Japan Society of Hepatology. Oncology 2007;72 Suppl 1: Bruix J, Sherman M, Llovet JM, Beaugrand M, Lencioni R, Burroughs AK, et al. Clinical management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Conclusions of the Barcelona-2000 EASL conference. European Association for the Study of the Liver. J Hepatol 2001;35: Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42: Park JW, Choi JY, Seo KS, Jeong JW, Seong JS, Kim JW, et al. Practice guidelines for management of hepatocellular carcinoma Seoul: Jingihoek, 2009: Bolondi L, Sofia S, Siringo S, Gaiani S, Casali A, Zironi G, et al. Surveillance programme of cirrhotic patients for early diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a cost effectiveness analysis. Gut 2001;48: Zhang B, Yang B. Combined alpha fetoprotein testing and ultrasonography as a screening test for primary liver cancer. J Med Screen 1999;6: Lee CW, Choi JI, Kim MJ, Lee JS, Jung DC, Lee CY, et al. Added value of screening low dose computed tomography of the chest for the evaluation of abdominal solid organs by ultrasound in physical check-up patients. J Korean Soc Ultrasound Med 2010;29: jksronline.org 대한영상의학회지 2014;70(5):

6 장용석 박노혁 박찬섭 성수옥 목적 : 검진복부초음파검사의정확도평가및쉽게놓칠수있는병변들의종류와크기, 위치등에대하여알아보고자하였다. 대상과방법 : 2011 년 7월부터 2013 년 10월사이에본원검진센터에서복부초음파 (ultrasonography) 와복부전산화단층촬영 (CT) 을같은날에시행한 311 명의수진자 ( 남자 156 명, 여자 155 명, 평균나이 53.1 세 ) 를대상으로하였으며. 복부 CT 에서추가적으로발견된병변들에대하여국소장기별빈도와종류, 흔하게발견된병변들의크기와각장기내에서의위치에대하여분석하였다. 결과 : 총 140 명 (45%, 남자 70 명, 여자 70 명, 평균나이 52.5 세 ) 의수진자에서 209 개의병변이복부 CT에서추가로발견되어추가발견율은 45% 였다. 추가로발견된병변들의장기별빈도를분석한결과신장에서 105 개, 간에서 91개의병변이관찰되었고그뒤로담낭, 부신, 췌장, 비장의순서로병변들이발견되었다. 신장과간의놓친병변들을크기에따라분류해보았을때 1.5 cm 미만인경우가신장병변의 93.4%, 간병변의 93.5% 로대부분을차지하였다. 발견하지못한신장과간의병변들을위치에따라분석해보았을때신장병변은좌신장중부에있을때, 간병변은지붕부 (7, 8, 2분절 ) 에서가장많았다. 결론 : 검진초음파검사를시행할때, 놓치기쉬운병변들의부위를숙지하고검사를시행하는것이진단율을높이는데도움을줄것으로생각된다. 명지병원영상의학과 368 대한영상의학회지 2014;70(5): jksronline.org

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