Fitting Orthosis in Footwear 관동의대분당제생병원이태임 발의여러가지질환을치료하는데 Foot Orthosis가유용하게사용되고있지만아무리좋은 foot orthosis를처방한다하여도적절한 footwear가함께제공되지않는다면성공적인결과를얻기는어렵다. 일반
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1 Fitting Orthosis in Footwear 관동의대분당제생병원이태임 발의여러가지질환을치료하는데 Foot Orthosis가유용하게사용되고있지만아무리좋은 foot orthosis를처방한다하여도적절한 footwear가함께제공되지않는다면성공적인결과를얻기는어렵다. 일반적으로 mild, corrective, frontal plane control을위해서는 functional orthosis가도움이된다. 그러나 STJ axis가심하게 medial side로 deviation되면 functional orthosis보다는 UCBL 또는 SMO 로교정하는것이필요하다. Rigid deformity는 accommodative foot wear, Functional orthosis 또는 AFO로 manage해야한다. Sagittal plane control이목적이면 external shoe modification이필요하고 frontal or transverse plane control이목적이면 internal modification including Functional orthosis가효과적이라고볼수있다. 발질환을가진환자를진료할때가장먼저잊지말아야할것은환자가적절한신발을착용하고있는가하는것을점검하는것이다. 신발이너무 tight하거나뒷굽이높거나또는바닥이딱딱한것은좋지않으므로외래에서환자가어떠한신발을신고있는가하는것을먼저확인하는것이필요하다. 특히 hallux valgus나 interdigintal neuritis같은 forefoot pathology는 tight shoes와관계가있는경우를자주볼수있다. 한편환자는병원에방문하기위하여평소에자주사용하는신발과는다른신발을착용하는경우가많으므로이를확인하여주로사용하는신발에대한정보를얻는것이필요하다. 또한 Old footwear의 wear pattern을보면 foot pathology를진단하는데유용한정보를얻게되는경우도많다. 1. Excessive pronation ; Excessive medial outsole wear Stretched medial counter 2. Tight shoes ; stretched posterior counter, bulge of uppers at the metatarsal or outsole wear on the middle portion of the metatarsal area 3. Hallux limitus or rigidus ; oblique toe break line on the vamp 4. Hypermobile 1 st ray ; outsole wear under the 2 nd metatarsal area 5. Forefoot valgus with a PF 1 st ray ; outsole wear under the great toe 6. Tight heelcord with or without spasticity, or DF weakness, children ; wear on the distal tip of the outsole 따라서첫단계에서는환자의신발을체크하고환자의 foot pathology 와관련하여좋지않은요 인이나 aggravating factor 가있으면찾아서제거해주는것에서시작해야한다.
2 Feature of good fitting shoes 1) Good retaining medium lacing device, cushioning tongue pad 2) Close-fitting medial and lateral quarters lessen heel sliding 3) Adequtate width and depth in the toe box 4) Correct length 5) Correct width fitting 6) Adequate heel seat 7) Heel height no greater than 2 inchs ( 5cm ) 8) Broad heel base in contact with ground 9) Upper material mad of leather or other natual material. Shoe는과도하게 tight한것도좋지않지만과도하게커서발이벗겨지는것도좋지않다. 적절한 shoe size는발의가장긴발가락을기준으로 3/18 inch만큼또는 1. 2cm 긴것이보통추천된다. 특히감각이저하되어있는 sensory neuropathy환자는더발을작게착용하는경향이있으므로주의가필요하고일반적으로체중부하를했을때발의길이및볼이더넓어지므로신발의안창을꺼내어그위에한발로올라선상태로사이즈가적절한지살피는것이필요하다. 새로운신발을처음에착용할때 shoe size가적절하지만커서벗겨진다고하는경우가있다이때 tongue pad를넣어주면 heel slippage를막아줄수있다. 또는환자가 edema가있거나 volume의 fluctuation이있을때단순히창을한장더깔아주는것으로해서적절하게만들어줄수있다. Small shoes syndrome의경우적절한사이즈의신발을적용하는것으로도많은도움이된다. Frontal control이필요한경우 custom made insole을제작하여시중에서구입한신발에넣어적용하게할수있다. 예를들어 hyperpronated foot에대한 insole 처방시정도가심하지않다면일단시중에서구할수있는 anti-pronator control을가진운동화를권할수있다. 운동화의경우 Motion control shoe를권하는데이경우 midsole이 rigid 하고 last는 straight한경우가많다. 때로 Cavus foot 환자가 anti-pronator control이되어있는 shoes를착용하고있는경우를볼수있는데이경우는 shock absorption이더떨어지므로좋지않고 midsole에 extra-cushioning material이있어서 shock absorption을도와주는신발이필요하다. Last는 curved or semicurved shape인경우가더추천된다. 좀더 pronation control이필요한 flat foot일경우 custom made insole을처방하여일반운동화의 insole 대신넣어서착용하게한다. 신발구입시에는무엇보다사이즈가적절해야하며 removable insole을가지며 heel counter가 firm하고 straight last를가지고신발내부에 built in arch support 는없는것이더 fitting하기쉬운경향이있으므로환자에게구입전교육이필요하다.
3 Foot orthosis를제작하여검수할때에는 foot Orthosis와신발상호간에는서로영향을주고받는다는것을기억해야한다. 따라서한개의 functional orthosis를여러가지다른 footwear에넣어사용할때는신발마다길이, 폭, 모양, heel height가각각다를수있으므로각각의신발과안창을 physician 또는 orthotist에게체크를받는것이좋다. 이중무엇보다도 heel counter가충분한 stiffness가있어서 medial and lateral stability를제공해야한다. 만일그렇지않다면 shoe의 heel중심이이동하게되어 shoe breakdown이가속된다. 비슷한현상이 Shoe의 insoe이너무좁거나너무넓은경우에도발생할수있는데신발내에서안창이기울거나안쪽으로 shift 되어효과가감소하거나때로는 irritation의원인이될수있다. 또한 foot orthosis 가신발에잘적용되도록하기위해서는 shoe insole 이 broad 하고바닥이 flat 하 여 foot orthosis 가평평하게잘놓여질수있어야하며무엇보다도 foot orthosis 가들어갈수 있는충분한공간이있어야한다. 때로환자들은 fashion shoes를포기하기어려운경우가있는데이경우는 toe box와 vamp area 가좁아서 full length insole을넣기가어려운경우가많고 dress pump의경우 orthosis 넣을때 heel slippage가발생한다. 또한 foot orthosis가사용될때신발의 midsole이 hard하면 orthosis가 pronation control하는데도움이될것이나 shock absorption에는덜효과적이며반대로 soft sole을가진 shoes라면 shock absorption에는도움이되겠지만 orthosis가 pronation을 control하는데는도움이적을것이다. Shoe의 Heel height differential도 orthosis의기능에영향을끼칠수있으며특히 rigid insole의경우신발굽높이가달라지면 insole fitting에어려움이발생한다. 따라서 rigid functional orthosis의경우 shoe의 pitch와 orthosis의 rearpost의 pitch가잘맞도록만들어져야한다. 그렇지않다면 shoe shank의 high point위에서흔들리거나 rearpost의앞쪽에접촉을거의안하게되어 arch가높게느껴지게된다. Heel height differentials이증가할수록 orthosis가 shoe의 shank top에서많이흔들리게된다. 이를테스트하기위해신발에 orthosis를넣은후 heel cup부위에 manual pressure를주어눌렀을때 rigid orthosis의 anterior edge가들려서흔들리는것을보게되고이경우는 orthosis 의바닥을 grinding해서수정해야한다. 한편 heel height differential이증가하면 Achilles tendon의 tension은감소하게된다. high heeled shoes에적용한 functional orthosis를 lower heeled shoes에넣으면 arch가 collapse되어 medial arch의 irritation이생길수있다. 이경우 rearfoot post 밑에 1/8-1/4 inch의 heel lift 를넣어줌으로써문제를해결할수있다. 그외에도 foot orthosis 를신발에적용하였을때발생하는흔한문제중의하나로 Heel slippage 가 있는데이것의흔한원인으로는 orthosis 의 heel cup 이깊거나 posterior lip 이클때발생할수
4 있다. 또는신발의 heel counter가짧거나 flat posterior heel counter를가지는경우, low vamp shoes인경우, stiff sole을가진경우 heel slippage가증가할수있다. 이경우 tongue pad를사용하거나신발끈을가능한발목까지가깝게매거나또는 orthosis의 heel area가너무두꺼울경우얇게수정하는방법으로해결할수있다. 따라서안창을제작하고검수할때에는미리구입한신발과함께적용하여검수하는것이이상적이다. Foot orthosis의 Heel cup이발뒤꿈치에꼭맞아서신발내에서움직이지않도록제작되어야한다. 그러나때로는 foot orthosis가신발내에서내측이나외측으로이동되거나또는 shoes의앞쪽으로이동하여서제위치에있지않은경우 heel cup에의한 irritation이있을수있으므로 heel irritation의원인을찾을때이점을고려해야한다. 특히 cavus foot 의경우는발등이높으므로 shoe 의 upper 에의해서압박되는경우가있을수있 으므로주의해야한다. 대부분의경우 custom made insole 을 것으로문제를해결할수있다. 시중에서구할수있는운동화에넣어서착용하게하는 그러나환자의발이매우크거나또는볼이넓어서시중에서적절한사이즈의신발을구입하기어렵거나또는 hyperpronated deformity가심하여서 insole 만으로는교정이부족한경우 custom made shoes가함께적용되어야하는경우가있다. 다리길이차이의조정이필요할때는 tape measurement나 radiologic method보다 weight bearing한상태로서있게해서다리길이를평가하는것이좀더임상적으로유용하다. 걸을때 multiple level에서즉, excessive pronation이나 knee flexion으로 compensatory response 가일어나는것을관찰할수있다. 1/4 inch ( 6mm) 까지는 shoes 내부에 heel lift로교정이가능하다. 3/8 inch까지 in shoe heel lift 로교정하려면 heel slippage를예방하기위해 high top shoes가필요하다. 그이상의교정은 Outsole lift가필요한데 1/2 inch이상 heel lift를한다면 sole lift를함께해주어야하고 sole lift는 toe까지 tapering되는 toe crest 모양으로하여 rollover를도와주도록한다. 그외에도 External shoe modification으로는 outsole에 wedge를대거나 metatarsal bar또는 rocker sole을대거나또는 SACH heel 또는 heel flare, Thomas heel등을댐으로서원하는효과를얻을수있다. Rocker sole은 great toe와 metatarsal heads에압력을낮추고 MTPJ의 dorsiflexion 필요를줄여주는데 rocker의위치와 axis, height에따라기대효과가달라진다. 발가락의압력해소를위해서는 heel로부터 shoe length의 65% 에 rocker의 axis가위치해야하고 55-60% 에위치할때 metatarsal head의 pressure relief를가져온다는연구보고가있다. 이런것으로조정이되지않는경우 custom made shoe 를처방하게된다.,
5 흔히 Orthopedic shoes로알려져있는 therapeutic shoes는 steel shank와 long, strong medial counter를가지고 medial support를위해 Thomas heel을가진 sturdy shoes를말한다. 장점은 stronger medial counter 와 roominess이지만단점은무겁고가격이높으며모양이좋지않은것이다. 때로 pronation control을위해 high top shoes에 medial long counter, medial heel wedge와 Thomas heel등을모두적용할경우 walking시정상적으로필요한 subtalar joint의 pronation movement를 block 하게되는결과를초래할수도있으므로주의해야한다. Specific foot condition 에따른 footwear 의 desirable feature 1) Hallux abductovalgus A. Additional bunion pocket to accommodate joint deformity B. Seam-free uppers with the absence of stitching C. Deep toe box 2) Hallux limitus/rigidus A. Seam-free uppers with an absence of stitching in the forepart of the upper B. Thick outsole with exaggerated toe spring C. Removable manufacturer s insole to facilitate supply of custom made insole D. Deep toe tox 3) The highly arched foot A. May require slightly higher heel than standard footwear B. Derby-style shoe with wide opening anterior quarters C. Fully adjustable retaining medium joining medial and lateral quarters, for example adjustable tarsal strap or hook and loop straps. D. Broad padded tongue under eyelets E. Deeper toe box that is also well rounded adequately acommodating digital formulae F. Thick microcellular, shock absorbing outsole G. Exaggerated high toe spring H. Good posterior and forepart depth to shoe I. Good heel to ball fitting J. Removable manufacture s insole to facilitate supply of custom made insole 4) The foot of the patient with rheumatoid arthritis A. Broad heel base with medial buttress B. Upper and outsole of a light robust construction C. Wedged outsole D. Lightweight thick pressure absorbing outsole E. Often straight flare is required ( outflares in advance stages ) F. Seamless forepart to uppers with the absence of stitching G. Self adhering hook and loop type broad retaining strap H. Well cushioned tongue that is an extension of a seamless vamp
6 I. Well lined close fitting quarters with appropriate counters J. Removable manufacturer s insole to facilitate supply of custom made insole K. Soft, smooth hardwearing inner lining to upper. 5) The foot of the patient with diabetes A. Removable thick pressure absorbing insoles to permit the insertion of custom made insole B. Seam-free uppers with an absence of stitching C. Upper and outsole of a light robust construction D. Good functional retaining medium ; laces, broad tarsal strap or hook and loop type strap. E. Well padded tongue that is a continuation of vamp F. Soft, smooth hardwearing inner lining to uppers. G. Thick pressure absorbing outsole Reference 1 M Oh-Park. Use of athletic footwear, therapeutic shoes, and foot orthoses in physiatric practice. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation : State of the Art Reviews. Hanley & Belfus 2001; 15 (3) ; D. Lorimer et al. Neal s disorders of the Foot. 7 th ed. Churchill Livinstone RL Valmassy. Clinical Biomechanics of the lower extremities. Mosby TC Michanud. Foot orthosis and other forms of conservative foot care 황지혜 Foot Orthosis and Therapeutic Shoes 대한재활의학회하계연수강좌
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