한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권 1 호 2019 년 3 월 pp J. Korean Geosynthetics Society Vol.18 No.1 March 2019 pp. 39 ~ 53 DOI:
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1 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권 1 호 2019 년 3 월 pp J. Korean Geosynthetics Society Vol.18 No.1 March 2019 pp. 39 ~ 53 DOI: ISSN: (Print) ISSN: (Online) 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 A Numerical Study on the Estimation Method of the Results of Static Pile Load Test Using the Results of Bi-directional Pile Load Test of Barrette Piles 홍용석 1, 유재원 2 *, 강상균 3, 최문봉 4, 이경임 5 Young-Suk Hong 1, Jae-Won Yoo 2 *, Sang-Kyun Kang 3, Moon-Bong Choi 4, Kyung-Im Lee 5 1 Member, Director, Orum Engineering Coporation, 7 Beobwonnam-ro 15beon-gil, Yeonje-gu, Busan 47511, Republic of Korea 2 Member, Research Professor, Research Institute of Industrial Technology, Pusan National Univ., 2 Busandaehak-ro, 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea 3 Member, Director, Korea Port Engineering Coporation, 18 Mareunnae-ro, Jung-gu, Seoul 04552, Republic of Korea 4 Nonmember, Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National Univ., 2 Busandaehak-ro, 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea 5 Nonmember, Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National Univ., 2 Busandaehak-ro, 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea ABSTRACT Bi-directional pile load test (briefly called BDH PLT ) cannot be performed at loading levels where ultimate bearing capacity could be assessed in field, it is not possible to precisely determine both ultimate load and yield load and under loading. Since the load is transmitted separately to the skin and the end unlike the static pile load test (briefly called SPLT ) and the direction of loading on the skin is opposite, such methods could have a result different from actual movements of shafts. In this study, three-dimensional finite element method (briefly called 3D FEM ) analysis was conducted from results of the BDH PLT, made with barret piles, which were large-diameter cast-in-place concrete piles, and the calculated design constants were applied to the 3D FEM analysis of the SPLT to interpret them numerically and then, actual behaviors of cast-in-place concrete piles were estimated. First, using the results of the BDH PLT with cast-in-place concrete piles, behaviors of the piles made by loading upwards and downwards were analyzed to calculate load-displacement. Second, the design constants, calculated by the 3D FEM analysis and the back analysis, were applied on the 3D FEM analysis for the SPLT, and from these results, behaviors of the SPLT through the BDH PLT was analyzed. Last, the results of the 3D FEM analysis of the SPLT through the BDH PLT was expressed in relationships as {A ratio of bearing capacity of the SPLT and of the BDH PLT (y)} ~ {A ratio of reference displacement and pile circumference (x)}, and they were all classified by reference displacement at 10.0 mm, 15.0 mm, and 25.4 mm. 요 현장에서의양방향재하시험은극한지지력을판단할수있는하중재하단계까지의재하시험이실시되지않기때문에항복하중및극한하중을정확하게알수없는문제점이있다. 그리고정적압축재하시험과달리주면과선단이분리되어하중이전이되고, 주면부의하중재하방향이반대이기때문에실제말뚝의거동과다른결과를나타낼우려가있다. 따라서본연구에서는대구경현장타설말뚝인바렛말뚝의현장양방향재하시험결과로부터 3 차원유한요소해석을실시하고, 재산정된설계정수를 지 Received 16 Jan. 2019, Revised 12 Mar. 2019, Accepted 15 Mar *Corresponding author Tel: ; Fax: address: civilejw@naver.com (J. W. Yoo) 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 39
2 정적압축재하시험의 3 차원유한요소해석에적용하여수치해석을실시하였으며, 그결과로부터현장타설말뚝의실제거동을추정하는방법을제안하였다. 먼저, 현장타설말뚝의현장양방향재하시험결과를이용하여, 상 하향으로의하중재하에따른하중 - 변위분석을실시하였다. 그리고양방향재하시험을 3 차원유한요소해석을통해모사하고역해석을실시하여재산정된설계정수들을정적압축재하시험의 3 차원유한요소해석에적용하였으며, 이결과로부터양방향재하시험을통한정적압축재하시험의거동을분석하였다. 양방향재하시험을통한정적압축재하시험의 3 차원유한요소해석결과를 { 정적압축재하시험과양방향재하시험의지지력비 (y)} ~ { 기준침하량과말뚝주면장비 (x)} 의관계식으로나타내었고, 10.0mm, 15.0 mm, 25.4mm 일때의기준침하량에따라각각구분하여제안하였다. Keywords : Barrette pile, Three-dimensional finite element method, Bi-directional pile load test, Static pile load test 1. 서론현재대형구조물, 고층건축물등에대한건설공사의수요가늘어남에따라큰하중의상부구조물을지지하기위해요구되는말뚝의지지력또한커지고있어바렛말뚝과같은대구경현장타설말뚝의시공이많이이루어지고있다. 바렛말뚝 (Barrette Pile) 은 PRD(Percussion Rotary Drill), RCD(Reverse Circulation Drill) 공법에비해시공속도가빠르고, 지중연속벽공법에서사용하는건설장비와동일한장비를이용하여굴착하기때문에지중연속벽적용현장의대구경현장타설말뚝으로많이적용된다. 하지만말뚝하나에작용하는하중이큰대구경현장타설말뚝은시공상의하자로인해지지력이설계지지력에미치지못할경우구조물전체의사용성과안전성에문제가발생한다. 또한, 현장타설말뚝은지반을천공또는파쇄후콘크리트를직접타설하고양생하기때문에시공과정에서의부주의또는지반조건의급격한변화등에의해말뚝의건전도 (Integrity) 에문제가발생할수있다 (Back, 2014). 현장타설말뚝의거동예측과설계는수치해석적방법, 하중전이법, 탄성고체법등의근사적인해석방법등에의해많이개선되었지만, 불확실한지반조건에의해국내시방서에서는일정규모이상의공사현장에서는재하시험을병행하도록하고있다 (Seol et al., 2008). 말뚝기초의지지력을산정하는대표적인재하시험의방법으로는정적압축재하시험 (Static pile load test; SPLT) 이있다. 정적압축재하시험은실제말뚝에작용하는하중방향으로사하중을재하하거나반력말뚝의주면마찰력을이용하여하중을재하하는방법으로, 말뚝의지지력을추정하는방법중가장신뢰도가높다. 그러나정적압축재하시험은재하용량의한계성과현장시공여건에따른제한성으로인해현장타설말뚝에적용이곤란한경우가흔하게나타나는문제점 (Choi, 2008) 이있다. 이에대한대체시험방법으로양방향재하시험 (bi-directional pile load test, BDH PLT) 을많이사용한다. 양방향재하시험은말뚝의선단부근에설치된재하판에상 하향으로동일한힘을작용시켜상호간의반력을이용하여주면마찰력과선단지지력을측정하기때문에정적압축재하시험의하중재하방식과비교하여최대 2배의효율을얻을수있고, 하중- 변위곡선으로부터선단지지력과주면마찰력의분리측정이가능하며, 좁은공간, 경사진곳에서도적용이가능하기때문에그사용이증가하고있다. 하지만현재현장타설말뚝의양방향재하시험은일반적으로준공후사용되는기초말뚝에직접실시하고있기때문에극한지지력까지하중재하를할경우구조물의안정성을저하시킬수있다. 이러한문제점으로인해지지력이설계하중이상으로측정되거나급격한변위의발생시시험을종료하고, 그결과를지반의시험지지력으로판단하여안정성을평가한다. 앞서언급한바와같이극한지지력을판단할수있는하중재하단계까지의시험이실시되지않기때문에하중재하에의한항복및극한하중을정확하게알수없는문제점이있다. 그리고재하시험의결과를등가의하중- 변위곡선을추정하는방법들 (Kwon et al., 2006; Loadtest Inc., 2000; Schmertmann and Hayes, 1997) 이제안되어있지만, 정적압축재하시험과달리주면과선단이분리되어하중이전이되고, 주면부의하중재하방향이반대이기때문에실제말뚝의거동과다른결과를줄우려가있다 (Kwon et al., 2006). 따라서본연구에서는현장타설말뚝의양방향재하시험의결과를이용하여정적압축재하시험의결과를추정하기위해바렛말뚝의현장양방향재하시험결과를 3차원유한요소해석의방법으로역해석하였고, 그결과재산정된설계정수를적용하여정적압축재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석을실시하였다. 그리고정적압축재하시험의 3차원유 40 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
3 한요소해석의하중- 변위의결과를분석하여현장타설말뚝의실제거동을추정하는방법을제안하였다. 먼저, 현장에서의양방향재하시험결과를이용하여상 하향으로의하중재하에따른변위를분석하였고, 현장타설말뚝의지지력을산정하였다. 그리고 3차원유한요소해석의방법으로양방향재하시험을모사하고역해석을실시하여설계정수를재산정하였다. 재산정된설계정수들을 3차원유한요소해석의방법으로모사된정적압축재하시험에적용하여그거동을분석하였다. 또한동일한현장에서실시한양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의기존의결과를본연구에서제안한방법으로분석하여, 양방향재하시험을통한정적압축재하시험의결과추정방법의타당성을검증하였다. 그리고기준침하량에의한 { 정적압축재하시험과양방향재하시험의지지력비 (y)}~{ 기준침하량과말뚝주면장비 (x)} 의관계식을제안하였다. 2. 현장시험 2.1 개요바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험은 Table 1과같이현장여건에따라지층상태가동일한지역에서 1개소 3 개소씩각각실시되었고, (+) 십자형바렛말뚝 3개소, ( ) 일자형바렛말뚝 5개소이다. 각각의지층구조와말뚝이근입되어있는위치는 Fig. 1과같다. 시험은준공후사용되는기초말뚝에서수행되었고, (+) 십자형바렛말뚝의규격은 2.8m 1.2m로단면적은 5.28m 2 이다. 그리고 ( ) 일자형바렛말뚝의규격은각각 2.8m 1.0m, 2.8m 1.2m로단면적은각각 2.80m 2, 3.36m 2 이다. 바렛말뚝의시험종류에따른유압장치의형태는 Fig. 2와같다. Table 1. Types and specimens of barrette piles by bi-directional pile load test Contents Type of pile Standard (m) Length of pile (m) Design bearing capacity (kn) CB ,000 CB-1-2 (+)barrette pile ,000 CB ,000 FB ,330 FB ,340 FB-2-2 (-)barrette pile ,000 FB , FB ,500 *Description of test name: C, Pile head of shape of a cross; F, Pile head of shape of a flat; B, Barrette pile. (a) CB-1 (b) FB-1 Fig. 1. Results of standard penetration test(n-value) by types of barrette piles 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 41
4 (c) FB-2 (d) FB-3 Fig. 1. Results of standard penetration test(n-value) by types of barrette piles (Continued) (a) (+)barrette pile Fig. 2. Loading device of types of barrette piles (b) (-)barrette pile (a) Static pile load test (b) Bi-directional pile load test Fig. 3. Comparison of static pile load test and bi-directional pile load test (Osterberg, 1998) 2.2 시험방법정적압축재하시험은 Fig. 3(a) 와같이말뚝두부에하중을재하하는방식으로반력말뚝, 반력앵커등의반력장치와큰규모의재하장치가필요하다. 이때말뚝두부에재하 되는하중 (P) 은주면마찰력 (F) 과선단지지력 (Q) 에의해지지되고, 말뚝의하중전이측정을통해이두지지력을분리하는과정을수행하여야한다. 그러나양방향재하시험은 Fig. 3(b) 와같이하중재하장치를이용하여지상에서유압을가하면유압잭의하부는하향으로이동하여선단 42 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
5 (a) Loading device Fig. 4. Method of bi-directional pile load test (b) Displacement measurement 지지력을발생시키고상부는동일한힘으로상향으로이동하면서말뚝에주면마찰력을발생시킨다. 또한말뚝선단부근의위치에서하중을재하하므로주면마찰력 ( ) 과선단지지력 ( ) 은서로반력으로작용한다. 따라서양방향말뚝재하시험에서는별도의반력시스템이필요치않는장점이있다. 양방향재하시험은 Fig. 4(a) 의하중제어장치를이용하여하중을재하한후, 하중재하에따른변위를유압장치상 하판에미리설치한 Fig. 4(b) 의변위봉을통해측정하였다. 이때시험은 ASTM D (1994) 의규정에따라표준재하시험방법으로실시하였고, 자동화계측을수행하여상 하향으로의하중재하주기와시간경과에따른변위를측정하였다. Fig. 5. Results of bi-directional pile load test (load-displacement) 2.3 현장시험결과 현장양방향재하시험에서의하중재하는극한지지력이나타나는단계까지는하지않고, 설계하중을만족하는단계까지만하중재하를실시하였다. 이는양방향재하시험을준공후사용되는기초말뚝에직접실시하기때문에극한지지력이발생하는하중단계까지의하중재하시준공되는구조물의안정성을저하시킬우려가있기때문이다. 하중재하에의한재하장치상 하판의변위를 Fig. 5와같이나타내었다. 결과를보면, 하중재하에의한말뚝의주면저항과선단저항이비교적동등하게나타났지만, CB-1-3 의경우에는재하장치하판의변위가크게나타났다. 이는선단부근암반의상태가취약하거나시공과정에서의벤토나이트사용으로인한슬라임및굴착과정에서의잔류토에의한침전으로변위가크게발생한것으로판단되었다. 그리고 FB-3-2의경우에는근입된선단부가짧아선단에비해상대적으로주면저항이작게발휘되어, 주면부변 Fig. 6. Results of bi-directional pile load test (equivalent load-displacement) 위가크게발생된것으로판단된다. 앞서분석한 Fig. 5의하중-변위결과로부터허용지지력분석을위해재하장치상 하판의변위중에작은값을기준으로하여 Fig. 6과같이등가하중-변위그래프로나타내었다. 2.4 현장시험결과분석 동일한변위발생시의재하하중인등가하중 ( 시험지지력 ) 은 Table 2와같이모두설계하중을상회하는것으로분석되었다. 하지만앞서언급했듯이, 준공후사용되는 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 43
6 Table 2. Results of bearing capacity of barrette piles Contents Reference displacement (mm) Upper skin friction resistance (kn) Lower skin friction resistance + end bearing capacity (kn) Equivalent load (bearing capacity of test, kn) Load applied to design (kn) CB ,000 21,400 51,400 32,000 CB ,000 19,700 43,700 32,000 CB ,000 15,911 45,991 32,000 FB ,256 29,000 46,256 15,000 FB ,990 23,290 76,280 35,330 FB ,510 31,240 73,750 28,340 FB ,500 17,010 44,510 20,000 FB ,202 17,500 30,702 17,500 (a) Bi-directional pile load test Fig. 7. Modeling of three-dimensional finite element method (b) Static pile load test 기초말뚝에대해양방향재하시험을실시하여극한지지력을판단할수있는하중재하단계까지시험이실시되지않았고, 재하장치상 하판의변위가급격하게증가할때시험을종료하며, 변위가작게발생하는경우를기준으로시험지지력을판단하기때문에하중재하에의한정확한변위의발생경향을알수가없다. 또한현장타설말뚝의양방향재하시험시문제점인말뚝선단부의암반상태, 슬라임, 굴착중발생한잔류토의침전등에의한영향또한명확하게알수없다는문제점이있다. 그리고양방향재하시험은정적압축재하시험과달리주면과선단이분리되어하중전이가발생하고, 주면부의하중재하방향은반대로작용하기때문에실제말뚝의거동과는다른결과가나타날우려가있다. 3. 3차원유한요소해석 3.1 모델링 과를추정하기위해 Plaxis 3D프로그램을이용하여수치해석을실시하였다. Plaxis 3D 프로그램은여러가지의수치해석의방법중가장범용적으로사용되는 3차원유한요소해석프로그램 (PLAXIS, 2012) 이다. 여기서, 현장타설말뚝의 3차원유한요소해석을위해지반은 Mohr-Coulomb model, 말뚝은콘크리트강체로 Linear elastic model이적용되었다. 또한, 하중은 Surface load element, 재하판은 Plate element를사용하였으며, 말뚝의해석시주면마찰력에가장큰영향을미치는말뚝과지반과의마찰저항을고려하기위해 Interface element 요소를사용하였다. 양방향재하시험을모사하기위해서 Fig. 7(a) 와같이모델링하여재하판이설치된위치에서상향으로의하중재하와하향으로의하중재하로나누어해석을실시하였고, 정적압축재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석은 Fig. 7(b) 와같이실제현장에서의시험과동일하게말뚝두부에서하중을재하하였다. 양방향재하시험의결과로부터정적압축재하시험의결 44 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
7 3.2 설계정수 Interface 요소본연구에서사용한 Plaxis 3D 프로그램에서 Interface 요소의일반적인적용은현장타설말뚝과지반사이의상호작용을모델링하는것이고, 이상호작용의거친정도는 Interface 요소내의강도감소인자 ( ) 를적절한값으로선택하여모델링된다. 따라서콘크리트인현장타설말뚝과지반층흙의경계에미끄러짐에의한상호작용을모사하기위해 Fig. 8과같이말뚝의주면에 Interface 요소를적용하였다 지반정수현장타설말뚝양방향재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석에사용된지반정수는현장의공내재하시험 (pressure meter test, P.M.T), 공내전단시험 (borehole shear test, B.S.T) 의결과를그대로적용 ( 풍화토층, 풍화암층, 연암층 ) 하였고, 현장원위치시험의결과가없는지층 ( 모래층, 점토층 ) 의지반정수는표준관입시험결과인 N치로부터기존연구 (Meyerhof, 1956; Terzaghi and Peck, 1967; Bowles, 1974; Peck et al., 1974; Das, 1983; Hunt, 1984; Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, 1986; Korea expressway corporation, 2002; Ministry of Construction and Transportation, 2005) 에서제시하고있는값들을참고하여가정하였다. 이결과로부터산정된각시험종류별지반정수는 Table 3과같다 말뚝및하중재하판 3차원유한요소해석에사용된바렛말뚝및하중재하판의설계정수는 Gere and Goodno(2017) 을참고하여 Table 4 와같이콘크리트의단위중량은 24.0 kn/m 3, 탄성계수는 kn/m 2 값의평균값인 kn/m 2, 포와송비는 0.3을적용하였고, Table 5와같이사용된재하판의두께는 50.0mm, 단위중량은 78.5kN/m 3 탄성계수는 kn/m 2 값의평균값인 kn/m 2 을적용하였다. 3.3 양방향재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석 역해석앞서산정된설계정수들을그대로적용하여 3차원유한요소해석을실시한결과, 실제현장에서의말뚝거동과는 (a) Before and after application of interface in bi-directional pile load test (b) Before and after application of interface in static pile load test Fig. 8. Modeling according to application of interface element 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 45
8 Table 3. Results of initial soil properties applied to three-dimensional finite element method Contents CB-1 FB-1 FB-2 FB-3 Stratum Average N-Value Unit weight, Deformation modulus, Poisson s ratio, Cohesion, Internal friction angle, Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Sand , Clay , Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Clay , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Sand , Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock `514, Table 4. Properties of pile applied to three-dimensional finite element analysis (Gere and Goodno, 2017) Contents Unit weight, ( ) Modulus of elasticity, ( ) Poisson s ratio, Con c Table 5. Properties of loading plate applied to three-dimensional finite element analysis (Gere and Goodno, 2017) Contents Thickness of plate, d ( ) Unit weight, ( ) Modulus of elasticity, ( ) Plate 차이를보였다. 그래서현장시험결과와유사한거동을나타나는설계정수를도출하기위해역해석을실시하였다. 역해석결과, 말뚝에서재하하중에따른변위의거동에지배적인인자는 Interface 요소값과지반정수로나타났다. 여기서, 풍화토층, 풍화암층, 연암층의지반정수는현장원위치시험이직접실시되어신뢰도가높으므로그대로적용하는것이합리적이지만, 표준관입시험결과인 N치로부터산정된모래층, 점토층의지반정수는기존의연구들을참고하여가정된값이므로수정할필요가있다. 따라서지반정수를제외한지배적인자는 Interface 요소값으로실제해석결과에서도 Interface 요소값의변화가말뚝재하하중에따른변위의거동에가장지배적인것으로나타났다. 시험종류별동일지층에서의말뚝거동을적절히모사하는 Interface 요소의값은 Table 6과같다. Interface 요소의변화에따른말뚝의거동은작은값의변화에도차이가크게발생한다. 그러므로말뚝의거동이 Table 6. Value of interface according to three-dimensional finite element analysis Contents Value of interface (R inter ) CB FB FB FB 적절히모사하는 Interface 요소의값을적용하고, 지반의강성이풍화암층, 연암층에비해상대적으로작고, 값의변화에따른말뚝의거동에영향이작은모래층, 점토층의지반정수를변화하여 Table 7과같이재산정하고역해석을종료하였다 해석결과현장타설말뚝의경우시공중발생되는슬라임이나선단부암반상태를정확히모사하기어려운문제가있고, 양 46 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
9 Table 7. Results of soil properties by back analysis Contents CB-1 FB-1 FB-2 FB-3 Stratum Unit weight, Deformation modulus, Poisson s ratio, Cohesion, Internal friction angle, Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Sand , Clay , Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Clay , Weathered rock , Soft rock , Sand , Weathered soil , Weathered rock , Soft rock , (a) CB-1 (b) FB-1 (c) FB-2 (d) FB-3 Fig. 9. Comparison of results of field measurement and three-dimensional finite element method analysis of bi-directional pile load test 방향재하시험을모사한수치해석결과는선단부보다주면부에서더잘모사한다 (Park and Lim, 2009). 따라서본연구에서는 3차원유한요소해석시현장양방향재하시험 의하중- 변위결과에서재하장치상판의변위를기준으로거동을분석하였다. 그결과, Fig. 9와같이바렛말뚝의총 8 개소에서실시한양방향재하시험에의한 3 차원유한요 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 47
10 (a) CB-1 (b) FB-1 (c) FB-2 (d) FB-3 Fig. 10. Comparisons of load-displacement results of bi-directional pile load test and static pile load test by three-dimensional finite element analysis 소해석의결과는현장계측에의한실제거동과유사한경향을나타내었다. 하지만 FB-3-2(Fig. 9(d)) 의경우재하장치상판에서의거동은유사한경향을나타내지만, 하판에서는변위가크게발생하여거동에차이가발생하였다. 이는시공중발생되는슬라임이나선단부암반의상태가취약하여발생하였을것으로판단된다. 3.4 정적압축재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험역해석결과로부터재산정된설계정수들을적용하여정적압축재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석을실시하였다. 그리고양방향재하시험의등가하중-변위관계와정적압축재하시험의하중- 변위관계를비교하여 Fig. 10과같이나타내었다. 결과를보면하중재하에따른변위의거동이시험방법에따라다르게나타나는데, 이는선단부근에서상 하향으로의하중을작용시키는양방향재하시험과말뚝두부에서하중을작용시키는정적압축재하시험의하중재하방식의차이로인해발생하는것으로판단된다 차원유한요소해석결과분석 4.1 양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의거동차이분석 양방향재하시험과정적압축시험을 3차원유한요소해석으로분석한결과, 하중-변위곡선의경향이다르게나타났다. 이는양방향재하시험은유압잭이설치된하부지반 ( 일반적으로강성이큰암반층 ) 에서하중이먼저전달되지만, 정적압축재하시험은상부지반 ( 강성이암반층에비해상대적으로작은토사층 ) 에하중이먼저전달되어각각의시험에서말뚝과주변지반사이에발현되는주면마찰력의방향이다르기때문이다. 그리고정적압축재하시험의하중재하방식에서는 Fig. 11 과같이말뚝표면지반의진행성파괴 (Randolph, M. F. and Wroth, C. P., 1981) 에의해말뚝두부에서발생하는침하량이크게나타나지만, 양방향재하시험의하중재하방식은강성이큰하부지반에하중이먼저전달되어변위가작게나타난다. 48 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
11 에의하면양방향재하시험을이용하여추정한말뚝두부변위는정적압축재하시험으로구한변위에비해사용하중하에서 1/2 미만이다. 4.2 지지력산정방법 Fig. 11. Progressive failure of pile surface element (Randolph and Wroth, 1981) 또한 Fig. 12와같이재하하중증가에따른전단응력변화의결과를보면, 초기하중작용시하중이작용하는지반부근에서전단응력이가장크게발생하였다. 그리고하중이증가함에따라전단응력또한증가하여하중은점점하부로전달되며, 변위가급격하게증가하게되는하중에도달하게되면하부에서전단응력이크게발생하고상부에서는거의발생하지않는경향을나타낸다. 그외의다른요인으로는양방향재하시험에서는말뚝의압축량을고려하지않으며, Kwon et al.(2006) 의연구 말뚝의지지력을산정하는방법은 Fig. 13(a) 와같이극한하중에안전율을적용하여허용지지력을산정하는방법과 Fig. 13(b) 와같이기준침하량에안전율을적용하여허용지지력을산정하는방법이있다. 여기서, 기준침하량에의한지지력을산정하는방법은말뚝의종류와크기, 현장의조건, 지반상태, 국가별등등기준침하량의기준을모두다르게적용하고있다. 따라서본연구에서는일반적으로많이적용하고있는기준침하량인 10.0mm, 15.0mm, 25.4mm일의양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험대한지지력을비교하였다. 4.3 양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의관계앞서분석한 Fig. 10의결과로부터각각의기준침하량 10.0mm, 15.0mm, 25.4mm일때의양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의결과를 Fig. 14와같이 { 정적압축재하시험과양방향재하시험의지지력비 (y)} ~ { 기준침하량과 (a) CB-1-1 (b) FB-3-2 Fig. 12. Shear stress variation with depth of static pile load test 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 49
12 (a) Calculation of bearing capacity by ultimate load (b) Calculation of bearing capacity by reference displacement Fig. 13. Calculation of bearing capacity by ultimate load and reference displacement * Note : (a), Reference displacement of 10.0 mm: (b), Reference displacement of 15.0 mm; (c), Reference displacement of 25.4 mm Fig. 14. {Bearing capacity ratio(y) of static pile load test and bi-directional pile load test} ~ {ratio of reference displacement and pile circumference(x)} 말뚝주면장비 (x)} 의관계로나타내었다 차원유한요소해석의타당성검증본연구에서제안한 3차원유한요소해석으로현장양방향재하시험결과를역해석하여정적압축재하시험의결과를추정하는방법의타당성을검증하고자, 기존연구 (Kwon et al., 2006) 의동일한지반조건에서실시한양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의현장계측결과를 3차원유한요소해석하고, 그결과를비교 분석하였다 해석단면 Kwon et al.(2006) 에서실시한현장시험의현장타설말뚝기초직경은 1.5m, 총길이는 33.5m, 암반에근입된 깊이는 5.0m이다. 여기서, 정적압축재하시험은기초말뚝에서실시하였고, 양방향재하시험은 5.0m 떨어진위치에시험말뚝을시공하여실시하였다. 각각의말뚝이시공된지반조건은 Fig. 15와같이거의동일하다 설계정수 Kwon et al.(2006) 의연구에서제시한지반물성치는기반암의변형계수와포와송비만제시되어있어, 모래층은 N치 30의조밀한지반, 점토층은 N치 15의단단한지반, 자갈층은 N치 50의조밀한지반으로가정하였고, 기존의문헌을참고하여적용된지반정수를 Table 8과같이정리하였다. 또한, 말뚝의물성은 Table 9와같이기존의연구에서제시하고있는값을적용하였으며, 재하판의물성은 Table 5와동일한값을적용하였다. 50 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
13 (a) Static pile load test (b) Bi-directional pile load test Fig. 15. An interpretation cross-section for the validation of three-dimensional finite element analysis (Kwon et al., 2006) Table 8. Soil properties of three-dimensional finite element analysis for validation of estimation method of static pile load test by bi-directional pile load test Stratum Unit weight, Deformation modulus, Poisson s ratio, Cohesion, Internal friction angle, Sand 18 33, Clay 18 27, Gravel 18 80, Breccia (CW) , Breccia (HW) 211,000, Table 9. Pile properties of existing research (Kwon et al., 2006) Contents Unit weight, ( ) Modulus of elasticity, ( ) Poisson s ratio, Con c Fig. 16. Results of the bi-directional pile load test on field (Kwon et al., 2006) 해석결과양방향재하시험의현장계측결과를이용하여역해석한결과는 Fig. 16과같다. 여기서, 재하장치상판의변위를기준으로 3차원유한요소해석을실시하였는데, 이는 Kwon Fig. 17. Comparison of field test and three-dimensional finite element analysis for validation of estimation method of static pile load test by bi-directional pile load test et al.(2006) 의연구에서도언급하였듯이선단부유압잭과말뚝선단사이의공동에채워진콘크리트의재료분리, 말뚝선단과지반사이의공동등에의해재하장치하판의변 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 51
14 위가크게발생하였기때문이다. 양방향재하시험의현장계측결과와 3차원유한요소해석의결과를 Fig. 17과같이등가하중- 변위의관계로나타내었고, 등가하중-변위의결과로부터정적압축재하시험을모사하였다. 결과를보면, 양방향재하시험에서는하중이증가함에따라현장계측결과와 3차원유한요소해석의결과가차이를보이고있으나, 정적압축재하시험에서는그거동이유사한경향을나타내었다. 따라서이러한분석방법을통해본연구에서제안한양방향재하시험을통해정적압축재하시험의거동을추정하는방법의타당성을검증하였다. (4) 현장타설말뚝의 { 정적압축재하시험과양방향재하시험의지지력비 (y)} ~ { 기준침하량과말뚝주면장비 (x)} 의관계식을다음과같이제안하였다. Reference displacement 10.0 mm : Reference displacement 15.0 mm : Reference displacement 25.4 mm : 5. 결론 Acknowledgement 본연구에서는대구경현장타설말뚝인바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험결과를 3차원유한요소해석으로모사하고, 정적압축재하시험결과를추정하여양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의관계식을제안하였다. 결과는다음과같다. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2018R1D1A1B ). (1) 양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의 3차원유한요소해석을비교 분석한결과, 하중재하방식에따른주면마찰력의차이로인해거동의차이가발생하였다. (2) 3차원유한요소해석으로부터산정된양방향재하시험과정적압축재하시험의하중- 변위관계에서발생하는침하량은비교적큰차이를보인다. 이는양방향재하시험은유압잭이설치된하부지반에서하중이먼저전달되지만, 정적압축재하시험은상부지반에하중이먼저전달되어말뚝과주변지반사이에발현되는주면마찰력의방향이다르고, 말뚝의깊이에따른지반강성의변화와진행성파괴에의해말뚝두부의침하량이크게발생되기때문으로판단되었다. (3) 현장타설말뚝의재하시험시시험말뚝을따로제작하여극한까지의하중을재하하고정적압축재하시험을실시하는것이허용지지력결과의신뢰도향상에유리하지만, 일반적으로는현장여건에의해낮은하중단계에서의양방향재하시험만을실시하고있다. 이에대한대안으로양방향재하시험을유한요소해석방법으로하중- 변위거동을모사하여설계정수를찾기위한역해석을실시하고, 실제말뚝의거동에적합한 3차원유한요소해석에적용하여실제말뚝의거동에부합되는정적압축재하시험결과를추정하는방법을제시하였다. References 1. ASTM D (1994), Standard Test Method for Piles Under Static Axial Compressive Load. 2. Back, S. S. (2014), A Study on Construction Method Equivalent Load Displacement Curve using Bi-directional Pile Load Test of Drilled Shaft, M.S.thesis, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea, p.1. (in Korean) 3. Bowles, J. E. (1974), Foundation Analysis and Design, McGRAW-HILL, p Choi, Y. K. (2008), A study on the Loading Capacity Standard of Bi-directional Pile Load Test (BD PLT), Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineering, Vol.28, No.6C, pp (in Korean) 5. Das, B. M. (1983), Advanced Soil Mechinics, McGraw-Hill, pp Gere, J. M. and Goodno, B. J. (2017), Mechanics of Materials, 8th Ed., Cengage Learning, pp Hunt, R. E. (2005), Geotechnical Engineering Investigation Handbook, 2nd Ed., T & F informa, p Japanese Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (1986), Close-up Construction, Soil Foundation engineering library, p.34. (in Japanese) 9. Korea expressway corporation (2002), Road Design Practice 2, Korea Road Association, p.35. (in Korean) 10. Kwon, O. S., Choi, Y. K., Kwon, O. K. and Kim, M. M. (2006), Method of Estimating Pile Load-displacement Curve Using Bi-directional Load Test, Journal of the Korean 52 한국지반신소재학회논문집제 18 권제 1 호
15 Geotechnical Society, Vol.22, No.4, pp (in Korean) 11. Loadtest Inc. (2000), Construction of the Equivalent Top-Loaded Load-Settlement Curve from the Results of an O-cell Test, Loadtest appendix to reports. 12. Meyerhof, G. G. (1956), Penetration Tests and Bearing Capacity of Cohesionless Soils. Journal of the Soil Mechanics Division, ASCE, Vol.82, SM1, pp Ministry of Construction and Transportation (2005), Road Design Standard, Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Seoul, South Korea, p.80. (in Korean) 14. Osterberg, J. O. (1998), The Osterberg Load Test Method for Bored and Driven Piles - The First Ten Years, Presented at 7th International Conference & Exhibition on Piling and Deep Foundations, Deep Foundations Institute, Vienna, Austria, June Park, S. W. and Lim, D. S. (2009), Evaluation of Load Transfer Characteristics of Barrette Pile Based on Bi-directional Loading Tests, Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineering, Vol.29, No.2C, pp (in Korean) 16. Peck, R. B., Hanson, W. E. and Thombum, T. H. (1974), Foundation Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, pp PLAXIS (2012), Material Models Manual. 18. Randolph, M. F. and Wroth, C. P. (1981), Application of the Failure State in Undrained Simple Shear to the Shaft Capacity of Driven Piles, Geotechnique, Vol.31, No.1, pp Schmertmann, J. H. and Hayes, J. A. (1997), The Osterberg Cell and Bored Pile Testing a Symbiosis, In: Proceedings of 3rd international geotechnical engineering conference, Cairo, Egypt. 20. Seol, H. I., Jeong, S. S., Han, K. T. and Kim. J. Y. (2008), Load-Settlement Behavior of Rock-socketed Drilled Shafts by Bi-directional Pile Load Test, Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society, Vol.24, No.11, pp (in Korean) 21. Terzaghi, K. and Peck, R. B. (1967), Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 2nd Ed., John Wiley and Sons. Inc., New York, p 바렛말뚝의양방향재하시험을이용한정적압축재하시험결과추정방법에관한수치해석적연구 53
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