19 Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2011, 43(1) : ISSN Diagnostic Significance of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Microvascular Decompre
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1 19 ISSN Diagnostic Significance of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials in Microvascular Decompression of Patients with Hemifacial Spasm or Trigeminal Neuralgia Sang-Koo Park 1, Sung-Hyuk Lim 1, Chan-Woo Park 1, Jin-Woo Park 1, Sung-Ho Chang 1, Keun-Hye Park 2, Hae-Ja Park 3, Ji-Hye Song 3, Dong-Ok Uhm 1, and Ki-Bong Kim 1 Neurology Laboratory, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul , Korea 1, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine 2, and Department of Neurosurgery Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul , Korea 3 The purpose of this study was to analyse brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) wave change data during microvascular decompression (MVD). The nerve function of Cranial Nerve VIII is at risk during MVD. Intraoperative monitoring of BAEP can be a useful tool to decrease the danger of hearing loss. Between January and December 2009, 242 patients had MVD for hemifacial spasm (HFS) and trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Among intraoperative BAEP changes, amplitude of V-V was the most frequently observed during cerebellar retraction and decompression step of the MVD procedure. 138 patients (57%) had no BAEP change while 104 patients (42.98%) had BAEP change. 69 patients (28.5%) had Type A-I, 16 patients (6.6%) had Type A-II, 5 patients (2.1%) had Type B, and 13 patients (5.37%) had Type C. MVD is a surgical procedure to relieve the symptoms (e.g. pain, muscle twitching) caused by compression of a nerve by an artery or vein. During BAEP intraoperative monitoring, the surgical step is important in interpreting the changes of wave V. Several potential mechanisms of injury may affect the cochlear nerve, and complete loss of BAEP is often associated with postoperative hearing loss. Intraoperative BAEP monitoring may provide an early warning of hearing disturbance after MVD. Key Words : Microvascular decompression, Hemifacial spasm, Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials, Intraoperative monitoring 서론 얼굴의한쪽면에본인의의지와는상관없이경련이생기 는상태를반측성안면경련 (hemifacial spasm: HFS) 이라고 하며, 안면신경이분포하는얼굴근육에간헐적이고돌발적 으로수축이일어나는운동기능항진증상을말한다. HFS Corresponding author : Park, Sang-Koo. Neurology Laboratory, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul , Korea. TEL : sk39.park@samsung.com Received: 20 December 2010 Return for modification : 14 March 2011 Accepted : 23 March 2011 는 7번뇌신경안면신경이뇌혈관에의해압박을받아발생하는것으로신경가닥들간에합선현상을발생시켜안면떨림현상이나타나는것으로알려져있다. 얼굴부위의감각을담당하는뇌신경인삼차신경의분지를따라극심한통증을느끼는상태를삼차신경통 (trigeminal neuralgia: TN) 이라고하며, 한번에얼굴한쪽으로전기쇼크같은찌르는듯한예리한통증이발생하는증상을말한다. TN은 5번뇌신경삼차신경이뇌혈관에의해압박을받아서발생하는것으로삼차신경의손상이발생하여통증이생기는것으로알려져있다 (Gardner, 1962; Heros, 2009). 수술적요법으로는미세혈관감압술 (microvascular decompression: MVD) 이라는수술을시행하는데전신마취하에귀 19
2 뒤쪽의유양돌기뒷부분에약 2~3 cm 정도의개두술을통해뇌혈관에의해압박되고있는신경근기수부를확인한후뇌혈관을분리해내고 Teflon-felt 라고하는수술재료를신경과뇌혈관사이에끼워넣어줌으로써압박을주던동맥혈관을신경으로부터분리하는수술이다 (Kim 등, 2001). 수술중청신경이나안면신경의손상등을방지하기위하여수술중집중감시검사 (intraoperative neuro-monitoring: INM) 를이용하여청력손실이나안면마비의발생가능성을최소화하며수술효과를즉시확인할수있다 (Hatem 등, 2001; Kong 등, 2007) INM은청신경손상을예방하기위해뇌간청각유발전위 (Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials: BAEP) 검사를하고, 안면마비의예방을위해안면신경근전도 (facial nerve electromyography: FNEMG) 검사를한다 (Kakizawa 등, 1990; Lee 등, 2009). MVD라는수술을받은환자의 90.7~98.3% 의환자에서안면경련이완치되거나호전되며, 재발율은 1.0~10.3% 로대개수술후 2년안에발생한다고보고되고있다. 수술이후 7.7~20.0% 의환자는수술부위쪽의귀머거리가발생을하기때문에환자의청신경을보존하기위해수술중 BAEP 검사가유용하게사용된다 (Little 등, 1983; Legatt, 2002; Polo 등, 2004; James와 Husain, 2005). 본연구는 MVD 환자를대상으로 1) 수술중 BAEP 변화 ( 감소 ) 가의미하는것과 2) 미세혈관들이 BAEP 파형에영향을미치는지의여부와 3) 수술중 BAEP 파형으로수술후청력장애를예측할수있는지등을알아보고자하였다. 검사대상및방법 1. 검사대상 2009년 1월부터 12월까지삼성서울병원에서 MVD를시행한환자 242명을대상으로하였으며, 남자 75명, 여자 167 명, 증상면에서는 HFS 224명, TN 18명이었고, 평균연령은 50.4세였다 (Table 1). 2. 검사장비검사장비는 Xltek Protektor (Natus Medical Incorporated Table 1. Demographic data of 242 patients with microvascular decompression Excel-Tech Ltd, XLTEK, Canada), 수술중 BAEP 측정은 system low filter 대 high filter 비율은 150 Hz 대 3 KHz 로조정하였고, 분석시간 (time-base) 은 20 ms 로하였다. 평균화검사 (number of trials to be averaged) 는 300 회에서 400 회정도의횟수, 소리자극 (sound stimulation) 은 sound pressure level(spl) 로 115 db 크기로하고 Click 음 으로 검사를하였다. 3. 검사방법 청신경의손상여부를관찰하기위해감압술이끝날때까 지지속적으로 BAEP 검사를진행하였으며, 제 V 파형의잠 복기가 1 ms 이상연장되거나진폭이 50% 이상감소하면 수술의사에게알려서외과적조작에의한원인을찾거나파 형이정상회복될때까지수술을잠시중단한후다시진행 하였다. 4. 마취 Characteristics No. of patients Gender (ratio : 2.2:1) Data 242 Male 75 Female 167 Age (years old) Range 21~79 Mean 50.4 Site (ratio : 1.2:1) Left 131 Right 111 Symptom* HFS 224 TN 18 *HFS: hemifacial spasm, TN: trigeminal neuralgia 모든수술은전신마취하에이루어졌으며흡입마취제 로서 isoflurane 과 nitrous oxide (N 2 O) 의최소폐포내농도 (minimum alveolus concentration: MAC) 는 0.9 를유지하였 20 Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients
3 Table 2. Demographic data of 104 patients showed intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potentials changes in microvascular decompression Characteristics No. of patients Gender (ratio : 2.4:1) Data 104 Male 31 Female 73 Age (years old) Range 27~77 Mean 51.6 Site (ratio : 1.2:1) Left 57 Right 47 Symptom* HFS 103 TN 1 *HFS: hemifacial spasm, TN; trigeminal neuralgia Fig. 1. BAEP wave change pattern. 고, 근육이완제 (muscle blocker) 는 vecuronium을사용하였다. 수술중안면근전도의관찰및측면전파반응의원활한측정을위해서근이완제의유지는사연속자극 (train of four) 네번자극에서두번이상반응 (2/4) 이유지되도록노력하였고, Warm blanket (36~37 ) 을사용하여수술받는환자의체온의변화가없도록하였다 (Guerit, 1998; Kitajima 등, 2010). 결과 1. BAEP 파형변화 2009년 1년동안 242명의 MVD (HFS 와 TN) 수술을받은환자중 104명 (42.9%) 의환자에서수술중 BAEP 변화가관찰되었다 (Table 2). HFS 224명, TN 18명중에 BAEP 변화가있는경우를보면 HFS 103명, TN 1명으로 HFS 환자에서파형변화가우세하였다. Fig. 2. Prevalence of types of BAEP pattern. Type A-I : immediate 100% recovery Type A-II : gradual 100% recovery Type B : gradual recovery over 80% Type C : gradual recovery below 80% TN : trigeminal neuralgia 2. BAEP 파형변화의양상 수술중 BAEP 파형변화가관찰되는경우를크게 4 가지 로구분하여분석하였다. 1) 수술중감소한파형이수술을 중단하고파형이회복될때까지기다렸을경우즉시 100% 회복된경우를 Type A-I, 2) 곧바로회복되지않고서서히 Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients 21
4 : BAEP wave change patients : BAEP wave no change patients Fig. 3. HFS pt characteristics. Abbreviation : AICA, antero inferior cerebellar artery; PICA, postero inferior cerebellar artery; VA, vertebral artery 100% 회복된경우를 Type A-II, 3) 감소후조금회복 (80% 이상 ) 된경우를 Type B, 4) 감소된채회복이안된 (80% 이 하회복 ) 경우를 Type C 로구분하였다. BAEP 5 번연속측 정검사를기준으로이전에회복되면즉시이후에회복되면 서서히라고구분하였다. 또한 BAEP 파형의감소는 V 번파 형과 V 파형의진폭값이 50% 이상감소하였을경우를기준 으로하였다 (Fig. 1). 수술중 BAEP 파형변화가자주관찰되는 HFS 103 명을 살펴보면, Type A-I 는 69 명, Type A-II 는 16 명, Type B 는 5 명, Type C 는 13 명이었다 (Fig. 2). 가끔 MVD 중제 I 번파형이후의모든파형이소실되어 회복되지않는경우가있었다. 이러한상황임에도불구하고 수술을계속진행한경우를보면 ( 해부학적기형으로어쩔 수없는상황 ), 수술종료시까지 BAEP 파형은회복되지않 았었고, 수술이후환자의청력은수술받은부위쪽의청력 을소실한경우가있었다 (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. Wave pattern of BAEP in stacks of the operation process. 3. 원인혈관 (Offender) HFS 와 TN 의원인이되는혈관들이매우다양한데이 러한혈관들을살펴보면, HFS 의원인혈관은전하소뇌동 맥 (antero inferior cerebellar artery: AICA) 은 136 명, 전하 소뇌동맥과척추동맥 (vertebral artery: VA) 이동시에영향 을주는경우 16 명, 전하소뇌동맥과후하소뇌동맥 (postero inferior cerebellar artery: PICA) 은 7 명, 후하소뇌동맥은 51 명, 후하소뇌동맥과척추동맥이동시에영향을주는경우 10 명, 척추동맥은 3 명으로분류되었고, TN 의원인혈관은 상소뇌동맥 (superior cerebellar artery: SCA) 은 14 명, 상소뇌 동맥과정맥혈관 (vein) 이동시에영향을주는경우 2 명, 정 맥혈관은 1 명, 척추동맥은 1 명으로분류되었다. 각각의혈관들과 BAEP 파형변화유무관계를살펴보면, HFS 에서수술중 BAEP 파형변화가있는경우전하소뇌동 맥은 65 명, 전하소뇌동맥과척추동맥이동시에안면신경에 영향을주는경우는 6 명, 전하소뇌동맥과후하소뇌동맥은 5 명, 후하소뇌동맥은 19 명, 후하소뇌동맥과척추동맥은 5 명, 척추동맥은 1 명, 전하소뇌동맥과후하소뇌동맥과척추동맥 은 1 명으로분석되었고, 파형변화가없던경우는전하소 뇌동맥은 71 명, 전하소뇌동맥과척추동맥은 10 명, 전하소뇌 22 Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients
5 동맥과후하소뇌동맥은 2명, 후하소뇌동맥은 32명, 후하소뇌동맥과척추동맥은 5명, 척추동맥은 2명, 전하소뇌동맥과후하소뇌동맥과척추동맥은해당되지않았다 (Fig. 3). 고찰 2009년 1년동안의 MVD 시행한총 242명의환자들중 42.9% 의환자에서어떠한외부적영향으로인하여청신경이손상을당하여 BAEP 변화가관찰되어환자의청신경보존을위하여수술을중단했다가파형이회복되면다시수술을하는방식으로진행했기때문에더이상의청신경손상이가해지지않으므로수술중 BAEP 변화가있었어도수술이후청력장애가발생하지않은것으로사료된다. 이는 INM을하였기때문에알수있었던 INM의유용성이고, 이로인하여수술중환자의청신경보존을잘할수있었다. BAEP 검사는매우민감한검사라서청신경의아주작은손상에도파형의진폭이급격히작아지므로청신경손상을예방하는데매우유용한검사임을알수있었고, 수술중파형이소실되어회복되지않는다면심각한청신경의손상을예측할수있었다. HFS와 TN을해부학적으로보면뇌간 (brainstem) 에서중뇌 (midbrain) 쪽가까이 V번뇌신경인삼차신경이위치하고, 뇌교 (pons) 가장밑쪽에 VII번뇌신경인안면신경과 VIII번뇌신경인전정청신경 (vestibular-cochlear nerve) 이인접하게위치하고있어서안면신경과관련된 HFS 수술에서많은 BAEP 변화가관찰되었다고사료된다 (Polo와 Fischer, 2009). BAEP 변화를유형별로나누어보았고, 이러한현상은청신경이약하게일시적인손상을받으면 Type A-I과같이뇌간청각유발전위파형이감소했다가바로회복이되고, 청신경이조금심하게손상을받으면 Type C와같이 BAEP 파형이감소후회복속도가느리거나회복이안되는경우가발생한다고생각된다 (Fig. 2). 신경주위에있는혈관별로분석해보았으나 BAEP 변화가있던경우와없던경우의환자수가거의비슷하게관찰된것으로보아특별하게 BAEP 변화와관련된혈관은없다 고생각된다 (Kim 등, 2009)(Fig. 3). 환자나이와수술중 BAEP 변화를분석해보면고연령대 (65세이상 ) 라고해서파형의변화가많은것은아니고파형이감소하였을때회복되는시간이좀더걸릴뿐이었다 (Gunther 등, 2009; Jeon 등, 2010). 1997년부터 2006년동안삼성서울병원을방문한 698명의 HFS환자에서 MVD 후청력장애에대한분석을보면청력정상 668 명 (95.7%), 수술후청력이조금감소한경우 17 명 (2.4%), 청력이많이감소한경우 8명 (1.2%)( 수술전보다 15dB이상감소한경우 ), 완전히청력소실된경우 5명 (0.7%) 이었다 (Park 등, 2009). 청력검사로순음청력검사 (pure tone audiometry: PTA) 진행하여수술전보다 15 db 미만으로청력이감소한경우와 15 db 이상청력이감소한경우를조금과많이감소한기준으로했으며, 50 db 이상감소하여 3개월이상지속된경우를청력소실로보았다. 청력장애가발생하는원인을살펴보면 1) 수술기구등에의해청신경이당겨지게된경우, 2) 수술기구등에의해앞아래소뇌동맥 (AICA) 또는미로동맥 (labyrinthine artery) 의영향을받는경우, 3) 전기소작기또는수술기구등에의해직접적인청신경이손상된경우, 4) 수술이후안면신경과청신경과혈관의상호작용에의해청신경이손상된경우로나뉘어볼수있다 (Park 등, 2009). 위의원인들중어느경우에해당하는지감별하기는어려울것이나, 수술중청신경이손상을받는다면 BAEP 변화는항상발생을하기때문에 BAEP 검사는청신경손상을예방하는데매우효과적이다. 단, 수술중에 BAEP의변화가없었으나수술후에청력이감소하는현상은수술이후에어떠한작용에의해서서히청신경이손상된경우라사료된다. 2009년 1년동안의 242명의 MVD 환자중 104명에서수술중 BAEP 변화가관찰되었고, 수술후청력장애는 45명이발생했다. 청력장애 45명중 BAEP 변화가있었던환자는 20명이었고, 나머지 25명은수술중아무런파형의변화가없었다. 이에청력장애가발생한 45명의원인을살펴보니, 혈액고실 (hemotympanum) 이 20%, 삼출성중이염 (effusion) 이 Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients 23
6 77.8%, 수술직후는괜찮았으나서서히잘안들리다가결국귀머거리가된경우는 2.2% 등으로관찰되었고, 수술후청력장애의대부분인혈액고실, 삼출성중이염등과같은현상은수술하는과정에서혈액이고막부근에흘러들어가서피떡처럼응고가되거나, 뇌척수액또는생리식염수가내이도에고여서일시적인귀멍먹한증세로서청력장애와유사한증세로시간이지나면저절로증세가호전되는상태였다. 이로서수술중 BAEP 변화가있어도수술이후에청력장애를예측하기는힘들다는것을알수있었고, 수술이후의청력변화도일시적인현상이대부분이라는것을알수있었다. 수술중 BAEP 변화가많이발생하는원인을분석해보니, 수술을진행할때뇌의경막 (dura) 을열고뇌간 (brainstem) 방향으로접근해가는데이때뇌척수액이뇌압의영향으로밖으로흘러나오게되고뇌척수액이흘러나오는양이많으면그만큼의소뇌가가라앉게되면서뇌간과뇌신경그리고뇌동맥들의관계가조금이완되어서수술하는데훨씬용이하게된다. 이러한상황에서는 BAEP 변화가적었고, 이와는반대로뇌척수액이흘러나오는양이거의없으면소뇌가거의가라앉지않게되어서뇌와신경그리고뇌동맥들의관계가힘든상태소위팽화된상태여서뇌견인기 (brain retractor) 로소뇌 (cerebellum) 를세게밀어서수술을진행하여야하므로수술이힘들고, 이럴경우 BAEP 변화도많이발생을하는것을알수있었다 (Huang 등, 2009; Neves 등, 2009). 2008년 1월부터 2010년 5월까지 HFS 환자를대상으로 MVD 시행한 581명의환자를분석해보니, 뇌척수액의분출양이많아서소뇌가확가라앉은 (cerebellum sunken down) 것이많이된경우는 125명이고, 그중 32명 (25.6%) 이수술중 BAEP 변화가관찰되었고, 귀머거리는발생하지않았다. 뇌척수액의분출양이거의없어서소뇌의가라앉음이거의안된경우는 72명이고, 그중 24명 (33.3%) 이수술중 BAEP 변화가관찰되었고, 귀머거리는 1명 (1.39%) 발생하였다. 즉, 미세혈관감압수술이용이하면 ( 뇌척수액방출양이많아서소뇌가깊게내려가서수술시야확보가넓고, 수술부위접근이용이 ) BAEP 변화가적고, 수술이용이하지않으면파형변화가많을수밖에없다는것을알수있었다. 청력에문제가없던환자가 MVD 라는수술을받고못듣 게된다면매우안타까운일이다. 이러한일이발생하지않 게하려고수술중신경계추적감시검사를하는데 BAEP 변 화는크게두가지형태로관찰된다. 수술중 BAEP V 번파형의변화는청신경에장애가발생 하여뇌간으로소리자극의전달이안되어발생하는것으로 대부분잘알고있다. 그리고또한가지는 I 번파형의변화 인데이는달팽이관에영양분을공급하는혈관인전하소뇌 동맥에서분지되는미로동맥의혈액순환장애에의한것임 을알고좀더세분화되고자세하게수술의사에게파형변 화를알리는것이환자의청신경보존을위하여보다도움 이되리라생각한다. 참고문헌 1. Gardner WJ. Concerning the mechanism of trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg. 1962, 19: Guerit JM. Neuromonitoring in the operating room: why, when, and how to monitor? Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1998, 106: Gunther T, Gerganov VM, Stieglitz L, Ludemann W, Samii A, Samii M. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in the elderly: long-term treatment outcome and comparison with younger patients. Neurosurgery. 2009, 65: Hatem J, Sindou M, Vial C. Intraoperative monitoring of facial EMG responses during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Prognostic value for long-term outcome: a study in a 33-patient series. Br J Neurosurg 2001, 15: Heros RC. Results of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 2009, 110: Huang BR, Chang CN, Hsu JC. Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Clin Neurosci. 2009, 16: James ML, Husain AM. Brainstem auditory evoked potential monitoring: when is change in wave V significant? Neurology. 2005, 65: Jeon CJ, Kong DS, Lee JA, Park K. The efficacy and safety of microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm in elderly patients. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2010, 47: Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients
7 9. Kakizawa T, Shimizu T, Fukushima T. Monitoring of auditory brainstem response (ABR) during microvascular decompression (MVD): results in 400 cases. NoTo Shinkei. 1990, 42: Kim EY, Park HS, Kim JJ, Lee SC, Ha CK, Park HC. A more basal approach in microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: the para-condylar fossa approach. Acta Neurochir(Wien). 2001, 143: Kim HR, Rhee DJ, Kong DS, Park K. Prognostic factors of hemifacial spasm after microvascular decompression. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2009, 45: Kitajima O, Suzuki T, Watanabe N, Maeda T, Noda Y, Saeki S, Ogawa S. Monitoring masseter muscle evoked responses enables faster tracheal intubation. J Anesth. 2010, 24: Kong DS, Park K, Shin BG, Lee JA, Eum DO. Prognostic value of the lateral spread response for intraoperative electromyography monitoring of the facial musculature during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg. 2007, 106: Lee SH, Song DG, Kim S, Lee JH, Kang DG. Results of auditory brainstem response monitoring of microvascular decompression: a prospective study of 22 patients with hemifacial spasm. Laryngoscope. 2009, 119: Legatt AD. Mechanisms of intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potential changes. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2002, 19: Little JR, Lesser RP, Lueders H, Furlan AJ. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials in posterior circulation surgery. Neurosurgery. 1983, 12: Neves DO, Lefaucheur JP, de Andrade DC, Hattou M, Ahdab R, Ayache SS, et al. A reappraisal of the value of lateral spread response monitoring in the treatment of hemifacial spasm by microvascular decompression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009, 80: Park K, Hong SH, Hong SD, Cho YS, Chung WH, Ryu NG. Patterns of hearing loss after microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009, 80: Polo G, Fischer C. Intraoperative monitoring of brainstem auditory evoked potentials during microvascular decompression of cranial nerves in cerebellopontine angle. Neurochirurgie. 2009, 55: Polo G, Fischer C, Sindou MP, Marneffe V. Brainstem auditory evoked potential monitoring during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: intraoperative brainstem auditory evoked potential changes and warning values to prevent hearing loss-prospective study in a consecutive series of 84 patients. Neurosurgery 2004, 54: Diagnostic Significance of BAEP in MVD Patients 25
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124 Sang-Ku Park, et al. Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Brain Tumor CASE REPORT Korean J Clin Lab Sci. 2013, 45(3):124-129 pissn 1738-3544 eissn 2288-1662 Hemifacial Spasm Caused by Brain Tumor Sang-Ku Park
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