Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2004; 3: 피질하혈관성치매환자에서협착성뇌혈관병변의의의 : 자기공명혈관조영술과양전자방출단층촬영을이용한연구 유경호 이병철 마효일 김윤중정지향 * 나덕렬 강연욱 VADAPET 연구모임 한림대

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1 Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders 2004; 3: 피질하혈관성치매환자에서협착성뇌혈관병변의의의 : 자기공명혈관조영술과양전자방출단층촬영을이용한연구 유경호 이병철 마효일 김윤중정지향 * 나덕렬 강연욱 VADAPET 연구모임 한림대학교신경과학교실이화대학교목동병원신경과학교실 * 성균관대학교삼성서울병원신경과학교실 한림대학교심리학교실 VADAPET 연구모임 Address for correspondence Kyung-Ho Yu. M.D. Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, 896 Pyungchon-dong, Dongan-gu, Anyang , Korea Tel: Fax: ykh1030@hallym.or.kr *This study supported by a grant from Aisai, Inc. in Korea. Implication of Cerebral Steno-Occlusive Lesions in Patients with Subcortical Vascular Dementia: MR Angiography and 18 FDG-PET Study Kyung-Ho Yu, M.D., Byung-Chul Lee, M.D., Hyeo-Il Ma, M.D., Yun-Jung Kim, M.D., Jee-Hyang Jeong, M.D.*, Duk L. Na, M.D., Yeonwook Kang, Ph.D., VADAPET Study Group Department of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang; Ewha Womans University, Mokdong Hospital*, Seoul; Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Psychology, Hallym University, Chunchon; Investigators of VADAPET Study Groups are Listed at the Appendix of this Article, Korea Background and Objective: Subcortical vascular dementia (SVD) incorporates small vessel disease as the primary vascular etiology, represents in MRI by lacunar infarct and deep white matter lesions. In clinical practice, a number of SVD patients present with various vascular risk factors for large artery disease (LAD) i.e., old age, hypertension, and diabetes. However the current diagnostic criteria for SVD did not include angiographic findings as a key feature. Therefore we tried to find out the frequency of large artery disease in SVD and to elucidate whether the presence of LAD affects clinico-radiological manifestations of SVD. Methods: Thirty three patients fulfilling Research criteria for SVD by Erkinjuntti from 17 study centers were recruited. Of these 33 patients, 21 who underwent comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, MRI, 18.. FDG-PET, and MR angiography were classified into two subgroups according to the patterns of MRI abnormality: white matter dominant (WM) type (n=5) and multiple lacunar (LC) type (n=16). Clinical and neuropsychological profile and 18 FDG-PET findings of 21 SVD patients with and without LAD were compared. Results: Twelve (57%) of 21 SVD patients had mild stenotic lesions in intracranial large arteries: 4 in middle cerebral artery, 8 in posterior cerebral artery, and 4 in vertebrobasilar artery. There were no differences in vascular risk factors, characteristics of cognitive dysfunctions, and 18 FDG-PET findings between SVD with and without LAD. Conclusions: Our results showed that the presence of mild degree of large artery stenosis did not affect the clinical, neuropsychological profile and cerebral metabolisms in PET. Therefore, the current Research criteria for SVaD by Erkinjuntti could be used to diagnose SVD as a homogenous clinical group regardless of angiographic abnormalities. Key Words: Subcortical Vascular Dementia, PET, Magnetic resonance angiography 서론피질하혈관성치매 (subcortical vascular dementia; SVD) 는피질하부 (subcortex) 에국한된다발성소공경색이나심한백질부변성을초래하는소혈관질환 (small vessel disease) 에의해발생한다고알려져있으나 [1-5], 소공성뇌경색이나백질부변 성을일으키는허혈손상의병리기전은다양하다. 소공성뇌경색의경우소혈관질환이외에도내경동맥협착이나심인성색전에의한원인이라는보고가다수있다 [6-8]. 백질부변성의경우도소혈관질환과의연관성에대한연구가많으나 [1, 2, 5, 9], 근위부동맥의협착성병변에의한만성저관류가주요한원인이라는주장도있다 [10-12]. 29

2 30 유경호 이병철 마효일외 5 인 A B Fig. 1. Examples of 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) in patients with subcortical vascular dementia. MRA shows focal stenotic lesion (arrow) on left proximal middle cerebral artery in (A). Normal findings of MRA have been shown in (B). 혈관성치매의임상연구에있어가장어려운문제는그원인질환이매우다양한일종의증후군이라는점이다. 이에대해 Erkinjuntti 등 [3, 4] 은혈관성치매중동질한아형집단을선별할수있도록비교적엄격한임상-방사선학적기준을적용한 SVD의개념과진단기준을제시한바있다. 그런데이러한기준을적용하여임상증상과뇌자기공명영상 (MRI) 소견에의거해 SVD로진단된환자들의자기공명조영술 (magnetic resonance angiography; MRA) 에서뇌혈관의협착성병변을드물지않게관찰할수있다 (Fig. 1). 뇌혈관의협착성병변은뇌관류를저하시킴으로인지기능에장애를유발할수있는것으로알려져있으나 [13-15] 현재까지제시되는엄격한 SVD의진단기준에는뇌혈관의협착성병변이제외기준으로고려되지는않는다. 본연구는 SVD 환자에서동반되는뇌혈관의협착-폐쇄성병변의임상적의의를알아보고자 MRA를이용해병변의위치와협착정도를분석하였다. 또한뇌혈관의협착성병변에따라뇌졸중의위험요인질환, 신경심리검사소견및 18 Fluoro-deoxyglucose 양전자방출단층촬영 (Positron emission tomography: 18 FDG- PET) 을이용한뇌포도당대사정도를비교분석하였다. 대상및방법 SVD 환자는 DSM-IV와 NINDS-AIREN의 possible 진단기준을만족하는혈관성치매환자들중, MRI에서 Erkinjuntti 등 [3] 이제시한다발성소공경색이나뚜렷한백질부변성이확인된환자들을대상으로선별하였다. 이들중나이가 55세이상 75세미만이면서 K-MMSE 점수가 10-24점사이이고신경 심리검사에서치매에합당한인지기능의장애를보인환자를선정하였다. 환자선정에사용된 MRI는최종연구에포함되기전적어도 6개월이내에찍은것을평가하였다. 환자들은적어도연구시작 3개월이내에잘조절되지않는고혈압의기왕력은없었고, 2개월이내에아세틸콜린분해효소억제제를복용하지않았다. 연구시작 3개월이내에심근경색, 뇌졸중, 또는간질발작의병력이있었던환자들은대상에서제외하였다. 또한최근 10년이내에약물이나알코올중독증의기왕력이의심되거나, 뇌외상으로 1시간이상의의식소실의병력이있는경우, 임상병리검사에서인지기능의이상을초래할수있는비정상소견을보였거나다른퇴행성뇌질환, 정신병의병력을가지고있었던환자들도제외하였다. 병용금기약물을복용하고있거나환자의보호자가연구의내용을이해하지못하고문맹인경우, 지팡이나손을잡고외래방문을통한평가를받을수없을정도의장애가있는경우도제외하였다. 전국 17개병원에서모집된선정및제외기준에부합되는총 33명의환자들을대상으로뇌졸중의위험요인을포함한과거병력, 신체및신경학적진찰을하였다. 또한임상병리검사, 흉부 X선촬영, 심전도및심장초음파검사, 신경심리검사, MRA 및 18 FDG-PET을시행하였다. 이중 11명은 MRA 영상질이나빠판독이불가능함으로제외되고, 최종 21명의 SVD 환자들만이본연구의대상이되었다. 뇌졸중의위험요인은고혈압, 당뇨, 고지혈증, 심장질환, 흡연력, 뇌졸중과거력의유무를조사하였다. 고혈압은수축기 140 mmhg, 이완기 90 mmhg 이상이거나항고혈압제를복용했던과거력이있는경우로정하였다. 당뇨는공복혈당 140 mg/dl 이상이거나식후 2시간혈당이 200 mg/dl 이상일경우로하였

3 피질하혈관성치매환자의협착성뇌혈관병변 31 다. 고지혈증은공복기혈중총-콜레스테롤수치가 220 mg/dl 이상인경우, 심장질환은심근경색증이나협심증, 부정맥의과거력이나심전도의이상을보였던경우로정하였다. 피질하혈관성치매의뇌자기공명영상진단기준 [3] SVD는주된병변에따라백질부변성위주의경우와다발성소공경색위주의경우로구분하였다. 백질부변성위주의 SVD 는측뇌실주변과심부백질의변성이함께있고, 최소 2개이상의소공경색이기저핵이나백질부에동반되어야한다. 다발성소공경색위주의 SVD 는최소 5개이상의소공경색이기저핵주변에있으면서중등도의백질부변성을동반하는경우로정의하였다. 백질부변성은 T2-강조영상이나 FLAIR 영상에서뇌실주변과심부백질부의고신호강도를평가하였다. 뇌실주변의백질부변성은측뇌실의전각또는후각에장축과평행한방향으로 10 mm 이상의 extended cap 을보이거나측뇌실의측벽에인접하여 10 mm 이상의불규칙한 halo 형태를보이는경우이고, 심부백질부변성은장방경의길이가 25 mm 이상의미만성융합성, 또는심한확장성고신호강도병변을보이는경우로정의하였다. 측뇌실주변백질부변성이나심부백질부변성중 1가지만나타나는경우를중등도의백질부변성이라하였다. 소공경색은심부회백질이나백질부관통동맥영역에 T1-강조영상에서는저신호강도, T2-강조영상에서고신호강도를보이는둥근형태의 cm의병변으로단, 대뇌피질부의뇌경색을동반하지않아야한다. MRI에서뇌출혈후변성된열공형태의병변이나혈관주변부공간 (Virchow-Robin space) 이의심되는경우도소공경색으로포함하였다. 그러나피질경색이나비열공성피질하뇌경색, 경계대뇌경색, 뇌출혈, 정상압수두증및다발성경화증등의뇌백질변성을보일수있는질환을가진경우는제외하였다. 연구대상은각기다른 6명의신경과의사들이위와같은 MRI 진단기준에따라임상정보없이영상을판독한후모두일치하는경우에만선정하였다. 뇌혈관의협착-폐쇄성병변의판정기준뇌혈관의이상소견은임상에서비침습적으로용이하게적용할수있는 MRA를이용하였고전국의 17개병원에서각각 3D-TOF (time-of flight) 기법을이용해시행되었다. 뇌혈관병변의판정은두개외 (extracranial) 내경동맥과척추동맥, 그리고두개내 (intracranial) 동맥인전뇌동맥, 중뇌동맥및후뇌동맥에서조사하였다. MRA를이용해뇌혈관의협착또는폐쇄소견을판정할때영상인공물에의해위양성반응이높은것으로알려져있는두개내내경동맥의싸이폰 (siphon) 부위와혈관내경이좁아협착유무를구분하기어려운전뇌동맥, 중뇌동맥및후뇌동맥의피질부분지의말단부위는분석에서제외하였다 [16]. 협착정도의평가는정상, 경도 (mild), 그리고중증도및폐쇄 Fig. 2. 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiogram depicted severe stenotic lesion (arrow) at right proximal middle cerebral artery. (severe to occlusion) 의 3단계로구분하였다 [17]. 경도는 MRA 에서혈관직경의 50% 미만의협착이관찰될경우이고, 중증도협착은 50% 이상혈관협착이나 MRA의혈관영상신호가일부단락되어보이는경우로정하였다 (Fig. 2). 뇌혈관의협착정도두명의신경과의사가임상정보없이평가하여모두동의한경우로정하였다. 양전자방출단층촬영및영상분석 PET 영상은 GE AdvanceTM (Milwaukee, WI, USA) PET scanner로얻었다 ( 평면해상력 4.9 mm Full-width half maximum; FWHM, 종축해상력 3.9 mm FWHM). 피험자들은안정상태에서눈을뜨게하고배후소음에노출시킨채로스캐너테이블에눕힌후안와-외이공선 (orbito-meatal line) 에평행하게단층영상이얻어지도록 PET 스캐너갠트리 (gantry) 를조정하고머리를고정하였다. [ 18 Fluoro]deoxyglucose는 30 초에걸쳐서 4.8 MBq/kg를정맥주사하고 30분후영상을얻었다. PET 영상은 3D 형태로, 영상면과횡단면의해상도가각각 4.9 및 3.9 mm FWHM인 35개의횡단면영상으로얻어졌다 (slice thickness=4.5 mm). 얻은영상들은 Hanning filter (cut-off frequency=4.5 mm) 를통과하여재구성되었고 matrix (pixel size= mm with a slice thickness of 4.25 mm) 에다시보내진후, 일정한 attenuation coefficient ( =0.096 cm-1) 로 correction을시행하였다. 최종 21명환자의 18 FDG-PET 영상은 Matlab version 6.0 (Mathworks, Inc., Natick, MA) 과 Statistical Parametric Mapping 2 (SPM2; Wellcome Department of Cognitive Neurology, University College London, UK) 을이용하여 20명의정상인과비교하였다. SPM 분석을위해 GE Advance PET camera (General Electric, Milwaukee, WI) 로얻어진영상을 Analyze (Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA) 포맷으

4 32 유경호 이병철 마효일외 5 인 로변환하는데영상기질의크기 (matrix size) 는 이고, x와 y축의화소크기 (voxel size) 는각각 1.95 mm, 절편 (slice) 의두께는 4.25 mm였다. 환자와정상인의모든영상들은 SPM2 내에있는 automated spatial normalization function을이용하여 PET template (Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada) 로변형시키고이렇게정규화된영상들을 16 mm FWHM의 Gaussian kernel을이용하여편평화 (smoothing) 시켰다. 이때각화소의계수는소뇌를기준으로정규화 (normalization) 되었다. 집단간에대사감소부위를확인하기위한감산분석은각집단과대조군, 또는 MRA에이상을동반한군과정상인군의 PET 영상을화소 -대- 화소 (voxelby-voxel) 수준에서 compare-population two sample t-test를이용하여분석하였다. 이렇게얻은화소별 T 값을 gaussian 정규분포에따라다시 Z 값으로바꾼후, 통계적규준에맞는화소가연속하여 50개이상인경우유의한 cluster 로제시하였다. 최종영상은 SPM의통계적결과를평균 MR template (Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Canada) 에투사하여횡단면으로제시하였다. 통계적인의미는 corrected p-value<0.05 범위에서비교분석하였고, 뇌표준지도위에덧씌워진결과들의정확한해부학적인위치는각화소의 x, y, z 값을 Talairach Daemon Database 소프트웨어를이용해각영역의해부학적위치와 Brodmann 영역들을구하였다. 신경심리검사 21명의대상환자들은모두동일한신경심리검사 (Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery; SNSB) 를시행하였다. SNSB는주의력 (Digit span, Letter cancellation test), 언어및관련기능 ( 스스로말하기, 알아듣기, 따라말하기, 이름대기 (Korean-Boston Naming Test)[18], 쓰기, 읽기, 계산, 좌우지남력, 신체부위인지검사, 실행증검사 ), 시공간능력 ( 오각형겹쳐그리기, 레이- 복합도형 ), 언어적기억력 (Seoul Verbal Learning Test 중즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인회상검사 ), 비언어적기억력 ( 레이 -복합도형에대한즉각회상, 지연회상, 재인회상검사 ), 전두엽기능 (Contrasting program, Go-no-go test, Fist-edge-palm, Alternating hand movement, Alternating square & triangle, Luria loop, 통제단어연상검사, Stroop 검사 ) 에관한검사로구성되었다. 한국형간이신경검사 (Korean-Mini Mental Status Examination; K-MMSE) 를비롯한모든신경신경심리검사결과는나이와연령및학력을보정한국내기준을사용하여정상과비정상인환자수를산출하여비교분석하였다 [19]. 통계적분석전체대상환자를 MRA가정상인 SVD와 MRA에이상소 견을동반한 SVD 환자군으로구분하여뇌혈관질환의위험인자와신경심리검사, 그리고 18 FDG-PET의포도당뇌대사를비교하였다. 연속변수는비모수검정인 Mann-whitney test를시행해두군간의차이를검정하였고, 이항변수는카이-제곱검정을이용하였다. 신경심리검사는국내표준화자료결과에따라각검사항목마다비정상범위에속한환자수를두군간에카이-제곱검정을이용해비교하였다. 통계프로그램은 SPSS (version 10.0) 을사용하였고유의수준은 0.05로하였다. 결 과 1. 피질하혈관성치매환자의 MRA 이상소견 전체 21명의대상환자들중모두 12명 (57%) 에서 MRA의뇌혈관협착성병변을보였다. 협착성병변이중뇌동맥에있었던환자는 4명, 후뇌동맥은 8명, 두개내척추또는기저동맥에있었던환자는 4명이었다. 이중중뇌동맥에병변이있었던 2명과후뇌동맥에병변이있었던 2명은각각두개내척추및기저동맥병변을함께가지고있었다. 그러나두개내 (intracranial) 혈관에완전폐쇄를보인환자나, 두개외 (extracranial) 내경동맥이나척추동맥에협착-폐쇄성병변은가지고있었던환자는한명도없었다. 21명의 SVD 환자를 MRI 소견에따라다발성열공경색위주의환자군 (5명) 과백질변성위주의환자군 (16명) 으로구분해보았을때, MRA의협착성병변은다발성열공경색환자군에서 3명 (33.3%), 백질변성환자군의 9명 (56.3%) 에서관찰되었으나통계적으로유의한차이는없었다. 2. 뇌혈관의협착성병변유무에따른임상특성및혈관성위험인자분포 MRA 에서두개내, 외의큰동맥에협착 - 폐쇄성병변을보였 Table 1. The vascular risk factor profiles in patients with and without MRA abnormalities SVD with SVD without MRA abnormalities MRA abnormalities p-value (N=12) (N=9) Age 70.81± ± Sex, male 7 (58.3%) 4 (44%) NS Vascular Risk Hypertension 9 (75%) 7 (78%) NS Diabetes 3 (25%) 2 (22%) NS Hyperlipidemia 1 (8.3%) 0 NS Cardiac Disease 0 1 (11%) NS Smoking 5 (41.7%) 3 (33%) NS p values are calculated by chi-squire and Mann-Whitney test (age). SVD indicated subcortical vascular dementia.

5 피질하혈관성치매환자의협착성뇌혈관병변 33 던 SVD 환자와정상인 SVD 환자군간의혈관성위험인자질환의분포를비교해보면, 협착성병변을동반한환자들의나이 Table 2. Neuropsychological characteristics in patients with and without MRA abnormalities SVD with MRA abnormalities (N=12) SVD without MRA abnormalities (N=9) p-value Korean-MMSE 1 2 NS Attention Digit Span Forward 7 6 NS Backward 6 6 NS Letter Cancellation 8 7 NS Language and Related Function Korean-Boston Naming Test 4 4 NS Finger Naming 9 8 NS Rt-Lt Orientation 11 7 NS Body Part Identification 11 7 NS Praxis 6 5 NS Calculation 6 3 NS Visuospatial Function Interlocking Pentagon 4 5 NS Rey Complex Figure Test: Copy 4 0 NS Memory Seoul-Verbal Learning Test Immediate Recalls 2 0 NS Delayed Recall 1 0 NS Recognition 3 1 NS Rey Complex Figure Test Immediate Recalls 3 0 NS Delayed Recall 3 0 NS Recognition 3 2 NS Frontal/Executive Function Contrasting Program 6 5 NS Go-No-Go 4 5 NS Fist-Edge-Palm (normal/abnormal) 4 1 NS Alternating Hand Movement 2 2 NS Alternating Square & Triangle 7 7 NS Luria Loop 6 8 NS Controlled Oral Word Association Test Animal 3 3 NS Supermarket 2 1 NS Phonemic fluency 2 1 NS All Data were represented by the number of patients with abnormal score. p values are calculated by chi-squire test. NS indicated non significant at p<0.05. 가 MRA가정상인환자들보다유의하게많았다 (MRA 이상군나이 : 70.8±5.3세, MRA 정상군나이 : 65.1±5.4세 ). 그외고혈압, 당뇨병, 고지혈증, 심장질환, 흡연의병력등은양군간에유의한차이가없었다 (Table. 1). 3. 신경심리검사 SVD 환자들중, MRA에서협착성병변을보인군과정상인군간에인지기능의차이가있는지알아보기위해두군의신경심리검사결과를나이, 연령및학력을보정한국내정상규준을적용한후비정상인환자수를제시하여비교, 분석하였다 (Table 2). 양군모두대부분의환자들에서주의집중력이저하되어있었고전두엽 / 집행기능과언어기능에장애를보였다. MRA가정상이었던 SVD 환자에서시공간능력을측정하는레이-복합도형의복사와언어적및비언어적기억력의즉각및지연회상항목이비정상이었던환자는한명도없었으나환자수가적어양군간에통계적유의성은없었다. 그외다른인지기능항목도 MRA의이상유무에따른유의한차이는보이지않았다 FDG-PET을이용한뇌포도당대사의 SPM 분석 21명의대상환자들중 MRA에서보이는혈관질환의유무에따라두군으로구분하고, 각각 20명의정상인 18 FDG-PET 영상과비교분석해보았다. 두군모두좌측하전두회 (Left inferior frontal gyrus) 에서정상인에비해감소된포도당대사를보였다. 그외에도 MRA에서협착성병변을동반한환자들은정상인에비해우측하전두회 (Right inferior frontal gyrus) 와우측중전두회 (Right middle frontal gyrus) 에서국소뇌대사의감소를보였고, 협착성병변이없었던환자들은좌측배내측시상핵 (Left dorsomedial thalamic nuclei) 에서도뇌대사의감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 3, Table 3). 그러나 21명의환자들을 MRA에서협착성병변이보였던군 (12명 ) 과정상이었던군 (9명) 으로나누어두집단간 SPM 분석을시행한경우, 양군간에국소포도당대사의유의한차이를보이는영역은전혀보이지않았다 (p<0.05, corrected, K>50; p<0.001, uncorrected, K>100; p<0.05, corrected, K>100) Table 3. Region, Brodmann areas and T-values of the significant clusters with decreased glucose metabolism in patients with subcortical vascular dementia compared with 20 normal controls from SPM (p<0.05, corrected, k=50) Region of decreased metabolism than normal contols Brodmann s cortical area Stereotatic coordinates (X, Y, Z) mm SVD with Left inferior frontal gyrus 47-48, 16, MRA abnormalities (N=12) Right inferior frontal gyrus 47 50, 20, Right middle frontal gyrus 6 32, 18, SVD without Left inferior frontal gyrus 47-44, 20, MRA abnormalities (N=9) Left dorsomedial thalamic Nucleus - -8, -16, T-value

6 34 유경호 이병철 마효일외 5 인 SPMmip [28, 24, 50] SPMmip [-44, 18, -12] SPM{T 30} SPM{T 28} SPMresults: VADAPET SPM\result nl-pt Height threshold T= 5.06 Extent threshold k= 50 voxels A SPMresults: VADAPET SPM\result nl-ct Height threshold T= 5.27 Extent threshold k= 50 voxels B Fig. 3. Statistical parametric mapping analysis of patients with subcortical vascular dementia (SVD). 3-way-glass brain view showed the region of hypometabolism in SVD patient with (A) and without steno-occlusive lesions (B) compared with 20 normal controls. 고찰뇌혈관의협착성병변은뇌허혈손상에의한뇌경색을초래함은물론, 뇌대사의변화로인해인지기능의장애를일으킬수있다 [13, 14]. 뇌관류변화에의한인지기능의장애는아직까지논란이있으나, 경동맥내막절제술전후의인지기능에관한연구에의하면대부분뇌관류의개선에따라인지기능도호전된다는보고가많다 [15]. 그러므로 SVD에서뇌혈관에협착- 폐쇄성병변이동반된경우환자의인지기능에영향을줄수있을것으로생각되나이에대한연구는미흡하다. 저자들은 SVD 환자의뇌혈관협착성병변의임상적의의를 MRA를이용해평가해보았다. 연구결과, 임상소견및신경심리검사, MRI 소견으로 SVD로진단한전체 21명중 12명인약 57% 환자에서협착성병변이동반됨을관찰할수있었다. MRA에서이상소견이있었던환자와정상이었던환자간의임상적특징을비교한결과, 나이를제외하고는다른혈관질환의위험요인이나신경심리검사소견및 18 FDG-PET의뇌대사에유의한차이를보이지않았다. 그러므로 Erkinjuntti 등이제시한엄격한방사선학적진단기준을적용하여 SVD 환자를선택할경우, 동반되는뇌혈관병변에상관없이동질한임상적특성을가진환자군을선별하는데도움이될수있을것이라생각한다. 본연구에서는뇌혈관의협착성병변을동반한환자군과정상인환자군간의임상적차이를알아보기위해모든환자에서광범위한신경심리검사를시행하였고뇌대사의정량적평가를위해 18 FDG를이용한 PET을시행하였다. 아직까지본연구와같이 SVD 환자들을대상으로뇌혈관의협착성병변과인지기능 및 PET을통한뇌대사의정량적평가를체계적으로비교분석한연구는없었다. 1999년 Kwan 등 [20] 이피질하뇌경색환자를대상으로 PET을시행한연구는있었으나인지기능의평가와치매의분류, PET 데이터의분석이미흡하였고, 동반되는뇌혈관질환에관한고려는분석대상에포함되지못하였다. 특히본연구에서는 PET 데이터를 statistical parametric mapping 기법을이용해분석함으로 region-of interest를이용한단순비교분석이가지고있는통계적오류와제한점을극복하여좀더객관화된분석이가능하였다 [21]. 혈관성치매환자들의국소뇌혈류나포도당대사에관한기능적신경방사선연구는최근많이수행되어왔고, Kwan 등 [20] 의연구에서는배외전전두엽 (dorsolateral prefrontal lobe) 부위의국소포도당대사저하가피질하뇌경색환자의인지기능의저하와관련이있다고보고한바있다. 본연구에서는뇌혈관의협착성병변유무에따라 21명의환자들을구분하여정상인 20 명과대뇌포도당대사를비교한결과, 양군모두좌측하전두회 (Left inferior frontal gyrus) 에서국소포도당대사의감소가관찰되었다. 그러나두군을직접비교한결과통계적으로유의한포도당대사의차이를보이는영역은관찰되지않았다. 이는대상환자들의신경심리학적검사의소견에서도같은결과를보임으로서기능적뇌영상소견과신경심리학적소견이밀접한연관성이있다는기존의보고들과같은결과를확인할수있었다 [5, 20, 22]. SVD 환자에서뇌혈관의협착-폐쇄성병변이비교적흔하게관찰되는이유는 SVD의임상적특성상대부분고령이고, 고혈압및당뇨등혈관성위험요인질환의유병률이높은것도한

7 피질하혈관성치매환자의협착성뇌혈관병변 35 원인일수있다. 본연구에서도고혈압과당뇨가각각전체대상환자의 76.2% 와 23.8% 를차지하였다. 그러나 MRA에서뇌혈관의협착성병변이있었던환자와정상이었던환자간에위험인자질환분포의통계적유의성은없었다. 다만나이의경우는뇌혈관의협착성질환을보였던환자에서좀더많았다 (p=0.04). 뇌혈관의협착성병변은대부분두개내윌리씨환 (Willi s circle) 주변부의큰동맥에서관찰되었고일부환자에서다발성의병변을보이기도하였다. 그러나두개외내경동맥이나척추동맥에병변을동반한환자는 21명의대상환자들중한명도없었다. 병변의협착정도를평가해보면모두경도의협착을보였고, 중증도이상의심한협착이나완전폐쇄를보였던환자는없었다. 이와같이두개외동맥의병변이나동맥의완전폐쇄를보인환자가한명도없었던것은본연구의전체대상환자수가적었던것이주요한원인으로생각된다. 그러나한편으로본연구의대상선정기준이었던 Erkinjuntti 등의엄격한방사선진단기준을적용할경우, 근위부동맥의심한협착성병변을동반한환자가처음부터제외되었을수도있다고생각된다. Erkinjuntti 등의 SVD의방사선학적기준을살펴보면, 피질또는피질하의비열공성영역형 (non-lacunar, territorial) 뇌경색이나경계대 (watershed) 뇌경색이의심되는경우는 SVD에서제외하도록하였다. 즉, 피질하에국한된뇌경색병변이라도근위부중뇌동맥같은큰혈관의협착에의한비열공성의뇌경색이나근위부내경동맥의심한협착에의한대뇌피질부위의경계대뇌경색을동반한환자를제외할경우, 뇌혈관조영소견에대한구체적제외기준을제시하지않더라도자연히큰뇌혈관의협착-폐쇄성병변을가진 SVD 환자들이제외될수있을것이다. 본연구는모든대상환자에게 18 FDG-PET과심도있는신경심리검사를시행했음에도불구하고몇가지제한점을가지고있다. 첫째, 대상환자가 55세이상 75세미만이고, K-MMSE 점수가 10-24점사이면서병원을직접내원할수있는 SVD 환자들로국한되어있다. 따라서본연구대상환자들이 SVD 질환의특성을완전히대변할수없음으로 60% 에육박하는뇌혈관의협착성병변의유병률을해석함에유의해야할것이다. 둘째, 뇌혈관의협착-폐쇄성병변을평가함에있어 MRA를이용하였으므로일반혈관조영술에비해병변의판별력이낮을수밖에없고머리의움직임등에의한인공물의가능성이협착병변의평가에제한점으로작용하였을수있다. 실제 33명의 SVD 환자에서 MRA를시행하였음에도불구하고 12명환자들의 MRA 영상은판정하기에부적합하여제외되었다. 그러나최근 MR 영상기법의발전으로협착성병변의 MRA의민감도, 특이도가 93-98% 까지보고되고있음으로 [23] 본연구의영상분석에심각한오류가있지는않을것으로생각한다. 끝으로대상환자수가적어뇌혈관병변을충분히설명하지못했을수있다. 앞서언급한바와같이완전폐쇄병변이나두개외내경동맥에협착성병변을보인환자가한명도없었던것은이러한제한점을시사하는소견일수있다. 본연구결과, 저자들은피질하혈관성치매환자에서동반되는뇌혈관의협착성병변은혈관성치매의임상적특성, 신경심리학적소견및뇌의포도당대사에영향을미치지않음을알수있었다. 그러므로, Erkinjuntti 등이제시한엄격한 SVD의방사선학적진단기준을적용할경우비교적동질한집단의혈관성치매환자들을선별할수있을것으로생각한다. APPENDIX The followings participated in the VADAPET: Kyung-Ho Yu, M.D., Byung-Chul Lee, M.D., Jee-Hyang Jeong, M.D. 1, Duk L. Na, M.D. 2, Yeonwook Kang, Ph.D. 3, Hee-Joon Bae, M.D. 4, Sang-Yun Kim, M.D. 5, Jae-Hong Lee, M.D. 6, Kyoung-Gyu Choi, M.D. 1, Dong-Won Yang, M.D. 7, Eui-Ju Son, M.D. 8, Sang-Do Yi, M.D. 9, Jae-Woo Kim, M.D. 10, Kyung Won Park, M.D. 10, Eung-Gyu Kim, M.D. 11, Mee- Young Park, M.D. 12, Il-Woo Han, M.D. 13, Dong-Seok Hahm, M.D. 13, Mun-Seong Choi, M.D. 14, Choong-Kun Ha, M.D. 15, Seong-Hye Choi, M.D. 15, Ae-Young Lee, M.D. 16, Seol-Heui Han, M.D. 17 Department of Neurology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Mokdong Hospital 1, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine 2, Department of Psychology, Hallym University 3, Eulji University School of Medicine 4, Seoul National University School of Medicine 5, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine 6, Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine 7, Sangmoo Hospital 8, Keimyung University School of Medicine 9, Dong-A University College of Medicine 10, Pusan Paik Hospital, Inje University 11, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University 12, Yongin Hyoja Geriatric Hospital 13, Maryknoll General Hospital 14, College of Medicine, Inha University 15, Chungnam National University College of Medicine 16, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine 17, Korea. 참고문헌 1. Roman GC. From UBOs to binswanger s disease: impact of magnetic resonance imaging on vascular dementia research. Stroke 1996; 27: Mantyla R, Aronen HJ, Salonen O, Pohjasvaara T, Korpelainen M, Peltonen TB, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging white matter hyperintensities and mechanism of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: Erkinjuntti T, Inzitari D, Pantoni L, Wallin A, Sheltens P, Rockwood

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