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1 pissn / eissn J. Food Hyg. Saf. Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 118~123 (2018) Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety Available online at LC-MS/MS 를이용한수산물중니트로빈의정량분석법개발및검증 김주혜 신다솜 강희승 * 정지윤 이규식 식품의약품안전처식품의약품안전평가원식품위해평가부잔류물질과 Determination of Nitrovin in Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry Joohye Kim, Dasom Shin, Hui-Seung Kang*, Jiyoon Jeong, and Gyu-Seek Rhee Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food & Drug Safety Evaluation, Cheongju, Korea (Received October 19, 2017/Revised November 8, 2017/Accepted February 22, 2018) ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to develop a sensitive method for the identification and determination of nitrovin in fishery products by using a solid-phase extraction (SPE), as performed with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The samples were extracted with a mixture of acetonitrile and water, and were then defatted with acetonitrile saturated hexane, after which further clean-up was accomplished with SPE on the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridges. The analytes were subsequently ionized in the positive mode of an electrospray ionization (ESI), and where thereby detected in a process of multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The linearity (expressed as correlation coefficients) of the matrix calibration curves was > The limit of the quantification for the nitrovin was measured at mg/kg. The accuracy (expressed as average recovery) was noted between 72.1 and 122%. The precision (expressed as coefficient variation) was noted from 2.9 to 16.9%. According to the CODEX CAC/GL-71 guideline accuracy, precision, linearity, and limit of detection were determined in three matrices (which were flatfish, eel and shrimp). The proposed method was suitable for analyzing the associated nitrovin residues. This application and result can also be a factor to contribute to the non-detection drugs management in fishery products. Key words : Nitrovin, Nitrofuran, Analytical method, Fishery product, LC-MS/MS 니트로빈 (nitrovin) 은주로동물의사료에혼합되어가축의성장촉진제로사용되며 1), 니트로푸란 (nitrofuran) 계약물로서가축과수산물의감염성질환을통제및예방하기위해사용되었던동물용의약품이다 2). 하지만니트로푸란계약물과그대사체의유전자변이와암유발가능성이보고되고있어대부분의국가에서는식품원료로사용되는동물에게사용을금지하고있다 2-3). 니트로빈도다른니트로푸란계약물과마찬가지로발암성질및쥐티푸스균 (Salmonella typhimurium) 에서유전성변이를일으키는것이밝혀졌다 4-5). 이로인해유럽과중국을포함하는많은나라에서는니트로빈을금지약물로관리하고있다 2,6). 우 *Correspondence to: Hui-Seung Kang, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug Residues Division, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation #187 Osongsaengmyeong 2ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28159, Korea Tel: , Fax: hskang1235@korea.kr 리나라는식약처에서니트로빈을모든축 수산물에대해서사용금지동물용의약품로정의하고사료내에서검출되지않도록규제하고있으며, 잔류허용기준 (MRL) 도불검출물질로관리하고있다. 그럼에도불구하고 2016년식품의약품안전처보도에따르면수입 흰다리새우 에서니트로푸란계대사물질이검출되어당해제품을회수조치내린바있다 7). 여전히베트남, 태국, 인도등에서니트로푸란계물질이효과대비상대적으로싼가격을이유로사용되고있다 8-9). 우리나라식품공전에서니트로빈분석은디클로로메탄, 메탄올및암모니아수혼합액으로추출하여감압농축한후헥산을이용하여지방을제거하고이를멤브레인필터 (membrane filter) 로여과하여액체크로마토그래프-자외선흡광검출기 (liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detector, HPLC- UVD) 를사용하여분석하였으며, 정량한계 (limit of quantification, LOQ) 는 0.05 mg/kg으로제시하고있다. 그러나그정량한계는허용물질목록관리제도 (Positive List System) 의 118

2 Determination of Nitrovin in Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry 119 일률기준치인 0.01 mg/kg을초과하여국제적인수준에미치지못하였으며 10), 식품공전에등재되어있는니트로빈의시험법이실험실간재현성이낮아시험법개선이필요하였다. 니트로빈은다른니트로푸란계약물과달리구조적으로안정하다. 니트로푸란계약물이보통푸란링에형성된 C=N 결합이체내에서결합이깨져대사체를만들기쉬운것과달리니트로빈은같은자리에 C=C 결합을가지고있어상대적으로안정하고그결합이쉽게깨지지않는다. 그렇기때문에니트로빈은동물의체내에서대사되기어렵고원물질로배출되거나축적된다. Yan 등 6) 연구에따르면니트로빈이첨가된사료를 7일간먹여사육된가금류에서니트로빈의잔류농도변화를측정해본결과, 다른니트로푸란계약물의원물질이수시간내에체내에서대사되어사라지는것과달리니트로빈은약물처치후 21 일이후까지모든검체에서원물질이검출되었다. 이연구결과는주입된대부분의니트로빈이체내에서대사되지않고원물질의형태로잔류하는것을보여준다. 본연구에서는니트로빈원물질을분석표적물질로정의하고분석을수행하였으며, 수산물에대한니트로빈의시험법을수정하고고감도및정량 정성분석이가능한액체크로마토그래프-질량분석기 (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS) 를적용하여니트로빈의안전관리를위하여적합한분석법을제시하고자하였다. Materials and Methods 시약및재료니트로빈 (Nitrovin hydrochloride, 98.5%) 표준품은 Dr. Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Augsburg, Bayern, Germany) 로부터구입하였다 (Table 1). 전처리시약으로사용된아세토니트릴 (acetonitrile), 헥산 (n-hexane) 등은 Merck (Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany) 에서 HPLC 등급으로구입하였으며, 개미산 (formic acid, 95%), 디메틸술폭시드 (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO, 99.9%), octadecysilane (C 18 ), primary secondary amine (PSA) 등그이외의분석용시약및용매는 Sigma- Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA), Waters (Milford, MA, USA) 및 Agilent Technologies (Santa Clara, CA, USA) 에서구입한특급또는분석용을사용하였다. 추출에는교반진탕장비 (MMV-1000W, Eyela, Tokyo, Japan) 를사용하였고, 고상추출 (solid phase extraction, SPE) 카트리지 (cartridge) 는 hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB, 6 ml, 200 mg) 로 Waters (Milford, MA, USA) 에서구입하여, 활성화과정을거쳐추출물을흡착시킨후용출하는과정에사용하였다. 시험용액여과용필터 polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) syringe filter는 Teknokroma (Sant Cugat Del Valles, Barcelona, Spain) 에서구입하여사용하였다. 시험용공시료는시중에 Table 1. Molecular structure and properties of nitrovin Property Content 2-[[(1E,4E)-1,5-bis(5-nitrofuran-2-yl) IUPAC name penta-1,4-dien-3-ylidene]amino]guanidine CAS No Class Antibiotics, nitrofurans Molecular formula C 14 H 12 N 6 O 6 Molecular weight mol/l Boiling point 420 o C Vapor pressure 1.43E-10 mmhg (at 25 o C) Log P ow Solubility Structure Ethanol, DMSO, Dimethyl formamide, Pyridine and other organic solvents but hardly soluble in water and ether 서유통되고있는넙치, 장어및새우를대상으로껍질, 내장을제거한부위 ( 근육 ) 만을분쇄하여균질화하고, 공시료 (blank) 시험을거쳐니트로빈이잔류되어있지않음을확인한후사용하였다. 균질화한시료는분석전까지냉동고 ( 20 o C) 에보관하였다. 표준원액및표준용액의조제니트로빈표준품 11.2 mg을저울로정밀히달아 100 ml 볼륨플라스크에메탄올로정용하여, 100 mg/l이되도록표준원액을조제하였다. 이를 0.1% 개미산수용액함유아세토니트릴로단계적으로적당한농도가되게희석하여표준용액으로각각준비하였다. 수산물시료의간섭효과 (matrix effect) 를고려하여 matrix matched calibration을적용하였으며, 각수산물시료에각각에해당하는표준용액 200 μl를첨가하여시료전처리과정과동일하게처리하여 matrix matched standard로준비하였다. 표준원액 (stock solution) 은갈색유리병에담아 4 o C 냉장실에보관하고, 표준용액 (working solution) 은실험직전에표준원액을희석하여사용하였다. 추출및정제각각의시료를균질화하여 2g을정밀히달아 50 ml 원심분리관에취하고아세토니트릴 / 물 (4/1, v/v) 5 ml를가하여 5분간진탕하였다. 4,700 g, 4 o C에서 10분간원심분리하여상등액을다른 50 ml 원심분리관에따로취하였다. 하층액은위의추출과정을한번더진행하여앞의상등액과합하였다. 추출한용액에아세토니트릴포화헥산

3 120 Joohye Kim, Dasom Shin, Hui-Seung Kang, Jiyoon Jeong, and Gyu-Seek Rhee Table 3. LC-MS/MS parameter for the analysis of nitrovin Parameter LC system Condition Waters, UPLC Column Waters X-SELECT C 18 (2.1 mm i.d. 150 mm, 3.5 µm) Column temp. 40 o C Injection vol. 5 µl Flow rate 0.3 ml/min. Mobile phase A = 0.1% formic acid in water B = 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile Fig. 1. Analytical procedure for nitrovin in samples. Gradient Mass spectrometry Ionization mode Capillary temp. Spray voltage Collision gas Time (min) Mobile phase A(%) B(%) Waters, US/Xevo TQ-S ESI (positive) 500 o C 3.8 kv Ar 10 ml를넣어 5분간진탕한후, 4,700 g, 4 o C에서 10분간원심분리하여상층액을버리고하층액을취하여추출액으로하였다. HLB 카트리지는미리메탄올 5mL, 증류수 5mL를순차적으로넣어활성화시켰다. 활성화된카트리지에추출액의 5mL를흡착시키고, 메탄올 / 물 (1/4, v/v) 5mL를넣어세척한후, 감압하여건조시켰다. 흡착된물질은 DMSO/ 메탄올 (1/99, v/v) 4 ml로용출시키고, 용출액은 40 o C 수욕상에서질소하에농축시켰다. 0.1% 개미산수용액 / 아세토니트릴 (3/7, v/v) 1 ml로재용해하고 0.2 μm PVDF로여과하여시험용액으로사용하였다 (Fig. 1). 기기분석조건니트로빈분석을위하여 LC-MS/MS (US/Xevo TQ-S, Waters, Milford, USA) 와역상컬럼인 X-SELECT C 18 ( mm, 3.5 μm, Dublin, Ireland) 를사용하였으며, 컬럼온도는 40 o C를유지하였다. 이동상은 0.1% 개미산수용액과 0.1% 개미산이함유된아세토니트릴을선택하여최적화된기울기용리방식을적용하고, 유속은 0.3 ml/min, 주입량은 5μL로하였다. 질량분석기조건확립을위해서니트로빈표준용액 (0.5 mg/l) 을사용하여컬럼을통과하지않고질량분석기로직접주입하여분석하였다. 대상성분의이온화는전기분무이온화 (electrospray ionization, ESI) 법의 positive-ion mode를사용하여물질의선구이온 (precursor ion) 을선택하였고, 충돌에너지 (collision energy) 를조절하여생성이온 (product ion) 을생성한후정량이온 (Quantification ion) 및정성이온 (Qualification ion) 을결정하는 multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) 조건을확립하였다 (Table 2). 최적화된 LC-MS/MS 분석조건은 Table 3과같다. Table 2. Retention time and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) parameters for nitrovin Compound Retention time (min) Exact mass (m/z) Precursor ion (m/z) Product ion (m/z) Collision energy (ev) Nitrovin *Quantification ion 222.2*

4 Determination of Nitrovin in Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry 121 분석법검증확립된시험법은 CODEX CAC/GL-71 가이드라인 11) 에따라서정확성 (recovery), 정밀성 (coefficient variation, CV), 직선성 (linearity), 검출한계 (limit of detection, LOD), 정량한계 (LOQ) 에대해유효성을검증하였다. 니트로빈시험법은용매추출후에 HLB 카트리지에적용시켜간섭물질을제거한뒤, LC-MS/MS 로분석한다. 검출한계는각신호대잡음비 (signal to noise ratio, S/N ratio) 3배이상인농도로계산하였으며, 정량한계는 S/N ratio가 10배이상인농도로하였다. 이에따라수산물에대한니트로빈의정량한계를 mg/kg으로설정하고표준시료는정량한계 농도의 1, 2, 5, 10, 15 및 20배가되도록하여시료전처리과정과동일하게진행하였다. 표준시료의시험용액을 LC-MS/MS에주입하여얻어진피크면적으로검량곡선을작성하고, 검량선의상관계수 (coefficient of correlation, r 2 ) 를구하였다. 정확성과정밀성은공시료에 mg/kg을기준으로 1, 2 및 10배농도가되도록표준용액을첨가한후, 회수율과변동계수 (CV) 를측정하였으며, 각 5반복실험을통하여평가하였다. Results and Discussion 분석법선정및조건확립니트로빈분석에대한선행연구에서는주로 HPLC와 LC-MS를사용하여니트로빈을분석하였다 12,13,14). HPLC로분석한연구의경우, 검출한계 5 mg/kg으로분석하여회수율 66%, 상대표준편차 6.7% 를보였으며 13), LC-MS로분석한연구에서는검출한계 0.05 mg/kg, 정량한계 0.2 mg/ kg으로 14) 불검출물질인니트로빈을분석하기에는상대적으로낮은감도를보였다. 이에따라니트로빈의기기분석에대한감도와선택성을고려하여고감도및정량 정성분석이가능한 LC-MS/MS를선택하였다. 분석용칼럼은니트로빈의 Log P ow 값이 로비극성물질이므로비극성물질에서극성물질까지폭넓게분리가능한 C 18 칼럼을선택하였다. 이동상은 0.1% 개미산수용액과 0.1% 개미산함유아세토니트릴로기울기용리방식을적용하고, 개미산으로니트로빈의이온화를조절하여머무름시간을조정하였다. MRM 조건은표준용액 (0.05 mg/l) 을질량검출기에직접주입하여 cone voltage (10-50 V) 조절을통해 30 V에서최대강도를나타내는것을확인하였다. 선구이온은 full scan mode에서질량스펙트럼을확인하여니트로빈의질량값 (exact mass, M) 에양성자 (H + ) 가결합된형태인 [M+H] + 의 m/z 361으로확인하였다. 또한, MS/ MS 분석시 collision energy의변화에따른 peak 강도를확인하여최적화과정을거쳐 3개이상의생성이온을확인하였다. 가장좋은감도를보이는생성이온을정량이온 으로, 다음으로크게검출되는두개의생성이온을정성이온으로설정하였다. 추출및정제조건확립선행연구들에따르면니트로빈은아세토니트릴, 암모니아수를함유한아세토니트릴, DMSO를함유한아세토니트릴등유기용매에서높은용해도를보였다 12,13,14). 이를바탕으로추출용매에따른회수율을비교하여추출용매를결정하고자하였다. 동일한정제조건하에서 0.5% 암모니아를함유하는아세토니트릴로추출시에회수율은표준용액과비교하여보았을때 0.36% 로아세토니트릴 / 물 (4/ 1, v/v) 을사용한시험용액의회수율인 5.86% 보다낮게나타났다. 간섭물질을제거하기위한정제방법은 SPE와 d-spe (dispersive solid-phase extraction) 로나누어실시하 였다. Wang 등 12) 연구에따르면 HLB와 MAX (mixed-mode anion exchanger column) 및 MCX (mixed-mode cation exchanger column) 카트리지를니트로빈대하여사용하였을때, HLB 카트리지는 95% 이상의회수율을보였고 MAX와 MCX 카트리지는이에미치지못하였다. 이를통해정제과정에서사용된 SPE는역상카트리지로보편적으로사용되는친수성및친유성기를둘다가진혼성중합체인 HLB 카트리지를선택하였다. d-spe는 C 18 과 PSA 를선정하여두정제과정의분석감도를비교하였다. 또한, 용리양과재용해용매에따른회수율차이를비교하고, 추출및정제조건을최적화하기위해각그룹으로나누어서 2반복실험을진행하였다. 실험결과전처리과정중재용해용매에아세토니트릴이포함되지않은분석시료에서는물에대한니트로빈의낮은용해도로인해회수율이 0 이하로나타나분석이불가하였다. 용리양을달리한경우회수율에큰차이를나타내지않지만 DMSO/ 메탄올 (1/99, v/v) 4 ml를사용한분석시료에서상대적으로높게나타났다. 동일한추출용매에서 SPE와 d-spe로각각정제한시료를분석한결과는 d-spe를적용한분석시료가감도대비 SPE 시료보다 S/N ratio가더낮게나타나저농도분석에는 SPE를적용할경우정제효과가더클것이라판단되었다. 이러한결과를토대로추출용매는아세토니트릴 / 물 (4/1, v/v) 를선정하였고, HLB 카트리지를사용하여정제과정을거쳐 0.1% 개미산수용액 / 아세토니트릴 (v/v) 로재용해하는실험방법을채택하였다. 또한, 세부적으로는카트리지흡착양, 카트리지세척용매의유기용매비율을조정하여최적의정제조건을찾고자하였다. 흡착시키는양은 HLB 카트리지의용량을고려하여흡착양 10 ml와 5mL를비교해보았을때, 5 ml가더적합하였다. 카트리지세척용매는유기용매인메탄올이포함된것의결과값이더유의하며메탄올의비율 (10% 와 20%) 은큰차이를나타내지않았다.

5 122 Joohye Kim, Dasom Shin, Hui-Seung Kang, Jiyoon Jeong, and Gyu-Seek Rhee 수있었다. 정량한계는크로마토그램상에서 S/N ratio를 10배이상으로하여 mg/kg으로나타났고, 검량곡선은정량한계를포함한 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20배가되도록제조한표준시료의시험용액을분석하여얻은면적으로작성하였다. 상관계수가 이상으로 CODEX가이드라인에서제안하는 r 와비교해도매우만족할만한수준이었다. 본시험법의정확성을평가하기위하여넙치, 장어및새우의처리농도를정량한계의 1, 2 및 10배농도가되도록표준용액을첨가하여회수율실험을 5회반복으로수행하여정확성과정밀성을평가하였다. 그결과넙치, 장어및새우시료에대한니트로빈의평균회수율과변동계수는 CODEX가이드라인에부합하는수준인 72.1~122%, 2.9~16.9% 로확인되었으며, 잔류동물용의약품시험법으로서적합한수준의검증결과를얻었다 (Table 4). 시험법검증과정에서실제수산물에니트로빈을투약하여적용성을검토하여야하는것이가장좋은검증방법이지만현실적으로적용이어려운경우가많기때문에본시험법의검증은대표공시료 ( 넙치, 장어, 새우 ) 에분석물질을주입하여잔류량을측정하는방법으로검증하였다 15). 본연구를통해개발된시험법은수산물중니트로빈잔류검사및모니터링에활용가능할것으로보인다. Acknowledgement Fig. 2. LC-MS/MS chromatogram of nitrovin in flatfish, eel, shrimp samples: Chromatogram of nitrovin in standard at 0.01 mg/kg (a,b,c), blank flatfish (a-1) and fortified flatfish sample at 0.01 mg/kg (a-2). Chromatogram of blank eel (b-1) and fortified eel sample at 0.01 mg/kg (b-2). Chromatogram of blank shrimp (c-1) and fortified shrimp sample at 0.01 mg/kg (c-2). 분석법검증니트로빈분석법의선택성 (selectivity), 특이성 (specificity), 직선성 (linearity) 을검증하기위해넙치, 장어및새우의무처리시료, 표준용액, 표준용액을첨가한표준시료의크로마토그램을서로비교하였다 (Fig. 2). 그결과, 무처리시료중니트로빈과같은머무름시간을갖는어떤방해물질도검출되지않았다. 따라서, 니트로빈을분석하기위한본시험법이높은분리능과선택성을가짐을확인할 본연구는식품의약품안전처연구개발과제 (17161MFDS651) 에의해수행되었으며, 이에감사드립니다. 국문요약 본연구에서는우리나라식품공전에서불검출물질로관리하고있는니트로빈 (nitrovin) 에대해고감도정량 정성분석이가능한 LC-MS/MS를적용하여적합한분석법을제시하고자하였다. 수산물시료는아세토니트릴 / 물로추출하고아세토니트릴포화헥산으로지방을제거하여고상추출카트리지를적용하여정제하였다. 분석물질은전기분무이온화방법의 positive mode에서이온화하여 MRM 조건을확립하여분석하였다. 개선된시험법은 CODEX CAC/GL-71 가이드라인에따라서정확성, 정밀성, 직선성, 정량한계에대한검증을통하여유효성을확인하였다. 본 Table 4. Validation results for the analytical method of nitrovin in flatfish, eel, and shrimp (n = 5) Target concentration Flatfish Eel Shrimp (mg/kg) Recovery (%) CV (%) Recovery (%) CV (%) Recovery (%) CV (%)

6 Determination of Nitrovin in Fishery Products by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry 123 실험에서의정량한계는 mg/kg 수준이며, 정량한계를포함하는표준시료에서얻어진검량선의상관계수 (r 2 ) 는 이상으로시험법의직선성이유효함을판단할수있었다. 또한, 수산물 ( 넙치, 장어및새우 ) 시료에대한니트로빈의평균회수율과변동계수는 72.1~122%, 2.9~16.9% 로확인되어정확성및정밀성이 CODEX가이드라인에부합하였다. 따라서, 개선된니트로빈정량분석법은수산물중니트로빈을분석하는데적합하며, 니트로빈에대한지속적인잔류실태조사에활용되어수산물중니트로빈의 안전관리에기여할것으로판단된다. References 1. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety), Analysis Practice Reference of Veterinary drug Residue (2014). 2. Tao, Y., Yu, H., Chen, D., Liu, Z.Y., Yang, D., Pan, Y., Wang.: Determination of sodium nifurstyrenate and nitrovin residues in edible food by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after ultrasound-assisted extraction. J. Chromatogr. B., 878, (2010). 3. Vass, M., Hruska, K., Franek, M.: Nitrofuran antibiotics: a review on the application, prohibition and residual analysis. Vet Med Czech., 53, (2008). 4. Joner, P.E., Dahle, H.K., Aune, T., Dybing, E.: Mutagenicity of nitrovin-a nitrofuran feed additive. Mutat. Res., 48, (1997). 5. Miertus, S., Svore, J., Sturdik, E., Vojtekova, H.: Use of specific bacteria for the determination of mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds. Anal. Chem., 59, (1987). 6. Yan, X.D., Zhang, L.J., Wang, J.P.: Residue depletion of nitrovin in chicken after oral administration. J. Agric. Food Chem., 59, (2011). 7. MFDS (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety), Available from: Accessed ( ). 8. Kaufmann, A., Butcher, P., Maden, K., Walker, S., Widmer, M.: Determination of nitrofuran and chloramphenicol residues by high resolution mass spectrometry versus tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta., 862, (2015). 9. RASFF (The Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed), Available from: Accessed ( ). 10. Cho, H.R., Park, J.S, Kim, J.H., Han, S.B., Choi, Y.S.: Multiresidue method for the quantitation of 20 pesticides in aquatic products. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 407, (2015). 11. CODEX Alimentarius Commission. Guidelines for the design and implementation of national regulatory food safety assurance programme associated with the use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals, CAC/GL-71 (2009). 12. Wang, J.R., Zhang, L.Y.: Simultaneous determination and identification of furazolidone, furaltadone, nitrofurazone, and nitrovin in feeds by HPLC and LC-MS. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 29, (2006). 13. Lin, S.Y., Jeng, S.L.: High-Performance liquid chromatographic determination of carbadox, olaquindox, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and nitrovin in feed. J. Food prot., 64, (2001). 14. Wang, J., Fu, Z., Wang, J.: Improving the determination of nitrovin in feeds by reversed-phase LC with SPE. J. Chroma., 70, (2009). 15. Shin, D.S., Kang, H.S., Jeong, J.Y., Kim, J.H., Choe, W.J., Lee, G.S., Rhee, G.S.: Multi-residue determination of veterinary drugs in fishery products using liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry. Food Anal Methods., 1-17 (2018).

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