07-황창주
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1 대한척추외과학회지제 15 권제 1 호 Journal of Korean Spine Surg. Vol. 15, No. 1, pp 44~53, 2008 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주 이성우 안영준 # 김영태 이동호 이춘성 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원정형외과학교실, 국립경찰병원정형외과 # Risk Factors for Adjacent Segment Disease After Lumbar Fusion Changju Hwang, M.D., Sung-Woo Lee, M.D., Young-Joon Ahn, M.D. #, Yung-Tae Kim, M.D., Dong-Ho Lee, M.D. and Choon-Sung Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Seoul, Korea National Police Hospital, Seoul, Korea # Abstract Study Design: Retrospective study of adjacent segment disease. Objectives: To describe the incidence and clinical features of adjacent segment disease (ASD) after lumbar fusion and to determine its risk factors. Summary of Literature Review: The reported incidence of adjacent segment problems is variable, and little has been discussed about surgically treated cases. Risk factors also have not been precisely identified, especially based on structural changes seen on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: We analyzed the records of 1,124 patients who underwent lumbar or lumbosacral instrumented fusions between August 1995 and March 2006 and had at least one year follow-up. Of these patients, 28 patients who needed secondary operations because of ASD were included in this study. The disease group was compared with an age-, sex-, fusion level-, and follow-up period-matched control group composed of the same number of patients, toward the purpose of analyzing six variables as risk factors. Results: The incidence of ASD requiring surgical treatment was 2.48%. The mean patient age was 58.4 years, which showed no statistically significant difference from that of the population in which ASD did not develop (57.0 years, p=0.429). Only 1 distal ASD occurred among 21 floating fusions. Facet degeneration was a significant risk factor (p 0.01) on logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: Our study patients with ASD complained of severe symptoms with frequent neurological abnormalities. The incidence of distal ASD was much lower than that of proximal ASD. Pre-existing facet degeneration may confer a high risk of adjacent segment problems after lumbar fusion procedures. Key Words: Adjacent segment, Degeneration, Lumbar fusion, Risk factor Address reprint requests to Choon-Sung Lee, M.D. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan, College of Medicine Poongnap-dong, Songpa-gu , Seoul, Korea Tel: , Fax: , cslee@amc.seoul.kr
2 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주외 서 론 최근척추수술시분절의운동성을보존하고자하는노력이증가하고있으나, 여전히유합술은척추기형, 외상, 퇴행성질환등의수술적치료에있어서표준적인방법으로자리잡고있다. 기기술및골이식재료의비약적인발전에힘입어유합율및임상적결과또한향상되었으나, 여러가지합병증및그에따른문제점들이보고된바있으며, 그중근래에이르러많은주목을받고있는것이바로인접분절질환 (adjacent segment disease) 이다. 이는성공적인유합술후상하인접분절에비정상적인부하가집중되고가동성이증가하여발생하는것으로설명되고있지만 1,2,3,4,5,6,7), 아직이것이정상적인퇴행과정의일부인지아니면유합술의합병증인지조차명확하지않으며, 정확한발생빈도및위험인자에대해서도논란이많다. 유합술이많이시행될수록인접분절질환에대한수술적치료또한증가할것은자명하나, 이에대한보고는아직까지활발히이루어지지않고있다 8,9,10,11,12,13). 저자들은지난 11 년간의경험을바탕으로인접분절질환의발생빈도및임상양상을기술하고, 대조군과의비교를통해요천추단순방사선사진및자기공명영상 (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) 에서의위험인자를찾고자하였다. 연구대상및방법 1995 년 8 월부터 2006 년 3 월까지시행한요추또는요천추유합술중 1 년이상추시가가능하였던 1129 례를모집단으로하였으며, 이중인접분절질환이발생하여재수술이필요하였던 28 례를대상으로하여임상양상을분석하였다. 최초유합술당시의연령이 15 세이하인 경우, 기기를사용하지않은유합술, 유합을얻지못한경우등은제외하였으며, 진단및유합방법에는제한을두지않았다. 재수술을시행한모든환자에서최초수술후최소 6 개월이상증상의호전이있었으며, 새롭게발생한증상이방사선학적검사상관찰되는인접분절의병변과합당하였다. 모든환자의의무기록및방사선학적검사결과를검토하여환자의연령, 최초진단, 유합방법, 증상, 신경학적이상소견, 재수술까지의소요기간, 인접분절질환의양상, 재수술후환자의만족도등에대해분석하였다. 재수술의임상적결과는 Brodsky 의기준 14) 에따라우수 (excellent), 양호 (good), 보통 (fair), 불량 (poor) 으로분류하였다. 인접분절질환의위험인자를찾기위하여, 최초 MRI 를확인할수없었던 2 례를제외한 26 례를질병군으로, 모집단중에서성별, 연령, 유합부위, 추시기간이일치하도록선발된 26 례를대조군으로하여수술전인접분절에서 MRI 상추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화, 단순방사선사진상불안정성, 전위, 회전변형, 추간판의설상변형등의 6 가지변수에대해양군을비교분석하였다. 대조군은질병군의각각의증례와성별및유합부위가동일한환자들중연령차이가 5 세이내인환자를선발한후그중추시기간이가장근접하는환자로선택하였으며, 모든례에서대조군과질병군의추시기간의차이는 1 년이내였다. MRI 상추간판의퇴행성변화는 Pfirmann 등 15) 의방법을이용하여다섯개의등급으로 (Table 1), 후관절의퇴행성변화는 Weishaupt 등 16) 의방법을이용하여네개의등급으로나누었다 (Table 2). 저자들중두명의척추외과의가최초수술전 6 개월이내의요천추 MRI 에서추후근위또는원위인접분절의퇴행성변화가발생한분절의추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화를각각 2 회에걸쳐독립적으로측정한후그평균치를유의성검정에 Table 1. Classification of disc degeneration 15) Grade Structure Distinction of Nucleus and Annulus Signal Intensity Height of Intervertebral Disc Hyperintense, isointense to I Homogeneous, bright white Clear Normal cerebrospinal fluid II Inhomogeneous with or without Clear Hyperintense, isointense to Normal horizontal bands cerebrospinal fluid III Inhomogeneous, gray Unclear Intermediate Normal to slightly decreased Intermediate to Normal to moderately IV Inhomogeneous, gray to black Lost hypointense decreased V Inhomogeneous, black Lost Hypointense Collapsed disc space
3 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008 Table 2. Criteria for grading osteoarthritis of the facet joints 16) Grade Criteria 0 Normal facet joint space (2~4 mm width) Narrowing of the facet joint space (<2 mm) and/or small osteophytes and/or mild hypertrophy of the articular process Narrowing of the facet joint space and/or moderate osteophytes and/or moderate hypertrophy of the articular process and/or mild subarticular bone erosions Narrowing of the facet joint space and/or large osteophytes and/or severe hypertrophy of the articular process and/or severe subarticular bone erosions and/or subchondral cysts 사용하였다. 판독은각증례의모든임상적정보가차단된상태에서이루어졌다. 대조군에서도짝지어진질병군의각증례와동일한분절에대해추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화를측정하였고, 인접분절질환이두분절이상에걸쳐발생한경우에는유합범위와가장가까운한분절만을통계처리에포함하였다. 최초수술직전에촬영한요천추단순방사선사진에서의 4 가지변수역시 MRI 에서와같은분절에대해측정되었으며, 다음과같은기준을적용하였다 ; 1) 불안정성 (instability) : 굴곡 / 신전측면방사선사진에서굴곡및신전시 10 도이상의각변형이나 3 mm 이상의추체의전위를보이는경우, 2) 전위 (listhesis) : 기립전후면및측면방사선사진상전방, 후방, 또는측방전위가뚜렷한경우, 3) 회전변형 (rotational deformity) : 기립전후면방사선사진에서 Perdriolle 의방법 17) 으로상하척추의회전각을측정하여그차이가 5 도이상인경우, 4) 추간판의설상변형 (disc wedging); 기립전후면방사선사진에서상부척추체의하부종판과하부척추체의상부종판이이루는각이 5 도이상인경우. MRI 의판독에있어서검사자간및검사자내신뢰도 (interobserver and intraobserver reliability) 는카파통계 (kappa statistics) 를이용하여평가하였으며, 각위험인자의유의성검정은로지스틱회귀분석 (logistic regression analysis) 을적용하였는데, 유의수준이 0.25 이상인변수들을모형에서제거하는후진제거법 (backward elimination) 을시행하였다. 교차비 (odds ratio) 의신뢰구간은 95% 였다. 방사선사진상의 4 가지범주형변수 (categorical variable) 에대해서는 Fisher 정확검정 (Fisher s exact test) 도시행하였다. 질병군과대조군의최초수술시평균연령을비교하기위하여 Student t 검정을사용하였다. 결 과 1. 발생률및연령 1129 례의요추또는요천추유합술후 28 례에서인접분절질환에대한재수술을시행하여, 수술적치료를요하는인접분절질환의발생률은 2.48% 였다. 질병군의최초수술시평균연령은 58.4 세 (46~76 세 ) 로서모집단중인접분절질환이발생하지않은환자들의수술시평균연령 (57.0 세 ) 과유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.429). 최초유합술로부터재수술까지평균 52.3 개월 (9~125 개월 ) 이소요되었으며, 정량적인측정은하지못하였으나전반적으로요통및하지방사통이심한편이었다. 2. 진단및임상적결과 최초진단은전례가퇴행성요추질환이었으며, 퇴행성척추전방전위증이 19 례로가장많았다. 유합범위는 1 분절이 11 례, 2 분절이 9 례, 3 분절이상이 7 례였으며, 1 례 ( 증례 3) 에서는제 2-3 요추간과제 4-5 요추간에도약유합 (skip fusion) 을시행한후그중간분절에서척추협착증이발생하였다. 유합방법으로후외방유합술과후방요추체간유합술을함께사용한경우가 8 례, 후외방유합술만을시행한경우가 8 례, 후방요추체간유합술만시행한경우가 7 례였으며, 나머지 5 례에서는 1 개의분절에서후외방유합술및전방또는후방요추체간유합술을함께시행하였다. 28 례중 9 례 (32.1%) 에서하지주요근육에최소 1 등급이상의근력약화가발생하였는데, 재수술후 2 례에서정상화, 4 례에서호전되는양상을보였다. 전례에서인접분절질환이발생한부위에척추관이협착되어신경을압박하고있었으며, 8 례에서추간판탈출증, 11 례에서척추전방전위증, 7 례에서척추후방전위증이병발하였고, 1 례 ( 증례 24) 에서는제 요추간유합술후제 2-3 요추간외측전위와함께유합
4 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주외 Fig. 1. Imaging studies of case 1. She had degenerative spondylolisthesis at L4-5 (A, B and C). Initial radiographs and MRI demonstrate rotational deformity at L3-4, disc wedging at L2-3, and grade 4 disc degeneration at L2-3, L3-4 and L5-S1 (C). Facet degeneration was grade 2 at L2-3 (D) and grade 1 at L3-4 (E). PLIF was performed at L4-5. Adjacent segment disease developed at L2-3 and L3-4 after 33 months (F, G and H). Central spinal stenosis aggravated at L2-3 (J) and L3-4 (K). Facet joints were intact at L1-2 (I). Revision surgery was performed from L2 to L5. Note that L5-S1 segment does not show any deterioration of degeneration. 상부에퇴행성요추후측만증 (degenerative lumbar kyphoscoliosis) 이발생하였다. 7 례에서만제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추분절이유합범위에포함되어나머지 21 례가부유유합 (floating fusion) 이었는데, 이중원위인접분절에퇴행성변화가발생한경우는 1 례 ( 증례 10, 제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간 ) 에지나지않았다. 또한근위인접분절질환 27 례중삼분의일에해당하는 9 례에서두개의연속되는분절에퇴행성변화가함께나타났다 (Fig. 1). 재수술후평균 29.9 개월 (7~70 개월 ) 간추시하여 10 례에서우수, 7 례에서양호, 6 례에서보통, 5 례에서불량의임상적결과를얻어, 60.7%( 우수및양호 ) 에서비교적재수술이성공적이었다고평가할수있었다. 신경학적이상이있었던 9 례중에서는 4 례만이양호이상의결과를보여상대적으로환자의만족도가높지않았다 (Table 3). 3. 위험인자 최초수술전 MRI 상인접분절추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화에대한검사자간신뢰도를나타내는가중카파계수 (weighted kappa coefficient) 는 0.65 및 0.37 로서, 각각중등도및보통의일치도를보였다 (<0.00= 불량, 0.00~0.20= 경도, 0.21~0.40= 보통, 0.41~0.60= 중등도, 0.61~0.80= 우수, 0.81~1.00= 매우우수 )18). 검사자내신뢰도는비교적높아서각각 0.76 및 0.74 로나타났다. 추간판의퇴행성변화는질병군에서평균 3.58 등급, 대조 군에서평균 3.23 등급이었으며, 후관절의경우질병군이 1.58 등급, 대조군이 0.92 등급의퇴행성변화를보였다. 단순방사선사진상의변수중불안정성은질병군의 6 례및대조군의 4 례에서, 전위는질병군의 7 례및대조군의 3 례에서, 회전변형은질병군의 7 례및대조군의 2 례에서, 추간판의설상변형은질병군의 4 례및대조군의 2 례에서각각관찰되었다. 여섯가지의변수모두질병군에서등급이높거나많이발생하는양상이었지만, 로지스틱회귀분석상에서는최초수술전 MRI 상후관절의퇴행성변화만이통계적으로유의하였고 (p<0.01), 추간판의퇴행성변화를비롯한나머지변수들은유의한차이를보이지않았다. Fisher 정확검정에서도 4 가지의범주형변수모두유의하지않게나타났다 (Table 4). 고 찰 척추의유합술후인접분절에발생하는문제에대해 인접분절의퇴행성변화 (adjacent segment degeneration), 인접분절질환 (adjacent segment disease), 인접분절변화 (adjacent segment change), 인접분절실패 (adjacent segment failure), 이행부위변화 (transition zone change) 등여러가지용어가사용되어왔다 3,10,19,20,21,22,23). 이러한변화가항상임상적인문제를일으키는것은아니며, 유합술에의한직접적인결과인지아니면기존퇴행성질환의자연경과에의한것인지는아직불분명하다 21,24,25,26,27). Hilibrand 등 23) 은유합의인접분절에방사선학적변화는보이나임상소견과의상관관계가없는경우에대해 인접분절의퇴행성변화, 방사선학적변화에합당한새로운임상증상이발생한경우에대해 인접분절질환 이라는용어를사용한바있다. 인접분절문제에대한연구는활발히진행되고있으나, 수술적치료를요할정도의 인접분절질환 에대한보고는많지않으며, 대부분이단순방사선사진을진단방법으로사용하고있다 28,29,30,31,32,33,34). 그러나단순방사선사진상의, 더군다나임상적양상과관련이없는인접분절변화를논하는것은큰의미가없다고생각한다. 따라서본연구에서는, 최초유합술후일정기간증상이호전되었다가새로운증상이발생하고단순방사선사진상인접분절의문제가의심될때 MRI 를촬영한결과그에합당한병변이발견되어수술적치료를시행한증례들을연구대상으로하였으며, 최초수술전의 MRI 및단순방사선사진에서인접분절질환의발생과관련있는인자들을찾고자하였다. 유합의인접분절에나타나는가장흔한변화는추간판의퇴행성변화이며, 그밖에척추의퇴행성질환에서
5 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008 Table 3. Patient profiles of disease group. Case Age Initial Initial Fusion Interval to No /Sex Diagnosis Fusion Technique Revision Motor Weakness (months) ASD Clinical Results 11 57/F DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF and PLIF 133 No SS L2-3-4 Poor 12 60/F SS L2-3-4, L PLF, PLIF 114 Yes SS and HIVD Poor DSL L4-5 T12-L /F HIVD L2-3, L2-3, L4-5 PLF, PLIF 137 No SS L3-4 Excellent DSL L /F SS L3-4-5 L3-4-5 PLF 199 Yes RL and SS L2-3 Fair 15 52/F DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLIF 198 No AL and SS L3-4 Fair 16 65/M DSL L3-4-5, L3-4-5-S1 PLIF 116 Yes RL and SS L2-3 Good DS, SL L /F SS L4-5-S1, L4-5-S1 PLF 144 Yes RL L2-3, SS L2-3-4 Poor HIVD L /F DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF and ALIF 116 No AL and SS L3-4 Poor 19 58/F DSL L3-4-5 L3-4-5 PLF, PLIF 116 Yes HIVD and SS L5-S1 Excellent 10 52/F SS L4-5-S1 L4-5-S1 PLF, PLIF 119 No SS L3-4 Excellent 11 55/M DSL L3-4-5, L3-4-5-S1 PLIF 111 Yes SS L3-4 Good SS L3-4-5-S /M SS L L PLF, PLIF 141 Yes RL and SS L1-2 Fair 13 50/F RL and SS, L4-5 L4-5 PLF 168 No AL and SS L3-4 Good 14 59/F SS L4-5 L4-5 PLF 155 No SS L2-3-4, RL L3-4 Good 15 48/F DSL L4-5, L3-4-5 PLF 176 No AL and SS L2-3 Excellent SS L /F DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF and PLIF 152 No HIVD L2-3-4, AL L3-4 Excellent 17 64/M SS L3-4-5 L3-4-5 PLF 128 Yes SS and HIVD L2-3 Fair 18 58/M DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLIF 126 No HIVD and SS L3-4 Good 19 53/M DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF and ALIF 125 No RL and HIVD L2-3, Excellent SS L /F DSL L4-5, L3-4-5 PLF, PLIF 180 No AL and SS L2-3 Good SS L /M DSL L5-S1 L5-S1 PLIF 150 No AL and SS L4-5 Excellent 22 61/M ISL L5-S1, L4-5-S1 PLF, PLIF 155 No RL and SS Fair SS L4-5-S1 L /F DSL L3-4, L3-4-5 PLF, PLIF 135 No AL, SS and HIVD Excellent SS L3-4-5 L /F DSL L3-4, L3-4-5 PLIF 159 No AL with kyphosis Poor RL L4-5 LL L2-3, DDS L1-2, DDS 25 53/F DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF 179 No AL and SS L3-4 Excellent 26 70/M DSL L4-5 L4-5 PLF and PLIF 150 No SS L3-4 Good 27 64/F DSL L4-5, L4-5-S1 PLIF 166 No SS L2-3-4 Fair SS L4-5-S /M SS L2-S1 L2-S1 PLF 127 Yes AL,SS and HIVD Excellent L1-2, VCF L1 DSL: Degenerative Spondylolisthesis, SS: Spinal Stenosis, HIVD: Herniated Intervertebral Disc, DS: Degenerative Scoliosis, SL: Spondylolysis, RL: Retrolisthesis, ISL: Isthmic Spondylolisthesis, PLF: Posterolateral Fusion, PLIF: Posterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion, ALIF: Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion, ASD: Adjacent Segment Disease, AL: Anterolisthesis, LL: Lateral Listhesis, VCF: Vertebral Compression Fracture
6 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주외 Table 4. Risk factors. Risk Factors Disease Control Logistic Regression Fisher s Exact Test p-value Odds Ratio 95% Confidence Interval p-value Disc Degeneration Gr 3.58 Gr 3.23 < <0.17 to 1.38 Facet Degeneration Gr 1.58 Gr 0.92 < <0.01 to 0.12 Instability 6 cases 4 cases < <0.06 to Listhesis 7 cases 3 cases < <0.04 to Rotational Deformity 7 cases 2 cases < <0.05 to Disc Wedging 4 cases 2 cases < <0.16 to 나타나는모든변화가일어날수있다 3,21,22,35). 많은경우단순방사선사진상추간판간격의감소로퇴행성변화를추정하는데, 두가지사이에큰상관관계가없다는데문제가있다 36). 일부저자들은인접척추체의압박골절을이에포함시키기도한다 3,27,29,35). 저자들의경우전례에서추간판탈출이나후관절비대를동반한척추협착증이관찰되었고, 전방및후방전위증의빈도 (18 례, 64.3%) 도현재까지보고된바에비해상대적으로높았는데, 이는수술적치료가필요할정도로진행한인접분절질환을대상으로하였기때문인것으로생각된다. 인접분절질환은유합에의해인접분절에생역학적변화가일어남으로써발생한다는이론이일반적으로받아들여지고있지만, 정상적인퇴행성변화의일환이라고주장하는저자들도많으며, 퇴행성변화또는생역학적변화가이질환의발생에어느정도기여하는지아직불분명하다 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,21,24,25). Penta 등 25) 은제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간전방요추체간유합술을시행한환자 52 명을 10 년이상추시하여대조군과비교한결과, MRI 상인접분절추간판의퇴행성변화의발생률이차이가없었다고보고하였다. 하지만, 또다른대조군연구에서는후외방유합술후인접분절의퇴행성변화발생률이유의하게높음이증명되기도하였다 37). 인접분절의변화가얼마나많이발생하는지, 임상증상과관련이있는지에대해서는더욱의견이분분하다. 이는저자마다인접분절질환을정의하는기준이다르기때문인것으로추측되며, Park 등 3) 은 56 개의논문을검토한결과증상과관계없이방사선학적변화만있는경우발생률이 8 에서 100%, 증상이동반된인접분절질환의발생률은 5.2 에서 18.5% 로매우다양하였다고하였다. 수술적치료를요하는인접분절질환의발생률에대한보고는많지않은데, Aiki 등 13) 은최소 2 년추시상 7.7% 의환자에서인접분절의협착증에대한수술을시행하였으며, Gillet 32) 는 78 명의요추후외방유합술을시행한환자를 5 년이상추시하였더니 20% 에서재수술이필요하였다고보고하였다. Ghiselli 등 33) 이시행한생존 분석 (survival analysis) 에의하면, 유합의인접분절에방사선사진상수술을요할정도의퇴행성변화가발생할가능성이술후 5 년에는 16.5%, 10 년에는 36.1% 로서발생속도가연간 3.9% 였다. 본연구에서는 1 년이상추시가가능하였던 1129 례의유합술중 2.48% 에서인접분절질환에대해수술적치료를시행하여비교적낮은발생률을보였는데, 추시기간이늘어날수록발생률이높아질것이라는사실에대해서는이론의여지가없을것이다. 최초유합술로부터재수술까지소요된기간은 5.2 년에서 15.4 년까지다양하게보고되고있으며 9,10,11,12,13), 본연구에서는평균 4.4 년 (52.3 개월 ) 으로비교적조기에인접분절질환의수술적치료가시행되었는데, 이는유합방법및환자군에차이가있기때문일것으로추측된다. 방사선학적또는임상적발병시점까지는이보다더짧은시간이소요될것이며, Etebar 등 29) 은 18 명의인접분절질환환자중 8 명이최초수술일로부터 1 년이내에발생하였음을보고한바있다. 증례 10 의환자역시흥미롭게도제 4 요추 - 제 1 천추간유합술후증상이전혀없다가최초수술후 5 개월만에양측하지의방사통및신경원성파행이새롭게발생하여보존적치료를 3 개월이상시행하였으나효과가없었다. MRI 를촬영한결과제 3-4 요추간에추간판탈출및후관절비대에의한척추협착증이악화된것이확인되었다. 특히이환자는척추관의모양이삼엽형 (trefoil canal) 이었다. 본연구에서모집단의최소추시기간을 1 년으로정한것도이러한사실때문이다. 제 4-5 요추간분절을포함한부유유합이필요한상황에서, 원위분절 ( 제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간 ) 을유합에포함시킬것인가하는문제도항상논란의대상이지만이에대한보고는의외로그다지많지않다. Ghiselli 등 31) 은제 4-5 요추간유합술후시행한생존분석상제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간분절이 90% 의 10 년생존율을보였다고하였으며, Miyakoshi 등 27) 도술전및술후제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간추간판간격의협소여부가제 4-5 요추간유합의임상적
7 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008 결과에영향을미치지않기때문에퇴행성변화가존재하여도제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간분절을통상적으로유합에포함시킬필요는없다고주장하였다. 본연구에서도 21 례의부유유합중원위인접분절질환이발생한경우는 1 례에지나지않아근위인접분절질환에비해월등히낮은발생율을보였다. 아직정확한통계자료가나와있지는않지만, 다른임상연구에서도이러한경향은대체적으로일치하고있는것같다 8,10,13,28,29,30). 이는제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간분절이골반내에안정적으로위치하고장요인대 (iliolumbar ligament) 에의해고정되어있으며 31), 유합하부분절은갑압술및척추경나사못삽입에의한후관절손상의가능성이상부에비해낮기때문인것으로생각된다 28). 제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간척추관의단면적이상대적으로넓다는사실도이에기여할수있을것이다. 유합술에의해원위및근위인접분절에서발생하는생역학적변화의차이를포함하여이문제에대한더많은연구가필요하겠지만, 저자들도제 5 요추 - 제 1 천추간분절에심각한퇴행성변화또는신경압박병변이존재하지않는한유합범위에서제외하여보존할것을추천하는바이다. 인접분절의변화를예측하고예방하기위해위험인자를찾으려는노력이꾸준히계속되고있으며, 연령, 성별, 골밀도등의환자관련인자, 추궁판및후관절의해부학적소인, 수술전추간판과후관절의상태, 유합분절의수, 유합방법및기기술여부, 관상면및시상면의정렬등이위험인자로거론되었지만, 유합술후시간이많이경과할수록발생률이높아진다는명백한사실을제외하고는모두논란의여지가있다 3,9,10,13,20,22,26,28,29,30,32,33,35,38,39). 환자의연령은 Aota 등 28) 이 55 세이상에서월등히많은인접분절의불안정성이발생하였다고주장한이래많은저자들이이를주요위험인자로지적하였으나, 최근에는이를부정하는결과도많이발표되고있다 10,13,19,26,28). 본연구의결과에서도, 16 세이상에서기기를사용한모든유합술을모집단에포함시켰는데도불구하고, 질병군의환자들과인접분절질환이발생하지않은환자들사이에평균연령의유의한차이를보이지않았다. 최초유합술시유합범위를적절히결정하기위해서는인접분절에존재하는추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화가추후인접분절질환을초래할것인지예측할수있어야한다. 실제요추의퇴행성질환을수술할때감압술이필요한분절에만퇴행성변화가국한되어있는경우는매우드물기때문에, 어느분절까지유합을할것인가하는문제는항상수술하는의사를혼란스럽게만든다. Ha 등 10) 은유합범위를결정할때전산화단층촬영 (computed tomography, CT) 상인접분절추간판의퇴행성변화를고려하여야한다고하였으나, Throckmorton 등 40) 은유합의인접분절에수술전 MRI 상추간판의퇴행성변화가존재하여도임상적결과에는영향을미치지않기때문에이를유합범위에포함시킬필요가없다고주장하였으며, 인접분절질환의위험인자에대해기술한다른두편의논문에서도수술전 MRI 상인접분절추간판의퇴행성변화는통계적인유의성을보이지않았음이보고된바있다 19,26). 그러나후관절의퇴행성변화와인접분절질환과의상관관계를분석한연구결과는아직까지발표되지않았다. 본연구의 6 개변수중수술전 MRI 상후관절의퇴행성변화만이통계적으로유의한위험인자였으나, 다른변수들도질병군에서등급과빈도가높게나타났기때문에향후좀더많은증례를대상으로한전향적대조군연구가필요할것으로생각된다. 후관절의퇴행성변화는 MRI 상등급을정하는데있어서검사자간신뢰도가떨어진다는문제를안고있다. 저자들도보통의검사자간일치도 (fair interobserver agreement) 를얻는데그쳤으며, 이등급체계를제안한 Weishaupt 등 16) 은이러한제한점때문에 MRI 보다는 CT 를사용할것을추천한바있다. 따라서유합범위의결정시인접분절후관절의퇴행성변화가우려된다면, CT 를촬영하여확인하는것도좋은방법이라고생각한다. 비록본연구에서질병군과대조군간의후관절퇴행성변화등급이유의한차이를보였지만, 그평균의차이가 1 등급에못미치기때문에이것만으로유합범위를결정하는데에는한계가있을것이며, 다른여러가지요소들을함께고려하여야할것이다. 재수술의결과에대한보고역시다양하여 Kim 등 9) 은 6 명의인접분절질환을수술한결과전례에서만족스러운결과를얻어일차수술과큰차이가없었다고하였으나, Phillips 등 11) 은 26 명의환자중 11 명이재수술결과에만족하지못하였으며, 결과에좋지못한영향을미치는가장중요한요인은요통이었다고보고하였다. 저자들의재수술결과역시썩만족스럽지못하였으며, 수술전발생하였던신경학적이상이어느정도이에기여하였을것으로판단된다. 인접분절질환에서신경학적이상의빈도는보고된바가거의없는데, Phillips 등 11) 은 26 명중 8 명에서최소 1 등급이상의하지근력약화가발생하였으나, 임상적결과에는영향을미치지않았다고하였다. 어쨌든요배부재수술의결과가일차수술에비해떨어지는것은널리알려진사실이기때문에사전에예방할수있는위험인자를규명하는것이절실하다고하겠다
8 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주외 결 론 요추유합술후수술적치료를요할정도의인접분절질환의발생빈도는현재까지보고된바에비하여높지않았지만, 전반적으로증상이심하고신경학적이상소견을보이는경우가많았다. 부유유합시원위인접분절질환의발생율이근위부에비하여월등히낮기때문에, 심각한퇴행성변화나신경압박병변이존재하지않는이상원위인접분절은가능한한보존하는것이좋을것으로판단된다. 인접분절에후관절의퇴행성변화가이미존재할경우인접분절질환의발생을촉진할가능성이있다. 재수술의결과가상대적으로좋지않으므로최초수술시유합범위의결정에신중을기하여야하며, 인접분절질환을예방하기위해조절가능한위험인자를규명하기위한연구가더활발히이루어져야할것으로생각된다. 참고문헌 01) Shono Y, Kaneda K, Abumi K, McAfee PC, Cunningham BW: Stability of posterior spinal instrumentation and its effects on adjacent motion segments in the lumbosacral spine. Spine 1998; 23: ) Bastian L, Lange U, Knop C, Tusch G, Blauth M: Evaluation of the mobility of adjacent segments after posterior thoracolumbar fixation: a biomechanical study. Eur Spine J 2001; 10: ) Park P, Garton HJ, Gala VC, Hoff JT, McGillicuddy JE: Adjacent segment disease after lumbar or lumbosacral fusion: Review of the literature. Spine 2004; 29: ) Ha KY, Schendel MJ, Lewis JL, et al: Effect of immobilization and configuration on lumbar adjacent-segment biomechanics. J Spinal Disord 1993; 6: Dekutoski MB, Schendel MJ, Ogilvie JW, et al: Comparison of in vivo and in vitro adjacent segment motion after lumbar fusion. Spine 1994; 19: ) Lee CK, Langrana NA: Lumbosacral spinal fusion. A biomechanical study. Spine 1984; 9: ) Cho KJ, Lee JY, Oh IS, et al: Change of segmental motion after lumbar posterolateral fusion. J Korean Orthop Assoc 1999; 34: ) Chung JY, Seo HY, Jung JW: Surgical treatment of adjacent degenerative segment after lumbar fusion. J Korean Spine Surg 2000; 7: ) Kim HT, Jang BD, Hyun KH, Nam JM: Treatment for the sequential degenerative changes at the adjacent segments to lumbar fusion. J Korean Spine Surg 2000; 7: ) Ha KY, Kim YH, Kang KS: Surgery for adjacent segment changes after lumbosacral fusion. J Korean Spine Surg 2002; 9: ) Phillips FM, Carlson GD, Bohlman HH, Hughes SS: Results of surgery for spinal stenosis adjacent to previous lumbar fusion. J Spinal Disrod 2000; 13: ) Chen WJ, Lai PL, Niu CC, Chen LH, Fu TS, Wong CB: Surgical treatment of adjacent instability after lumbar spine fusion. Spine 2001; 26: ) Aiki H, Ohwada O, Kobayashi H, et al: Adjacent segment stenosis after lumbar fusion requiring second operation. J Orthop Sci 2005; 10: ) Brodsky AE, Hendricks RL, Khalil MA, et al: Segmental lumbar spinal fusions. Spine 1989; 14: ) Pfirmann CWA, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N: Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 2001; 26: ) Weishaupt DW, Zanetti M, Boos N, Hodler J: MR imaging and CT in osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joints. Skeletal Radiol 1999; 28: ) Perdriolle R: The torsion meter: a critical review. J Pediatr Orthop 1991; 11: ) Landis RJ, Koch GG: The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics 1977; 33: ) Ahn DK, Lee S, Jeong KW, Park JS, Cha SK, Park HS: Adjacent segment failure after lumbar spine fusion. J Korean Orthop Assoc 2005; 40: ) Rahm MD, Hall BB: Adjacent-segment degeneration after lumbar fusion with instrumentation: A retrospective study. J Spinal Disord 1996; 9: ) Hambly MF, Wiltse LL, Raghavan N, Schneiderman G, Koenig C: The transition zone above a lumbosacral fusion. Spine 1998; 23: ) Wiltse LL, Radecki SE, Biel HM, et al: Comparative study of the incidence and severity of degenerative change in the transition zone after instrumented versus noninstrumented fusions of the lumbar spine. J Spinal Disord 1999; 12: ) Hilibrand AS, Robbins M: Adjacent segment degeneration and adjacent segment disease: the consequences of
9 대한척추외과학회지 Vol. 15, No. 1, 2008 spinal fusion? Spine J 2004; 4: ) Lehmann TR, Spratt KF, Tozzi JE, et al: Long-term follow-up of lower lumbar fusion patients. Spine 1987; 12: ) Penta M, Sandhu A, Fraser RD: Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of disc degeneration 10 years after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Spine 1995; 20: ) Okuda S, Iwasaki M, Miyauchi A, Aono H, Morita M, Yamamoto T: Risk factors for adjacent segment degeneration after PLIF. Spine 2004; 29: ) Miyakoshi N, Abe E, Shimada Y, Okuyama K, Suzuki T, Sato K: Outcome of one-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion for spondylolisthesis and postoperative intervertebral disc degeneration adjacent to the fusion. Spine 2000; 25: ) Aota Y, Kumano K, Hirabayashi S: Postfusion instability at the adjacent segments after rigid pedicle screw fixation for degenerative lumbar spinal disorders. J Spinal Disord 1995; 8: ) Etebar S, Cahill DW: Risk factors for adjacent-segment failure following lumbar fixation with rigid instrumentation for degenerative instability. J Neurosurg 1999; 90: ) Chou WY, Hsu CJ, Chang WN, Wong CY: Adjacent segment degeneration after lumbar spinal posterolateral fusion with instrumentation in elderly patients. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2002; 122: ) Ghiselli G, Wang JC, Hsu WK, Dawson EG: L5-S1 segment survivorship and clinical outcome analysis after L4- L5 isolated fusion. Spine 2003; 28: ) Gillet P: The fate of the adjacent motion segments after lumbar fusion. J Spinal Disrod Tech 2003; 162: ) Ghiselli G, Wang JC, Bhatia NN, Hsu WK, Dawson EG: Adjacent segment degeneration in the lumbar spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004; 86: ) Pellise F, Hernandez A, Vidal X, Minguell J, Martinez C, Villanueva C: Radiologic assessment of all unfused lumbar segments 7.5 years after instrumented posterior spinal fusion. Spine 2007; 32: ) Ha KY, Kim KW, Park SJ, Lee YH: Changes of the adjacent-unfused mobile segment after instrumental lumbar fusion. J Korean Spine Surg 1998; 5: ) Frobin W, Brinckmann P, Kramer M, Hartwig E: Height of lumbar disc measured from radiographs compared with degeneration and height classified from MR images. Eur Radiol 2001; 11: ) Guigui P, Wodecki P, Bizot P, et al: Long-term influence of associated arthrodesis on adjacent segments in the treatment of lumbar stenosis: a series of 127 cases with 9- year follow-up. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 2000; 86: ) Umehara S, Zindrick MR, Patwardhan AG, et al: The biomechanical effect of postoperative hypolordosis in instrumented lumbar fusion on instrumented and adjacent spinal stenosis. Spine 2000; 25: ) Kumar MN, Baklanov A, Chopin D: Correlation between sagittal plane changes and adjacent segment degeneration following lumbar spine fusion. Eur Spine J 2001; 10: ) Throckmorton TW, Hilibrand AS, Mencio GA, Hodge A, Spengler DM: The impact of adjacent level disc degeneration on health status outcomes following lumbar fusion. Spine 2003; 28:
10 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의위험인자 황창주외 국문초록 연구계획 : 인접분절질환에대한후향적연구연구목적 : 요추유합술후발생한인접분절질환의빈도및임상양상을기술하고위험인자를찾고자하였다. 대상및방법 : 1995년 8월부터 2006년 3월까지시행한요추또는요천추유합술중 1년이상추시가가능하였던 1129례를모집단으로하였으며, 이중인접분절질환이발생하여재수술이필요하였던 28례를대상으로하였다. 최초자기공명영상을확인할수없었던 2례를제외한 26례를질병군으로, 모집단중에서성별, 연령, 유합부위, 추시기간이일치하도록선발된 26례를대조군으로하여수술전인접분절에서자기공명영상상추간판및후관절의퇴행성변화, 단순방사선사진상불안정성, 전위, 회전변형, 추간판의설상변형등의 6가지변수에대해양군을비교분석하였다. 결과 : 수술적치료를요하는인접분절질환의발생율은 2.48% 였으며, 평균연령은 58.4세로서모집단중인접분절질환이발생하지않은환자들의평균연령 (57.0세) 과유의한차이를보이지않았다 (p=0.429). 9례 (32.1%) 에서근력약화를비롯한신경학적이상소견을보였다. 21례의부유유합중원위인접분절질환은 1례에불과하였다. 로지스틱회귀분석상후관절의퇴행성변화 (p<0.01) 가유의한위험인자였다. 재수술후평균 29.9개월간추시하여 60.7% 에서우수또는양호의결과를얻었다. 결론 : 요추유합술후인접분절질환발생시전반적으로증상이심하고신경학적이상소견을보이는경우가많았다. 원위인접분절질환의발생율이근위부에비하여현저히낮았다. 인접분절에후관절의퇴행성변화가이미존재할경우인접분절질환의발생을촉진할가능성이있으며, 재수술의결과가상대적으로좋지않기때문에최초수술시유합범위의결정에신중을기하여야한다. 색인단어 : 인접분절, 퇴행성변화, 유합술, 위험인자 통신저자 : 이춘성서울특별시송파구풍납동 울산대학교의과대학서울아산병원정형외과학교실 Tel: Fax: cslee@amc.seoul.krkr
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