대한방사선의학회지 1995 : 33( 5) : 속립성폐결핵의고해상 CT 소견 1 이승흐 1. 국신호 노인계 정경재 목적 : 속립성폐결핵으 I H RCT 으 특징적소견을규명하고, 임상기간과의관계및단순촬영에대한 HRC T 의유용성을알아보고자하였다 대상및방법병
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1 대한방사선의학회지 995 : 33( 5) : 속립성폐결핵의고해상 CT 소견 이승흐. 국신호 노인계 정경재 목적 : 속립성폐결핵으 I H RCT 으 특징적소견을규명하고, 임상기간과의관계및단순촬영에대한 HRC T 의유용성을알아보고자하였다 대상및방법병리조직학적또는임상적으로진단된 0 여 의 HRCT 를후향적으로분석하였다. 걸질 의유무, 크기, 경계, 분포와망상및간유리음영의유무, 입파절비대, 늑막삼출과함께 ARDS 와같은 합병증의동반여부를관잘하였으며, 이상의소견과환자의자각적임상기간과의관계를알아보고 HRCT 촬영직전의단순촬영결과와비교하였다. 결과 : 0 예중전예에서 2mmO l 내의결절들이앙폐에미만섬으로분포하였는데이중 7 예는상, 중, 하폐야를구분할수없게균등히분포하였고, 2예에서상폐에, 예에서하폐에걸절의밀도가약간높 았다. 또한 0 여 중 3 예에서페의후밤에결절의크기와밀도가크고높았다.3 여 에서걸절의경계가불 분명하였고, 망상및간유리음영이각각 3 여 및 2 예에서관찰되었는데이러한소견은모두임상기간 4 주이내에서관찰되었다. 예에서 2 일이전단순촬영상정상이었으나 H RC T 에서속립결절을관잘하였 다. 단순촬영과 H RCT 상걸절의경계와분포는비교적일치하였으나단순촬영상영상중첩에의해 HRCT 소견과달리 여 에서결절의경계가불분멸하였고, 3예에서하페야에결절의밀도가높았다. 그 밖에국소실질병변 5 예, 늑막삼출 4 예, 종격동임파절비대 6 예와함께 예에서 ARDS 가동반되었다. 결 론 : 적절한임상적배경하에단순촬영상정상이거나또는간질성병변이나속립결절을보이는 경우 H RC T 는위의특징적결절과동반된소견으로속립폐결핵의진단에도움이될것으로생각된다. 하여특정적소견을규명하고, 단순촬영에대한 HRCT 의 서 료르 - 유용성을알아보고자하였다. 속립성폐결핵은단순흉부사진상많게는 50% 까지정상을보이고, 파종후특정적속립결절을나타내는데 -6주또는그이상의시간이걸린다 ( - 4). 또한이상이나타나 대상및방법 992 년 7 월부터 994 년 2 월까지속립성폐결핵환자로 도각각의병변의구별이어렵고, 병변초기의간질성병변 HRCT 를시행한 예중거대세포비루스 (CM V) 감염이 의유형 (interstitial pattern) 은비특이적이라서면역기능이저하된환자의경우다른감염과의감별에어려움이있으며 (, 4), 병변이보일지라도객담배양상결핵균의검출이드물다 (5). 면역기능저하또는결핍환자의증가로과거에는소아기에호말하던속립결핵이청장년층에도증가되는추세이다 (3, 6). 고해상전산화단층촬영숭 ( 이하 HRCT로약함 ) 은뛰어난해상력과영상중첩이없어, 단순촬영에비해폐실질병변의유무, 범위의평가와감별진단에도움이된다 (, 2, 4, 7). 이에저자들은속립성폐결핵으로진단된 0예를대상으로 HRCT를후향적으로분석 서울강묵삼성병원진단방사선과 이논문은 995 년 5 월 27 일접수하여 995 년 9 월 7 일에채택되었음 동반되었던 l 예를제외한 0예의 HRCT소견을후향적으로분석하고, 단순촬영소견과비교하였으며임상기록을참고하였다. 대상환자 0예중여자가 7 예, 남자가 3예였고, 8세에서 72세의연령분포를보였으며, 일차폐결핵의흔적이 2예에서있었다. 내원당시주증상으로는발열 (fever) 이 9예로가장많았고, 그밖에기침, 호흡곤란, 전신쇠약, 혈담의순이였으며, 임상증세가뚜렷이나타난후 HRCT를시행하기까지는 3-8주의시간척차이가있었다. 진단은객담배양에서균검출이 2예, 경부입파절생검 2예, 복막생검 예, 천장관절조직생검 예에서균검출또는건락성괴사의소견을보여진단하였다. 그외 4예는상기임상증상과함께단순촬영및 HRCT로속럽폐결핵을의심하여항결 - 733
2 ηa 대한방사선의학회지 995; 33(5); 핵제투여후임상및방사선검사상호전을보인것으로하였다. 예에서성인성호흡곤란증후군 (adult respiratory disiress syndrome, ARDS) 이합병증으로동반되었는데업원당시지속적인열감, 호흡곤란을호소한환자가 3일만에급격히임상및방사선검사상 ARDS의소견을보여보존적치료후회복되었다. 이예에서속립성폐결핵의진단은내원당시촬영한단순흉부사진에서미만성의폐포성음영내로속럽결절들이비추어보여속립성폐결핵에동반된 ARDS를추정하였는데, ARDS 회복후실시한 HRCT에서전폐야에걸쳐고르게산재한특정적인속립결절을관찰하였고항결핵제치료후완쾌되었다. 단순촬영사진은내원망시와 HRCT촬영직전의것을참고하였고, 단순촬영과 HRCT를시행한간격은 -5 일로, 시진은두명의방사선과의사합의하에판독하였다. CT 기기는 G E 9800( General Electric Medical System, Milwaukee) 을사용하였고 HRCT는와위에서홉기말에폐첨부터횡격막까지 l 또는 3cm 간격,. 5mm두께, FOV 28-32cm, 주사시간 2sec, 20kVp/40 ma의조건하에서골연산땅식 (bone algorithm) 으로시행하였다. HRCT애서결절의유무, 크기, 경계, 분포, 망상결절 (reticulo - nodular) 과간유리음영, 국소폐실질병변, 늑막삼출, 종격동임파절비대벚합병증의동반여부와임상기간과의관계를분석하고단순촬영소견과도비교하였다. 결절의분포를보기위하여단순촬영에서는양폐야를상, 중, 하폐야로구분하였고, HRCT에서는대동맥궁, 기관분지, 횡격막직상부의 3부위를임의로선택하여결절의수직적분포의차이가있는지알아보고자하였다. 또한 HRCT에서는상기한 3부위에서중심부와변연부, 전후폐야빛이차소엽수준에이르기까지수평적및해부학적 분포를관찰하였다. 결절의크기는계측또는목측하였고밀도는목측으로상대적인차이가있는지비교하였으며, 전폐야에미만성으로고르게분포된경우균일 (even) 하다고하였다. 이상의소견을환자의자각적임상기간과연관하여분석하고, 단순촬영소견과비교하였다. 결과 HRCT의소견을분석한결과, 0 예모두에서 2mm이내의균일한크기의결절이양폐야에산재하였다. 결절은 0 예중 7예에서폐의상, 중, 하폐야의위치에따른호발부위를구별할수없게큰차이없이전폐야에걸쳐미만성으로고르고균등히 (even) 분포하였다 (Fig. a). 미약한차이지만상. 중. 하폐야를비교할때 2예에서상폐야에, 예에서하폐야의결절의밀도와크기가약간높고커보였다 (Table ). 또한동일한영상면에서의수평적결절의분포는폐의중심부와변연부의차이는없었으며, 0예중 3예에서전면에비해비교적후면의결절의밀도와크기가약간높고컸다 ( Fig. b). 해부학적분포도이차소엽에서의분포는소엽자체의구별조차어려웠으며일정한유형없이임의로 (random) 산재되어분포하였다. 0예중 3예에서국소적으로폐기종이나분절무기폐 (segm ental atelectasis) 주변의공기폐색 (air trapping) 이있는부위에서는양폐야에미만성의고른결절분포를보이면서상기의국소부 위에결절의밀도감소가관찰되었다 (Fig. 2). 결절의크기와수직적분포는임상증세의경과기간과밀접한관계가없었다 (Table ). 결절의경계는 3예에서불분명하였고 (Fig. 3), 모두염상기간 3주경과의예에서관찰되었으며, 4주이상의기간 Fig.. Distribution 0 nodules in miliary pulmonary tuberculosis. a. HRCT scan through the right upper lobe in a 9-year-old lemale patient shows in. numerable -2 mm sized diffuse well-delined nodul es through the lungs b. HRCT scan through the right lower lobe in a 25-year-old lemale patient reveals well.delined random distribution 0 nodu. les throughout the lungs, showing somewhat predominant in posterior lung zone k a b A 4
3 재이승희외 ; 속립성폐결핵의고해상 CT Fig. 2. HRCT scan through the right middle and lower lobes in a 9-year-old female patient shows diffuse even distri bution of nodules with geographic different density in right lower lobe. Segmental low density area with less abundant nodules in right lower lobe suggests peripheral air-trapping caused by segmental atelectasis in lower level scan. i Fig 3 HRCT scan thr 빼 e right up per lung in a 8-year-old male patient shows ill-defined nodules scattered throughout the I ungs. ; There are ground-glass pacities surrounding the coalescent large nodules predominant in posterior lungs, al so associated diffuse underlying reticulation, especially in the portion of the anterior lung. 2 3 Table. HRCT Findings of Miliary P 비 monary Tuberculosis in 0 Patients Cases ( n = 이 (Age/Sex) 72 /F 2 8/F 3 60/M 4 24 /F 5 26/F 6 9M - 7 9/F 8 49 /F 9 72/F O 8M Duration of symptom (weeks) ηj끼jnj 끼J Jj4 R니 3g ] Size{mm) < < ζ < < [ 7 Nodule Margin{*CXR) indisti nct{indistinct) i nd isti nct{ i nd i sti nct) sharp (normal) ind i sti nct{ i ndisti nct) sharp{indistinct) Distri bution{*cxr) even (even) even (Iower upper (normal) upper (upper) even & post. (Iower) even & post{lower) even & post{even) even (even) lower{lower) even{even) Others reticulation G-G opacity reticulation reticulation & G-G opacity * CXR: plain chest radiographic findings G-G opacity: ground-glass opacity 경과시모두경계가명확하였다. 그밖에 3예에서불규칙한망상음영 (reti cular density) 을보이는소엽및소엽내중격비후가산재되어국소적으로관찰되었고, 2예에서국소적간유리음영 (ground - glass opacity) 이결절주변에동반되었는데모두 4주이내의임상기간의예에서관찰되였다 (Fi g. 3), (Table ). 내원당시단순촬영에서는속립성폐결핵의가장특정적소견인속립결절은전 0예중 8예에서관찰되었고, 정상흉부사진을보인 2예중 예는 5일후촬영한사진에서결절이감지되었으며, 나머지 l 예는 HRCT 시행 2 일전까지이상소견을보이지않았고, HRCT상특정적미만성의속립결절을확인하였다. 단순촬영에서는결절의경계와분포가 HRCT 와비교적 일치하였으나 HRCT와달리 예에서경계가불분명하였고, 3예에서하폐야에결절의분포가많았다. 폐실질의국소적침윤또는경화가 HRCT상 5예에서관찰되었고, 단순촬영에서는 4예에서만보였으며, 예에서는폐에서일차병소로생각되는부위를찾지못하였다. 그밖의소견으로종격동엄파절비대가 6 예, 늑막상출 4예및 ARDS가 예에서동반되었다 (F ig. 4). 고찰속립성폐결핵은일차결핵의 2-6% 에서발생하며, 결핵감염부위에서결핵균이임파, 혈류를따라파종되는것은일차감염후어느시기에나가능하다 (, 8). 속립병변
4 대한방사선의학회지 995 ; 33(5) : a Fig. 4. Miliary pulmonary tuberculosis associated with ARDS a. Chest radiograph in a 8-year-old female patient with fever and cough, was taken 3 days after admission, shows bilateral diffuse air-space density with normal sized heart. Fine nu 셔 e rous mil 떠 ry nodules. are.visible. through the diffuse increased lung density. AII clinical pictures were compatible with ARDS. ~.,. b. HRCT scan on week later from (a) shows the fine innum.erable _miliaty. densities throughout the lungs. With antituberculous medication, all the nodules disappeared on chest radiograph followed 3 months lãter b 의분포는파종경로와관계되며, 폐혈관을통하여똑는엄파관으로유입된결핵균은대임파관 (maj or lymphatic duct) 을통하여우측심장을통해폐로유입퇴어폐포의모세혈관에서걸러져, 양폐에미만설의 혈행전파에의한병변을나타낸다. 이때일부균들은모세혈관이나임파혈관문합을통과하여전신순환계로유업됨으로서전신적파종성병변을일으키는데, 균에의한전색부위에괴사를일으키고건락성병소로결절을형성한다 (2, 5, 6, 9). 속립결절은전폐야와늑막에걸쳐수많은작은결절로보이며그크기는일정하여 2mm를잘념지않으나적절한치료없어진행되면융합결절이되어사망전 3-5mm 로하폐야에비해폐첨에서는임파혈류의흐름이감소됨으로서결핵균의제거도감소되고, 폐첨부의높은산소장력에의해결핵균의독성증가로이차결핵의호발장소가된다 ( 3). 따라서속립성폐결핵에서도시간이경과하면이러한요인의영향이있을것으로생각되며, 저자의경우도 2예에서상폐야에, 3예에서후폐야에좀더많고크기가커보였으나모두임상기간이 5주이내였다. 본연구에서와같이예견되는시간적분포의차이가일치하지않는것은임상기간을환자의자각증상의기간에근거하였고, 많은예를포함하지못하였기때문으로생각되며, 동물실험등을통한파종후시간적변화에따른분포의차이에대 크기를보이기도한다 (8, 2). McGuinnes(2) 는대부분의 한연구가필요하리라생각된다. 육아종들이임의 (random) 로산재되어있어해부학적인 위치나호발부위의결정이불가능하였다고하며, 저자의 속립성폐결핵의파종된결핵균은초기에는모세혈관에 서걸러질때온전히간질조직에만위치하나병이진행하 경우 0 여 l 중 4 예에서이러한소견을보였다. 이는모세혈 면서주변페포내로확장된다 (). 따라서간질성결절로 관에서걸러진결핵균이임파션을따라소엽중격이나기관 폐간질의경계부에위치하고주변공기와대조되어명확 혈관분지, 늑막하간칠에도분포하기때문으로혈행성과 한경계를보이는데이는결절성전이에서와같은이치이 함께다소는임파선을통한폐간질에의분포를의미한다고 다 (4). 때로결절의경계가불분명하게관찰될수있는데 하겠다 (3, 5, ). Sahn( 6) 은명확한경계의결절이고루 이러한소견은병리적으로육아종주변염증활성도를반 분포하나중력에의한증가된혈류에의하여하폐야에약 간많은분포를보였다고하였는데, 이는초기에관찰이용 이하리라생각되며저자의경우 예에서하폐야에약간밀 영한다고하겠다 (, 5). 속립성폐결핵에서관찰되는간질성음영은소엽간중 격의비후가주된소견으로, 병리적으로대엽성보다는간 도가높았다. 이와는탈리 Slavin ( 2) 은대개일회적파종 질성폐렴과유사하여폐포보다는지지조직인페포혈관 에의한조직학적으로같은시기를나타내는비슷한크기의결절들이보이고, 폐첨부에서약간큰경향을보였다고하며, 때로는활동성과부분적또는완전히치유된부위가공존하는데이는반복적인또는오랜기간이지난혈행성전이병변임을시사한다. 임파혈류는호흡운동과관계가있어, 후측늑골운동의제한으로후폐야와, 횡격막운동으 πω벽이염증세포침윤에의하여두꺼워져망상음영을나타낸다 ( 2, 6). 또한감염성색전이모세혈관이위치한폐포벽과중격에일차적으로육아종이형성되는데적어도어느정도의예에서는수많은미세한육아종들이폐간질에산재함으로서소엽내및소엽간중격비후를초래할것으로도생각된다 (2).
5 이승희외 속립성폐걸핵의고해상 CT 속립성폐결핵에서보이는간유리음영은파종성혈관내응고병증 (disseminated intravascular coagulation; D IC) 및 ARDS를의미하며, DIC는속립결핵에흔한소견으로폐출혈과 ARDS를일으키기도해, 적절한치료가이루어지지않으면드물게는이로인해사망하기도한다 (3, 8,, 7). 이경우 DIC는투베르쿨린과민반응, 또는혈관염 (vasculi tis) 에의한것으로생각되며, 건락성괴사가시작되는시기를바로전후로하여결절 (tubercle) 생성부주변에심한혈전증을보이는데이로인해혈소판, 섬유소 원, 빛응고인자의결핍이초래되어나타난다 ( 7, 8). 손 등 ( 9) 은이러한간유리음영이대부분폐포격막등에위치한병소가완전한결핵종을형성하기전육안적으로결절로보이지않는병소들의총합척음영또는이에동반된염증반응에의한음영의가능성으로추정하였다. 중요한것은속립성폐결핵은항생제로치료가가능하다고적절한치료시비혈행성결핵보다흔적없이매우효과적으로치료에반응하여대개 6주정도면 (5주 22개월 ) 소설된다는것이다. 따라서조기진단및치료가합병증으로인한사망을줄일수있고, ARDS의동반시치료를위해사용된스태로이드약제투여에의한속립성결핵의난치또는급속한진전의위험을예방할수있다 (, 6, 0). m등 (20) 은속립성폐결핵 6예중 4예에서 ARDS가발생하여 3명이사망하였으며, DIC로인한폐출혈이진단에혼란을주기도한다고하였고, Dee( 7) 는결핵에동반된 ARDS 환자의병리소견이부종, 폐포벽비후, 폐포내세포침윤, 미세색전및히알린막의형성을보였다고하였다. 저자가경험한 예는연속적인단순촬영사진을관찰함으로서진단이용이하였고, 항결핵제투여와보존적치료로완치되었다. 본연구에서단순촬영과 HRCT에서결절의발견, 분포, 경계에대한소견은비교적일치하였으며, 예에서단순촬영상특별한소견이없였으나 HRCT에서속럽결절을발견할수있었고, 단순촬영상 HRCT와달리하폐야에분포가많아보인 예, 경계가불분명했던 3예는영상중첩에의한착시에의한것으로생각되었다.HRCT상관찰된망상및간유리음영은 4주이내의비교적짧은임상기간의예에서관찰되었다. 파종성폐결핵 (disseminated tuber culosis) 의일차병소로생각되는폐실질의경화성병변은소아에서 42%, 어른에서는 2% 정도에서관찰된다 (). 저자의경우도 0예중 5예에서폐실질병변을관찰하였고이중종격동임파절비대와함께우하폐의상분절에병소가있던 l예는폐문부와겹쳐 CT에서만발견되었다. 속럽성폐결핵과감별할것으로는파종성진균질환과전이성암, 바이러스성질환, 진폐증, 정맥내탈크약물중 독, 유육종등이있으나 (2, 0, 5), 적절한임상배경과 HRCT 소견이감별에도움이될것으로생각된다. 결론적으로속립성폐결핵의 HRCT 소견이진단에특이적이라고는할수없겠으나임상적으로원인모르는고열이지속되는환자에서흉부단순촬영소견이정상이거나, 속립결절또는간질성폐렴의양상을보이면, 이와유사한 낌소견을보이는다른아급성, 또는만성폐질환들은열을동 반하는일이드물기때문에속립성폐결핵의가능성을반드 시생각해야하며 (3, 5,, 5), 이때에 HRCT 는속립성 폐결핵의진단에도움이될것으로사료된다. 참 고 C그 ~ 헌. Optican RJ, Ost a, Ravin CE. High resolution computed tomography in the diagnosis 0 miliary tuberculosis. Chest 992; 02: McGuinness G, Naidich OP, Jagirdar J, Leitman B, McCauley 0. High resolution CT lindings in miliary lung disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 992 ; 6: Berger HW, Samotin TG. Miliary tuberculosis: Oiagnostic methods with emphasis on the chest roentgenogram. Chest 970; Hauser H, Gurret JP. Miliary tuberculosis associated with adrenal enlargement; CT appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 986; 0: Geppert EF, Leff A. The pathogenesis 0 pulmonary and miliary tuberculosis. Arch Int Med 979;39: Sahn SA, Neff TA. Miliary tuberculosis. Am J Med 974; Oh YW, Kim YH, Kim JH, et al. High resolution CT appearance 0 mil iary tuberculosis J Comput Assist Tomogr 994; 8: Woodring JH, Vandiviere HM, Fried AM, Oillon ML, Williams TO, Melvin IG. Update: The radiographic leatures 0 p 비 mon ary tuberculosis. AJR 986; 46: Cotran RS. Robbins SL, Kumar V. Pathologic basis of disease. 5th ed. Philadelphia. Saunders, 994 : Fraser RS. Synopsis of disease of the chest. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 994: Fraser RS, Pare JAP. Diagnosis of disease of the chest. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 989: Slavin RE, Walsh TJ, Pollack AO. Late generalized tubercu- 0sis:A clinical pathologic analysis and comparison 0 00 cases in the preantibiotic and antibiotic eras. Medicine 980; 59: Goodwin RA, OesPrez RM. Apical localization 0 p 비 monary tuberculosis, chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis, and progressive massive librosis 0 the lung. Chest 983;83: Heitzman ER. The lung, radiologic-pathologic correlations 3rd ed. SI. Louis: Mosby, 993: Gelb AF, Leffer C, Brewin A, Mascatello V, Lyons HA. Miliary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 973; 08: Sandoval J, Cicero R, Seoane M, et al. Behavior 0 the pulmonary circulation at rest and during exercise in miliary tuberculosis. Chest 99 ; 99 : Oee P, Teja K, Korzeniowski 0, Suratt PM. Miliary tuberculosis resulting in adult respiratory distress syndrome: a surviving case. AJR 980; 34: Goldline 0, Schachter H, Barclay WR, Kingdon HS. Consumption coagulopathy in miliary tuberculosis. Ann Int Med 969 ;7 : 손현주, 김건일, 정동희, 이석홍, 김병수박순규속립성페결핵 4 예의고해상 CT 소견대한방사선의학회지 994; 3 : m JG, Itoh H, Shim YS, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis: CT li ndings-early active disease and sequential change with antituberculous therapy. Radiology 993; 86:
6 대한방사선의학회지 995: 33( 5) : Journ al of the Korea n Radiological Society 995: 33(5) : High-Resolution CT Findings of Miliary Pulmonary Tuberculosis Seung Hee Lee, M.D., Shin Ho Kook, M.D., In Gye Noh, M.D., Kyung Jae Jung, M.D. Department 0' Diagnostic Radiology, Kangbuk Samsung General Hospital, Seoul, Korea Purpose: This study was performed to identify the characteristic findings of miliary p 비 monary tuberculosis on HRCT and to evaluate the usefulness of HRCT by compareson with chest radiographs Material and Methods: High resolution CT, chest radiographs and medical records were retrospectively reviewed in 0 patients with miliary p 비 monary tuberculosis. We analysed the size, distribution and margin of nodules, reticular or ground-glass density, parenchymal lesion, mediastinal Iymphadenopathy and pleural effusion on HRCT which were compared with chest radiographic findings. Results: On HRCT, characteristic -2 mm sized sharp or ill-defined nodular densities were randomly distributed throughout both lungs in all cases. In seven cases, the nodules were evenly scattered, but slightly more in upper lung zone in two cases, and in lower in one case. Only three cases revealed somewhat large and abundant nodules in posterior lung zone. There were findings of ill-defined margin of nodules in three cases, reticular densities in three cases and ground-glass opacity in two cases, all of which were observed within 4 weeks after onset of symptom. In one case, HRCT scan revealed a micronodular pattern in the lung parenchyma, even though chest radiographs of 2 days before were not obviously abnormal. HRCT was better to evaluate the margin of nodule and distribution than chest radiographs in four cases. Focal parenchymal lesion (n = 5), pleural effusion(n=4), mediastinal lymphadenopathy(n=6) and ARDS(n = ) were also associated Conclusion: HRCT could suggest a more specific diagnosis of miliary p비 monary tuberculosis with the above characteristic findings in appropriate clinical setting and normal or interstitial pattern of chest radiographs. Index Words: Tuberculosis, p 비 monary Computed tomography(ct), high-resolution Addr ess r eprint requests t o : Seung Hee Lee, M.D., D epar tment of D iagnostic Radiology, K angbuk Samsung General Hospital. n , Pyung Dong 08, Jongr o-k u, Seoul, K orea. Tel (77) Fax l
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