ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of an Automated Dipstick Device for Urinalysis-UriDoctor Namhee Kim, Sun Mi
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1 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Evaluation of an Automated Dipstick Device for Urinalysis-UriDoctor Namhee Kim, Sun Min Lee, and Chulhun L. Chang Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea Corresponding author: Sun Min Lee Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Genetics, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, 20 Geumo-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan , Korea Tel: Fax: Background: We evaluated the recently marketed UriDoctor analyser (DFI Co., Ltd., Korea) for urinalysis and measurement of microalbumin and creatinine in urine. Methods: The precision within and betweenruns was evaluated using commercial control materials. The comparison evaluations were performed using patient urine samples. Urine dipstick tests for blood, bilirubin, urobilinogen, ketones, protein, nitrite, glucose, ph, specific gravity, and leukocyte esterase were performed with UriDoctor using CYBOW10 strips (DFI Co., Ltd., Korea) and with AX4030 using Aution Sticks 10EA (Arkray Inc., Japan), and the results were compared. Additionally, tests for microalbumin and creatinine were performed with UriDoctor using CYBOW2AC strips and with the Cobas c501 system (Roche Diagnostics, Germany), and the results were compared. Results: The within-run and between-run precisions for urinalysis using UriDoctor were both 100%. The concordance rates and concordance rates including ±1 grade between UriDoctor and AX4030 were as follows: blood (90%, 100%); bilirubin (97%, 100%); urobilinogen (98%, 100%); ketones (92%, 100%); protein (83%, 100%); nitrite (100%, 100%); glucose (85.0%, 100%); ph (58%, 94%); specific gravity (32%, 80%); leukocyte esterase (89%, 93%). The concordance rates between UriDoctor and the Cobas c501 system were as follows: microalbumin (71%); creatinine (46%); albumin-creatinine ratio (65%). Conclusions: UriDoctor showed good precision. There was significant agreement between the results of UriDoctor and AX4030, except for ph and specific gravity. The albumincreatinine ratio showed relatively low specificity and high sensitivity; therefore, it would be more suitable for screening patients. The performance of UriDoctor when used with CYBOW10 and CYBOW2AC strips was satisfactory for clinical application. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36: ) Key Words : Urinalysis, Urine, Albuminuria, Kidney diseases pissn: X eissn: Received August 5, 2014, Revision received October 10, 2014, Accepted October 21, 2014 서론 소변검사는신장및요로계질환의진단및치료효과판정뿐만아니라각종대사이상질환, 전신성질환의조기발견을위한목적으로이용된다 [1,2]. 최근국내에서도당뇨병이나고혈압같은성인병의유병률이증가하면서이에따른합병증으로신부전환자또한증가하고있어신장기능이저하될가능성이높은환자군에대한주기적인신기능감시와신기능저하조기발견의중요성또한증가하고있다 [3]. 소변검사는신기능을반영하는가장기본적인검사로검체를얻기가용이할뿐아니라환자에게주는부담이적고검사방법도비교적쉬우면서비용 이저렴한장점이있다 [1]. 최근에는보다간단하고신속하게검사할수있는요자동분석기및다항목요시험지의개발로단시간내에정확한결과를얻는것이가능해졌다 년도대한임상검사정도관리협회신빙도조사에서국산요시험지의사용비율은 15% 에불과하였으나이후꾸준히증가하여 2013 년도조사결과에서는 63% 의높은비율을나타내었다 [4,5]. 요분석기및요시험지 (urine stick) 시약은다른검사에비해특히국내개발시약이많은편이나임상시험을통해검사장비와시약의성능을평가한제품은그리많지않다. 이에본연구자는국내에서개발된자동요분석기인 UriDoctor (DFI Co., Ltd., Gimhae, Korea) 에대하여임상적으로사용하기에적절 190 Copyright 2014 The Korean Association of Quality Assurance for Clinical Laboratory
2 한성능을가지고있는지평가하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 재료정밀도평가를위한정도관리물질은 Bio-Rad Liquicheck Urinalysis Control Level 1, 2 (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Richmond, CA, USA) 를사용하였다. 상관성비교를위한임상검체는 2013 년 3월 28일부터 4월 9일까지양산부산대학교병원진단검사의학과에요일반 10종검사와요침사검사가의뢰된환자의임의뇨 (random spot urine) 잔여검체 215 예를대상으로하였다. 검체제외기준은 (1) 잔여검체의양이적은경우, (2) 냉장후 24시간이지난검체, (3) 육안적인혈뇨검체였다 [6]. 본연구는양산부산대학교병원임상시험심사위원회 (institutional review board) 의승인을얻어시행되었다 (IRB No ). 요검사는자동요분석기인 Uridoctor 장비에전용요시험지디유에스 -10 (DFI Co., Ltd.) 을이용하여잠혈 (blood), 빌리루빈 (bilirubin), 유로빌리노겐 (urobilinogen), 케톤 (ketones), 단백질 (protein), 아질산염 (nitrite), 포도당 (glucose), 수소이온농도 (ph), 비중 (specific gravity, SG), 백혈구 (leukocyte esterase) 의 10가지항목을측정하여 AX4030 (Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan) 장비에전용요시험지 Aution sticks 10EA (Arkray Inc.) 로측정한결과와비교하였고, 자동요분석기인 Uridoctor 장비에전용요시험지디유에스 -2AC (DFI Co., Ltd.) 으로소변미량알부민 (microalbumin), 크레아티닌 (creatinine) 을측정하여생화학검사기기 cobas c501 system (Roche diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) 과전용시약을이용하여측정한결과와비교하였다. 평가에사용한요시험지봉과시약의제조번호는제조회사별, 검사항목별로모두동일한것을사용하였다. 2. 방법 1) 정밀도검사내정밀도는정상범위와이상범위의소변검사용정도관리물질을잘혼합한후요시험지 12개의 pad 에한방울씩떨어뜨리는방식으로각각 10회씩반복측정하였고, 검사간정밀도는같은정도관리물질을 5일간오전, 오후에각 2회씩, 총 20회측정한결과중가장빈도가높은결과를대표값으로하여동일등급내일치율과대표값의위아래한등급이내의차이를보이는한등급내일치율을구하여평가하였다. 2) 상관성 검체채취 30 분이내에검체를두개로나누어서기준검사 장비인 AX4030 과비교검사장비인 UriDoctor 로검사를시행 하였다. 검사결과를바탕으로어떤등급의값이몇개나나오 는지분포표를구한후 10 종의검사항목별로일치율과한등 급내일치율을구하였다. 제조사에서제시하는등급표에서잠 혈, 빌리루빈, 유로빌리노겐, 단백질, 아질산염, SG 항목은두 시약간등급구획이동일하였으며케톤, 포도당, 수소이온농 도, 백혈구항목은차이가있었다 (Table 1). SG 항목의경우 AX4030 결과가정량적으로표시되므로두 가지요시험지봉제조사에서제시하는등급표에따라더가까 운쪽의등급으로치환하여비교하였다. 비교대상인두장비 Table 1. Differencein the grading systemsof CYBOW 10 and Aution stick Test Grade UriDoctor CYBOW 10 AX 4030 Aution stick 10EA Ketones (mg/dl) - Negative Negative +/ Glucose (mg/dl) - Negative Negative +/ , ,000 ph Leukocyte esteras - Negative Negative (white blood cell/ul) J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36:
3 와요시험지봉의일부항목의검사원리가다르기때문에비교결과를해석할때참고하기위하여 Clinitek Status analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Deerfield, IL, USA) 에전용시험지봉인 Multistix 10SG (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) 을사용하여추가적인검사를시행하였다. 3) 소변미량알부민및크레아티닌측정전용요시험지디유에스 -2AC 를이용하여반정량적으로측정한소변미량알부민크레아티닌비 (albumin-creatinine ratio, ACR) 를기존정량측정법과비교하여평가하였다. UriDoctor 장비로검사를끝낸검체는즉시자동생화학검사기기 cobas c501 system (Roche diagnostics) 과전용시약을이용하여제조사의지침에따라소변미량알부민과크레아티닌을정량측정하였다. 소변미량알부민과크레아티닌의정량결과를디유에스 -2AC 의반정량결과와비교하기위하여요시험지봉제조사에서제시하는등급표의구간에따라더가까운쪽의등급으로치환한후일치율을산출하였다. 동일한방법으로 Clinitek Status analyzer 에전용시험지봉인 Microalbustix (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) 을사용하여추가적인검사를시행하였다. ACR 에대해서는각회사에서제시하는등급표에따라순위자료로치환한후분석하였다. 가장빈도가높은등급과같은등급을보이는비율을일치율로하였고, 위아래한등급범위내에들어오는비율인한등급내일치율을각각구하였다. 통계분석은 Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) 과 Analyse-it for Microsoft Excel version 2.30 (Analyse-it Software Ltd., Leeds, UK) 을이용하였다. 결과 1. 정밀도두가지농도의정도관리물질에대한검사내정밀도는모든측정항목에서일치율은 100% 로일치하여높은정밀도를보였다 (Table 2). 검사간정밀도는정상범위 (level 1) 정도관리물질에서크레아티닌항목의일치율이 85% 인것을제외하면나머지 11개항목은 100% 일치하였다. 이상범위 (level 2) 에서는 ph의일치율이 65% 였고, 단백질, 빌리루빈, 유로빌리노겐, 케톤의일치율이 90%, 다른 7개항목은 100% 의일치율을보였다. 12개항목모두에서한등급내일치율은 100% 였다. 4) Albumin-creatinine ratio 계산 UriDoctor 장비는미량알부민과크레아티닌반정량측정결과를장비내에서 ACR 로계산하여요시험지제조사에서제시하는결과해석표에따라표현한다. 디유에스 -2AC 요시험지의경우알부민은 10, 30, 80, 150 mg/l 의 4등급, 크레아티닌은 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/dl 의 5등급으로반정량측정되어장비내에서계산된 ACR 이 <30 mg/g, mg/g, 300 mg/g 의 3등급으로보고된다. 지멘스사의 CLINITEK Microalbustix 는알부민을 10, 30, 80, 150 mg/l 의 4등급, 크레아티닌을 10, 50, 100, 200, 300 mg/dl 의 5등급으로반정량측정하며이를계산한 ACR 이 <30 mg/g, mg/ g, >300 mg/g 의 3등급으로보고된다. ACR 이 30 mg/g 미만인경우는정상, mg/g 구간및 300 mg/g 이상구간은비정상으로판독하였다. 정량측정한결과로계산된 ACR 은 UriDoctor 의반정량결과의등급에따라변환한후일치율을구하고, 정량측정치에서계산된 ACR 과같은판정을보이는지민감도와특이도를계산하였다. 5) 통계분석각각의요시험지봉결과는제조회사에서제시하는등급표의정량구간에따라표기하였고, 수치로표현되는 ph, SG 및 2. 상관성총 215 개환자검체로시행한요시험지봉 10종항목의상관성평가에서 SG의일치율은 32%, 한등급내일치율은 80%, ph는일치율 58%, 한등급내일치율 94% 로일치율이다소낮게나타났으나, 나머지 8개항목의일치율은 %, 한등급내일치율은 % 를보였다 (Tables 3, 4). 총 97개환자검체로시행한미량알부민결과는일치율 72% 를보였고, 크레아티닌의일치율은 46% 으로나타났다. 계산된 ACR 값에의한반정량등급은일치율 65% 로나타났다 (Table 4). 일치율은 Clinitek Status 의 87% 보다낮았다. 정량검사대비 Uridoctor ACR 결과의민감도는 87%, 특이도는 58% 였다. 고찰 UriDoctor 의검사내정밀도는매우우수하였고, 검사간정밀도에서도 level 별 1개항목씩을제외하고는 90% 이상일치율을보였으며모든항목에서한등급내일치율이 100% 로높은정밀도를나타내었다. UriDoctor 와 AX-4030 장비의결과를비교한상관성평가에서는 ph와 SG의일치율이각각 58% 와 32% 로낮게나타났다. SG의경우 AX-4030 는굴절광도법 (refractome- 192 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36:
4 Table 2. Precision analysis of UriDoctor using Liquicheck Urinanlysis Control (n=20) Albumin Creatinine Leukocyte esterase Specific gravity Blood Bilirubin Urobilinogen Ketones Protein Nitrite Glucose ph Within-run precision Level I Level II Between-run precision Level I Level II Agreement values are presented as %. Table 3. Statistical analysis of urinalysis results for two automated urine analyzers Analyte Concordance rate (%) tery) 을이용하여측정하고 UriDoctor 에서는요시험지봉의 각검사패드 (pad) 에서반응에의해변화된색을반사율로측 정하는반사광도법 (reflectometry) 을이용하여측정하므로측 정원리의차이에기인한차이를미리예상할수있었다. 같은 반사광도법 (reflectometry) 을사용하는 Clinitek Status 장비 와 UriDoctor 의비교결과는일치율 46%, 한등급내일치율 87% 로더나은결과를보였기에이러한차이는검사법의차 이에서비롯되는것으로보인다. Uridoctor vs. AX4030 ±1 Grade included concordance rate (%) Blood Bilirubin Urobilinogen Ketones Protein Nitrite Glucose ph SG Leukocyte esterase Table 4. Comparison of ACR results between semi-quantitative and quantitative urine analyzers ACR (mg/g) by UriDoctor ACR (mg/g) by cobas c501 < >300 < > Abbreviation: ACR, albumin-creatinine ratio. ph 항목의경우 UriDoctor 장비에서 ph 5.0 으로나온 103 개의검체가 AX-4030 장비에서검사하였을때그중 40 개 는 5.0, 55 개는 5.5 으로나와일치율이낮아졌는데, 이는두 시험지의반정량등급구획이다르기때문에발생하는차이 로생각되었다. 한등급내일치율은 94% 로양호하였다. 함 께시행한 Clinitek Status analyzer 장비와의비교결과에서 도 UriDoctor 장비에서 ph 5.0 으로나온 103 개검체중 23 개 는 5.0 으로일치하나 59 개는 5.5 으로한등급차이를보이고, 20 개는 6.0 으로두등급이상으로차이를보여일치율 31%, 한등급내일치율 90% 로비슷한정도의차이를보였다. 이러 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36:
5 한일치율의차이는요시험지제조사마다등급을나누는기준이다르므로그에따른차이에서비롯된것으로보인다. 또한 AX-4030 의경우는잠혈을제외한항목에서는시험지의시약패드 (reagent pad) 의반사율이보정패드 (calibration pad) 의반사광량이나온도로보정되는특징이있어검체의색깔이나외부환경온도에따라서도추가적인차이가발생할수있을것으로생각된다. 미량알부민뇨 (microalbuminuria) 는명백한신장애증상없이요중알부민의배출이증가하는상태로, 당뇨병성신증 (diabetic nephropathy) 을조기에진단하여당뇨환자의치료와합병증예방에큰도움을줄수있는검사항목이다 [7]. 일반적인요시험지봉검사에비해미량알부민정량검사를직접시행하는검사실이많지않으므로 Uridoctor 와같이크기가작은장비로측정하여빠른시간내에 ACR 로비정상을확인할수있다면일차진료환경에서도움을줄수있다. 그러나소변미량알부민검사는정량측정법에서도총오차목표가 % 정도로높아검사의정밀도와정확성을검증하는것이매우중요한항목이라할수있다 [8]. 본연구에서소변미량알부민과크레아티닌을정량검사와비교한결과는일치율이각각 72%, 46% 로 Clinitek Status 에서두항목의일치율이각각 79% 와 70% 인것과비교해낮은편이었고, 이를계산한 ACR 값에서도일치율 65% 로낮았고 Clinitek Status 의 87% 보다낮았다. UriDoctor 장비에서 30 mg/g 이상 300 mg/g 미만의 ACR 값을나타내어비정상으로해석된 29개 (30.5%) 의검체는 cobas c501 system 으로정량측정한검사결과는 30 mg/g 미만이었다. 즉, UriDoctor 장비를사용하는반정량측정의경우상당수의검체에서위양성이발생한다는것을알수있었다. 또한 cobas c501 system 으로정량측정한결과에서이상을보였으나 UriDoctor 로검사한결과정상으로나온 3개 (3.6%) 검체는위음성이라할수있다. 정량검사대비 Uridoctor ACR 결과의민감도는 87%, 특이도는 58% 로상대적으로민감도가높았는데이러한결과는최근에발표된연구결과에서 Clinitek Status 에 Microalbumin 2 Strip (Siemens) 을사용한것과유사한결과이다 [9]. 시험지봉형태의 ACR 시약평가결과는연구에서는평가대상검체중알부민뇨의양성률에영향을받는것으로보인다. 본연구에서대상검체의알부민뇨의양성률은 25% 였는데, 다른연구에서대상검체중알부민뇨의양성률이높으면본연구보다높은민감도와낮은특이도를보인반면 [10] 알부민뇨의양성률이낮은연구군에서는본연구보다민감도가낮고특이도가높았다 [11]. 결론적으로 UriDoctor 를이용한 ACR 검사는정량검사법에비해특이도가낮으므로당뇨병성신증의진단보다선 별용으로시행하는것이바람직할것으로생각된다. 감사의글 본연구는 디에프아이의연구비지원으로수행되었다. REFERENCES 1. Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine. Laboratory medicine. 5th ed. Seoul: E-public, Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician 2005;71: Jin DC. Current status of dialysis therapy in Korea. Korean J Intern Med 2011;26: Kim KD, Koo SH, Kim JM, Kim JM, Kim JQ, Moon DS, et al. Annual report on external quality assessment in urinalysis in Korea (2013). 43&Mode=view&no=261 (Accessed September 18, 2014). 5. Lee DW, Kim CW, Park AJ, Kim CW, Han SJ, Kim WB, et al. Report on result of urine quality control in J Lab Med Qual Assur 1986;8: Brunzel B. Fundamentals of urine and body fluid analysis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Rowe DJ, Dawnay A, Watts GF. Microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus: review and recommendations for the measurement of albumin in urine. Ann Clin Biochem 1990;27(Pt 4): Ricos C, Alvarez V, Cava F, Garcia-Lario JV, Hernandez A, Jimenez CV, et al. Desirable specifications for total error, imprecision, and bias, derived from intra- and interindividual biologic variation. biodatabase1.htm2014 (Accessed August ). 9. Kim J, Lim J, Koo SH, Kwon GC. Diagnostic utility of the URiSCAN 2 ACR strip as a point-of-care test for estimating urine albumin-creatinine ratios. Lab Med Online 2014;4: Guy M, Newall R, Borzomato J, Kalra PA, Price C. Diagnostic accuracy of the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio determined by the CLINITEK Microalbumin and DCA for the rule-out of albuminuria in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2009;399: McTaggart MP, Price CP, Pinnock RG, Stevens PE, Ne- 194 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36:
6 wall RG, Lamb EJ. The diagnostic accuracy of a urine al bumin-creatinine ratio point-of-care test for detection of albuminuria in primary care. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60: 자동요분석기 UriDoctor 평가김남희 이선민 장철훈부산대학교의학전문대학원진단검사의학교실, 양산부산대학교병원진단검사의학과 배경 : 본연구는새로개발된자동요분석기인 UriDoctor (DFI Co., Ltd., Korea) 장비와전용요시험지디유에스 -10, 디유에스 -2AC (DFI Co. Ltd.) 의분석능을평가하고자하였다. 방법 : UriDoctor 장비에전용요시험지디유에스 -10, 디유에스 -2AC 를이용하여요검사를시행하였다. 정밀도는정도관리물질을이용하여평가하였다. 기존장비인 AX4030 (Arkray Inc., Japan) 과전용요시험지 Aution sticks 10EA (Arkray Inc.) 를이용하여결과를비교분석한후일치율과한등급내일치율을구하였다. 결과 : 검사내정밀도와검사간정밀도는모든항목에서 100% 한등급내일치하여높은정밀도를보였다. 총 215 개환자검체로시행한요시험지봉 10 종항목의상관성평가에서비중 (specific gravity, SG) 의일치율은 32% 한등급내일치율은 80%, ph 는일치율 58%, 한등급내일치율 94% 로다소낮게나타났으나, 나머지 8 개항목의일치율은 %, 한등급내일치율은 % 를보였다. 총 92 개환자검체로시행한미량알부민검사결과는일치율 71% 를보였고, 크레아티닌은일치율 46% 로나타났다. 알부민 - 크레아티닌비 (albumin-creatinine ratio, ACR) 계산값에의한등급별해석은일치율 65% 로, 정량검사법과비교하였을때위음성보다는위양성이발생하여민감도가더높은것으로나타났다. 결론 : UriDoctor 장비에전용요시험지인 CYBOW 10 and CYBOW 2AC strips 을사용한소변검사는우수한정밀도와상관성을보여임상검사실에서사용하기에적합한것으로생각된다. 다만 Arkray AX-4030 과비교한결과검사방법이다른 SG 와등급구획기준이다른 ph 항목의경우낮은상관성을보여해석에주의가필요하다. 특히 ACR 검사항목의경우민감도는 87%, 특이도 58% 인점을고려하여선별검사용으로시행하는것은의미가있을것이라고생각된다. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36: ) 교신저자 : 이선민우 ) 경남양산시물금읍금오로 20, 양산부산대학교병원진단검사의학과 Tel: 055) , Fax: 055) , yaong97@hanmail.net J Lab Med Qual Assur 2014;36:
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