수있는지표로사용하는것이가능하다면비용-효율적측면에서의미가크다. 본연구에서는요시험지봉단백검사와요비중결과를각각단회뇨의정량요단백과요삼투압값간의상관관계를평가하고, 소변선별검사인요시험지봉단백검사와요비중을결합한지표가 24시간요단백량의반영척도로유용성을갖는지확인하기위하여널리사용되고있는

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Download "수있는지표로사용하는것이가능하다면비용-효율적측면에서의미가크다. 본연구에서는요시험지봉단백검사와요비중결과를각각단회뇨의정량요단백과요삼투압값간의상관관계를평가하고, 소변선별검사인요시험지봉단백검사와요비중을결합한지표가 24시간요단백량의반영척도로유용성을갖는지확인하기위하여널리사용되고있는"

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1 원저 Lab Med Online Vol. 5, No. 4: 24-21, October 임상화학 선별소변검사의단백과비중을결합한검사지표의평가 Evaluation of a Test Index Obtained by Coupling Protein with Specific Gravity of Screening Urine Test 한송희 박일규 Song-Hee Hahn, M.D., Ile-Kyu Park, M.D. 한양대학교병원진단검사의학과 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea Background: The 24-hr urine protein excretion test is regarded as a standard for quantitative urinary protein analysis; however, collection of urine over 24 hr is troublesome and errors may occur during the process. We obtained a test index reflecting diluted or concentrated urine by coupling the results of a simple and rapid routine urine analysis and evaluated its usefulness as a marker that quantitatively reflects the 24-hr urine protein excretion. Methods: The estimated urine protein-osmolality ratio (Pro/Osm) was obtained by two linear regression equations between urine dipstick protein and natural logarithm of the protein concentration, and between urine specific gravity (SG) and urine osmolality (Osm). and specificity of estimated urine Pro/Osm and the widely used urine protein-creatinine ratio were evaluated for their efficiency in diagnosing pathological proteinuria and nephrotic proteinuria based on 24-hr urine protein excretion. Results: Moderate correlations were noted between protein concentration determined by the urine dipstick protein assay and natural logarithm of protein concentration (r=.86) and between urine SG and urine Osm (r=.74). The receiver operating characteristics analysis showed that an estimated urine Pro/Osm value of.45 had a sensitivity of 91.1% and a specificity of 88.6% for diagnosing pathological proteinuria, and a value of.24 had a sensitivity of 1% and a specificity of 8.4% for diagnosing nephrotic proteinuria. Conclusions: Coupling the results of urine dipstick protein and urine SG determined by the routine analysis will provide additional useful information that will make the screening of renal diseases more cost-effective. Key Words: Proteinuria, Routine urine analysis, Urine protein-osmolality ratio 서론 요단백은신장질환의가장중요한소견중하나이고, 신장질환 자의예후평가와추적관찰의유용한지표로사용되고있으며 [1, 2] 선별검사에서양성으로나타나는경우추가적으로요단백의정량 검사를실시하고있다. 소변의희석과농축정도에따른영향을배 Corresponding author: Ile-Kyu Park Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hanyang University Medical Center, Guri Hospital, 153 Gyeongchun-ro, Guri 11923, Korea Tel: , Fax: , ikpark@hanyang.ac.kr Received: December 29, 214 Revision received: April 22, 215 Accepted: April 23, 215 This article is available from 215, Laboratory Medicine Online This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 제하기위하여요단백의정량적분석에는 24시간배출되는단백량을측정하는것이표준방법이지만검체채취가불편하며이과정에서오류가발생할가능성이높다 [3, 4]. 따라서 24시간요단백량을반영하면서도간편하게검체를채취할수있는단회뇨의단백 / 크레아티닌비또는단백 / 삼투압비를산출하여사용하고있다 [5-7]. 소변내단백을측정하는기본검사방법으로간단하게신속한결과를얻을수있는요시험지봉검사를시행하고있다. 요시험지봉검사를통한요단백측정이단백뇨의선별방법으로유용하다는여러연구결과가있지만 [3, 8, 9] 소변의농축, 희석상태를반영하지못하는문제가있기때문에요시험지봉검사만을단일지표로사용하는데에는한계가있는것으로보고되었다 [3, 8]. 소변의선별검사는단백이외에도빌리루빈, 당, 산도, 케톤, 비중등전반적인소변의지표를한꺼번에확인할수있는장점이있다. 각각보고되는선별검사종목중소변의희석, 농축정도를반영하는비중을 [1] 단백과결합하여신장의단백배출량을반영할 24 eissn

2 수있는지표로사용하는것이가능하다면비용-효율적측면에서의미가크다. 본연구에서는요시험지봉단백검사와요비중결과를각각단회뇨의정량요단백과요삼투압값간의상관관계를평가하고, 소변선별검사인요시험지봉단백검사와요비중을결합한지표가 24시간요단백량의반영척도로유용성을갖는지확인하기위하여널리사용되고있는정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비와함께비교조사하였다. 대상및방법 1. 요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의상관관계 212년 3월부터 213년 6월까지한양대학교구리병원에서요시험지봉단백검사와단회뇨정량단백검사를같은날시행한 19세이상성인 1,417명을대상으로하였다. 그중남자가 675명, 여자가 742명이었으며평균나이는각각 54.3±16.5 (19-92) 세, 56.6±15.8 (19-88) 세였다. 요단백은요시험지봉 (AUTION Sticks 1EA, Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan) 을이용하여자동뇨분석기 (Aution Max AX- 43, Arkray Inc., Japan) 로측정되었다. 통계적분석을위하여 -, ±, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ 의결과에각각, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5의값을부여하였다. 단회뇨단백의정량은자동화학분석기 (Roche modular DP, Roche, Basel, Switzerland) 를이용하여측정하였고, 요시험지봉단백결과와비교시더좋은상관관계를얻기위해각측정값에자연로그 (ln) 를취하였다. 2. 요비중과요삼투압그리고요비중과요크레아티닌의상관관계같은기간동안동일기관에서요시험지봉비중검사와요삼투압, 요크레아티닌검사를같은날시행한 19세이상성인환자를대상으로하였다. 총 3,22명중남자가 1,456명, 여자가 1,566명이었으며평균나이는남자 61.7±16.2 (19-97) 세, 여자 64.9±17.7 (19-97) 세였다. 요비중은반사굴절률측정 (reflection refractometry) 을이용하여자동뇨분석기 (Aution Max AX-43, Arkray Inc., Japan) 로측정되었고 1.5부터 1.3까지의연속적인결과를얻었다. 요삼투압은빙점강하 (freezing point depression) 원리를이용한삼투압측정기 (Advanced Model 22 Multi-Sample Osmometer, Advanced Instruments, USA) 를이용하여측정되었고, 요크레아티닌은 Roche modular DP analyzer (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) 를이용하여측정되었다. 3. 요시험지봉단백과요비중으로추정한요단백 / 삼투압비회귀분석결과요삼투압이요크레아티닌보다요비중과더좋은 상관관계를보였고이를토대로요비중과요삼투압의회귀곡선식을요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의회귀곡선식과결합하여요단백 / 삼투압비를추정하는새로운지표를도출하였다. 그리고그식으로얻어지는결과를 추정요단백 / 삼투압비 로명명하였다. 4. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비사이의상관성평가같은기관에서 212년 3월부터 213년 6월에요시험지봉검사와요단백, 요크레아티닌검사를동시에시행한 1,411명의환자를대상으로추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비사이의상관성을평가하였다. 그중남자가 672명, 여자가 74명이었고평균나이는각각 54.2±16.5 (19-92) 세, 56.6±15.8 (19-88) 세였다. 5. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량그리고정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비와 24시간요단백량의비교추정요단백 / 삼투압비를도출하는과정에포함된환자군을제외한환자를대상으로하였다. 같은기관에서 212년 1월부터 213년 12월까지 24시간요단백량과요시험지봉검사를같은날시행한총 1명의성인환자를대상으로추정요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량의관계를확인하였다. 그중남자가 49명, 여자가 51명이었고평균나이는 55.7±18. (19-91) 세였고남녀의차이는보이지않았다. 한편위기간동안 24시간요단백량과단회뇨의요단백, 요크레아티닌검사를같은날시행한총 432명의성인환자를대상으로정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비와 24시간요단백량의관계를확인하였다. 그중남자가 214명, 여자가 218명이었고평균나이는 53.±15.8 (19-91) 세로남녀의차이는보이지않았다. 병리학적범위의단백뇨와신증후군단백뇨의기준으로사용되는 24시간요단백량 2 mg/day와 3,5 mg/day를기준 [11] 으로 relative operating characteristics (ROC) curve 분석을시행하여추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비의병리학적단백뇨와신증후군단백뇨의기준값을각각도출하고그기준값에서두검사지표의민감도와특이도를구하였다. 6. 통계분석통계분석은 SPSS (Version 18., SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 를이용하였다. 요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의관계와요비중과요삼투압의관계, 요비중과요크레아티닌의관계를확인하고, 각각의지표를추정하는함수식을구하기위하여단순선형회귀분석 (simple linear regression analysis) 을시행하였다. 상관분석을시행하여추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비사이의상관성을평가하였다. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비의단

3 백뇨진단시유용성을평가하기위하여 ROC curve 분석으로곡 선하면적 (area under the curve, AUC) 을구하였다. Urine protein Urine Osmolality (1.151Protein strip+2.2) e = (18,523.9 x Specific gravity)-18,348. 결과 1. 요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의상관관계 단회뇨정량단백의평균은 59.14± mg/dl였다. 그중요시험지봉의단백결과, ±, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+ 는각각 63.7%, 13.5%, 13.1%, 7.5%, 1.7%,.4% 에해당하였다. 요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백결과를자연로그로치환한값사이의상관계수 (r) 는.86 (P <.1) 으로자연로그를취하지않은단회뇨정량단백의결과 (r =.72, P <.1) 보다더우수한상관성을보였다. 2. 요비중과요삼투압그리고요비중과요크레아티닌의상관관계요비중의평균은 1.17±.8이었고요삼투압의평균은 498± 21 mosm/kg이었다. 요비중과요삼투압사이에서상관계수는.74였다 (P <.1). 반면요크레아티닌평균은 89.48±72.79 mg/ dl였고, 요비중과요크레아티닌은상관분석결과상관계수가.54 로요비중과요삼투압의관계와비교하였을때더낮은상관성을보였다 (P <.1). 4. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비의상관관계추정요단백 / 삼투압비의전체평균은.116±.317 mg/dl/ mosm/kg이었고, 정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비의전체평균은.763±1.775 mg/mg이었다. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비사이의상관계수는.66 (P <.1) 이었다 (Fig. 1). 5. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비의 24시간요단백량과의비교 1) 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량병리학적단백뇨의기준인 24시간요단백량 2 mg/day를기준으로추정요단백 / 삼투압비를 ROC 분석한결과 AUC는.954였으며, 추정요단백 / 삼투압비.45를기준으로민감도, 특이도가각각 91.1% 와 88.6% 로나타났다. 한편신증후군단백뇨의진단기준인 24시간요단백량 3,5 mg/day를기준으로 ROC 분석을시행한결과 AUC.912, 추정요단백 / 삼투압비.24를기준으로민감도 1% 와특이도 8.4% 를보였다 (Fig. 2) (Table 1). 3. 요선별검사결과를이용한추정요단백 / 삼투압비의도출 요비중과요삼투압의회귀곡선식 ( 요삼투압 =18,524 요비 중 -18,348) 과요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의회귀곡선식 ( 단회뇨정량단백 =e (1.151 요시험지봉의단백량 +2.2) ) 을결합하여요단백 / 삼 투압비를반영하는지표를다음과같은식으로도출하였다. Urine Pro/Osmnew equation(mg/dl/mosm/kg) Urine Pro/Cre (mg/mg) y =.1181x r =.662 Fig. 1. Correlation between estimated urine Pro/Osm by the new equation and urine Pro/Cre. Abbreviations: Pro/Osm, protein/osmolality ratio; Pro/Cre, protein/creatinine ratio. 2) 정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비와 24시간요단백량정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비를위와같은 24시간요단백량기준으로 ROC 분석한결과, 병리학적단백뇨진단에서 AUC는.976이었고.27을기준으로 95.5% 의민감도와 9.1% 의특이도를보였고, 신증후군단백뇨진단에서의 AUC는.979였으며 을기준으로 1% 의민감도와 9.8% 의특이도를보였다 (Fig. 3) (Table 1). 고찰 요단백정량측정을위한 24시간소변채취는표준화된방법이기는하나, 정확한양의검체채취가이루어지기쉽지않다. 따라서단회뇨에서측정한단백을소변의농축, 희석정도를반영하는지표로나눈요단백 / 크레아티닌비나요단백 / 삼투압비를이용하는경우가흔하며이전의여러연구에서두결과모두 24시간요단백량과높은상관관계를보고하고있다 [5-7]. Montero 등 [5] 과 Park과 Kim [12] 은신장질환환자에서정량측정요단백 / 크레아티닌비와 24시간요단백량사이의상관계수를각각.91,.887로보고하였으며, 루푸스신염환자를대상으로한 Leung 등 [4] 의연구에서는정량측정요단백 / 크레아티닌비와

4 A B Fig. 2. ROC analysis of estimated urine Pro/Osm ratio by the new equation for diagnosis of pathological proteinuria (A) and nephrotic proteinuria (B). The values for area under the ROC curves for pathological proteinuria and nephrotic proteinuria were.954 (95% confidence interval, ) and.912 (95% confidence interval, ), respectively A B Fig. 3. ROC analysis of the quantitative urine protein/creatinine ratio for diagnosis of pathological proteinuria (A) and nephrotic proteinuria (B). The values for area under the ROC curves for pathological proteinuria and nephrotic proteinuria were.976 (95% confidence interval, ) and.979 (95% confidence interval, ), respectively. Table 1. Association of estimated urine Pro/Osm by the new equation and urine Pro/Cre with 24 hr urine protein for diagnosing pathological proteinuria and nephrotic proteinuria Indices Pathological proteinuria Nephrotic proteinuria 24 hr urine protein 24 hr urine protein 2 mg/day <2 mg/day 3,5 mg/day <3,5 mg/day Estimated Pro/Osm (91.1) 5 (11.4).24 8 (1) 18 (19.6) (mg/dl/mosm/kg) <.45 5 (8.9) 39 (88.6) <.24 () 74 (8.4) (n=1) 56 (1) 44 (1) 8 (1) 92 (1) Pro/Cre (mg/mg) (95.5) 23 (9.9) (1) 36 (9.2) <.27 8 (4.5) 29 (9.1) <1.763 () 357 (9.8) (n=432) 2 (1) 232 (1) 39 (1) 393 (1) Abbreviations: Pro/Osm, protein/osmolality ratio; Pro/Cre, protein/creatinine ratio

5 시간요단백량사이의상관계수가.91로나타났다. 한편요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량과의관계에대해서 Wilson 등 [13] 이요단백 / 삼투압비를요단백 / 크레아티닌비와비교하여신뢰할만한지표로사용가능하다는연구결과를보고하였고, Morgenstern 등 [14] 과 Kim 등 [15] 은단백뇨를보이는소아환자에서요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량사이의상관계수를각각.91과.88로높게보고하였다. Serdaroglu 등 [7] 은단백뇨를보이는소아에서요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량사이에서.79의상관계수를확인하였다. 본연구는대다수의환자에서선별검사로이루어지는요시험지봉검사의결과를단회뇨의정량검사결과와비교하였다. 요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백사이의상관계수는.72였고, 요시험지봉단백과자연로그로치환한정량단백값사이의상관계수는.86으로더좋은상관관계를나타내는것을확인할수있었다. 이는요시험지봉단백의결과는단백의양의범위에따라순위척도로얻어지는데그범위의간격이자연로그의간격과비슷하기때문이라고추측할수있었다. 본연구의요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백의높은상관관계는 Pugia 등 [9] 의연구에서확인된요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백사이의높은일치도와상응하는결과이다. 또 Newman 등 [16] 은요시험지봉단백과단회뇨정량단백이단백뇨의구별에서통계적으로유사한민감도와특이도를보이는것으로보고하였다. 그러나 Makihara 등 [17] 은요시험지봉단백결과를단회뇨정량단백과비교하여단백뇨의구별에있어유의한차이 (P <.1) 를보고한바있으며, Chotayaporn 등 [3] 은요시험지봉단백을단회뇨가아닌 24시간요단백량과비교하여낮은상관관계 (r =.29) 를보고하였다. 한편 Gai 등 [18] 은요시험지봉의단백단일지표를정량측정요단백 / 크레아티닌비와비교하여상관계수를.72 로보고하였고, Ralston 등 [19] 은요시험지봉단백단일지표가 24시간요단백량과비교시단백뇨진단에는높은민감도를보이지만동시에위양성률이높은것을확인하여보고하였다. 이처럼요시험지봉단백의단일지표를단회뇨정량단백혹은요단백 / 크레아티닌비와비교한연구는많았지만본연구에서와같이요시험지봉단백결과를요비중결과와결합하여진단적유용성을평가한경우는매우드물었다. 한편, 요비중과요삼투압의관계에대한연구중 Imran 등 [1] 은요비중측정방법을요시험지봉과굴절률측정계, 두그룹으로나누어요비중과요삼투압사이의상관계수를각각.67과.73으로보고하였다. Chadha 등 [2] 은신생아를대상으로요비중과요삼투압사이에높은상관관계 (r =.93) 를보고하면서굴절률측정계가요시험지봉보다요비중측정시요삼투압을더정확하게반영하는것으로설명하였다. 본연구에서는이전의연구결과를바탕으로굴절률측정방법으로얻어낸요비중결과를이용하였고, 요삼투 압과의비교에서상관계수는.74로확인되었다. 한편본연구에서요비중과요크레아티닌사이의상관계수는.52로나타나요비중과요삼투압사이의관계 (r =.74) 보다낮은상관성을보이는것으로확인되었다. 요시험지봉단백과요비중의결과를이용하여요단백 / 크레아티닌비를추측하고자하였던다른연구에서도본연구와마찬가지로요비중과요크레아티닌사이의상관관계가좋지않은것으로나타났다 [21]. 이는요크레아티닌이요삼투압에비하여나이와성별에영향을더많이받는지표 [22] 인것과연관이있다고추측하였다. 본연구에서는요크레아티닌보다더좋은상관관계를보이는요삼투압의요비중과의분석결과와요시험지봉단백과자연로그를취한단회뇨정량단백결과사이의분석결과를이용하여, 요단백과요삼투압을반영하는추정식을유도하였다. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비를단회뇨정량측정으로구해진요단백 / 크레아티닌비와비교하여상관계수가.66 (P <.1) 을확인하였다. Constantiner 등 [21] 이요비중과요시험지봉단백을이용하여요단백 / 크레아티닌비에상응하는최적의방정식을구하고, 그방정식의결과를요단백 / 크레아티닌비와비교하여 95% 이상의양성예측도와음성예측도를보고한바있다. 기본적으로시행되는소변검사결과를이용한새로운방정식으로기존에사용되는지표를추측하려는부분은본연구와유사하였지만, Constantiner 등의연구에서는분석프로그램을이용하여요시험지봉단백과요비중을변수로대입한요단백 / 크레아티닌비에상응하는식을구하였고, 본연구에서는통계프로그램으로얻은회귀함수식을이용하여요단백 / 삼투압비에상응하는새로운방정식을도출하였다. 본연구의새로운추정식의결과를임상적으로사용하는것이타당한지확인하기위해추정요단백 / 삼투압비를표준검사인 24 시간요단백량으로 ROC curve 분석한결과에서병리학적단백뇨의결정에는 91.4% 의민감도와 86.2% 의특이도를보였고, 신증후군단백뇨의진단에는 1% 의민감도와 81.5% 의특이도를보였다. 정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비가병리학적단백뇨의진단에민감도 95.7%, 특이도 89.2%, 그리고신증후군단백뇨진단에민감도 97.6%, 특이도 92.3% 를보였다. Morgenstern 등 [14] 은단백뇨진단에서정량측정한요단백 / 삼투압비와요단백 / 크레아티닌비의민감도, 특이도를각각 9.3%, 89.7% 와 96.6%, 96.3% 로보고하였고, Torng 등 [23] 은단백뇨진단에있어정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비의민감도, 특이도를 9.% 와 98.% 까지보고하였다. 본연구에서도이전연구의보고와유사한결과를확인할수있었다. 신증후군단백뇨진단의특이도에서추정요단백 / 삼투압비는정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비와약간의차이를보였지만, 민감도에서는신뢰할만한결과를보이는것으로생각되었다. 1% 의민감도를보이는추정요단백 / 삼투압비를신증후군단

6 백뇨를선별하는지표로사용한다면선별검사로시행되는요시험지봉결과만으로정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비에근접한정보를신속하게얻을수있으므로비용-효율면에서상당한의미의진단적유용성을찾을수있을것이다. 현재대부분의병의원에서환자정보의전산화가일반적이므로혈청크레아티닌검사를시행한환자에서추정사구체여과율을함께보고하는것처럼요시험지봉결과를새로운추정식에대입한계산값을지표 (index) 화하여보고할수있을것으로판단된다. 본연구는다양한검사항목을포함시키면서통계적타당성을얻기위하여추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정단백 / 크레아티닌비를 24시간요단백과비교한대상군에같은환자가중복되지않도록선별하였다. 그과정에서추정요단백 / 삼투압비와 24시간요단백량의관계를비교한대상군의수가상대적으로적다는점과소아를포함하지않은성인환자만을연구대상으로포함한것을제한점으로갖는다. 그러므로향후소아를포함한다양한나이의환자를대상으로더큰규모의연구가진행된다면추정요단백 / 삼투압비의진단적유용성에관한추가적인증거를찾을수있을것으로생각된다. 요약 배경 : 요단백량의정량적측정에는 24시간요단백측정이표준검사이나, 검체채취가어려워그과정에서오류가발생하기쉽다. 본연구에서는간편하고신속한요선별검사결과를결합하여소변의희석및농축을반영한결과를얻고, 24시간요단백량을반영하는지표로의유용성을평가하고자하였다. 방법 : 요시험지봉단백과정량단백, 그리고요비중과요삼투압사이에서도출된회귀곡선식을이용하여 추정요단백 / 삼투압비 를구하였다. 병리학적단백뇨, 신증후군단백뇨진단의 24시간요단백량을기준으로 추정요단백 / 삼투압비 와널리사용되고있는요단백 / 크레아티닌비의민감도와특이도를각각구하여진단적효용성을서로비교평가하였다. 결과 : 요시험지봉단백과자연로그를취한단회뇨정량단백 (r =.86) 과요비중과요삼투압사이 (r =.74) 에서중등의상관관계를보였다. 추정요단백 / 삼투압비와정량측정한요단백 / 크레아티닌비사이에서는.66의상관계수가확인되었다. ROC 분석결과추정요단백 / 삼투압비.45에서병리학적단백뇨의진단에 91.1% 의민감도와 88.6% 의특이도를보였고.24에서신증후군단백뇨의진단에 1% 와 8.4% 의민감도와특이도를보였다결론 : 기본검사인요시험지봉단백과요비중의결과를결합함으로써신질환의선별진단시비용-효과면에서유용한정보를제공할수있을것으로생각된다. REFERENCES 1. Hemmelgarn BR, Manns BJ, Lloyd A, James MT, Klarenbach S, Quinn RR, et al. Relation between kidney function, proteinuria, and adverse outcomes. JAMA 21;33: McIntyre NJ and Taal MW. How to measure proteinuria? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 28;17: Chotayaporn T, Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W. Comparison of proteinuria determination by urine dipstick, spot urine protein creatinine index, and urine protein 24 hours in lupus patients. J Clin Rheumatol 211;17: Leung YY, Szeto CC, Tam LS, Lam CW, Li EK, Wong KC, et al. Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio in an untimed urine collection is a reliable measure of proteinuria in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology 27;46: Montero N, Soler MJ, Pascual MJ, Barrios C, Márquez E, Rodríguez E, et al. Correlation between the protein/creatinine ratio in spot urine and 24-hour urine protein. Nefrologia 212;32: Price CP, Newall RG, Boyd JC. Use of protein:creatinine ratio measurements on random urine samples for prediction of significant proteinuria: a systematic review. Clin Chem 25;51: Serdaroglu E and Mir S. Protein-osmolality ratio for quantification of proteinuria in children. Clin Exp Nephrol 28;12: White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ. Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis 211;58: Pugia MJ, Wallace JF, Lott JA, Sommer R, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, et al. Albuminuria and proteinuria in hospitalized patients as measured by quantitative and dipstick methods. J Clin Lab Anal 21;15: Imran S, Eva G, Christopher S, Flynn E, Henner D. Is specific gravity a good estimate of urine osmolality? J Clin Lab Anal 21;24: Antunes VV, Veronese FJ, Morales JV. Diagnostic accuracy of the protein/creatinine ratio in urine samples to estimate 24-h proteinuria in patients with primary glomerulopathies: a longitudinal study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 28;23: Park EY and Kim TY. How to interpret the protein/creatinine ratio in patients with low GFR. Nephrol Dial Transplant 29;24: Wilson DM and Anderson RL. Protein-osmolality ratio for the quantitative assessment of proteinuria from a random urinalysis sample. Am J Clin Pathol 1993;1: Morgenstern BZ, Butani L, Woilan P, Wilson DM, Larson TS. Validity of protein-osmolality versus protein-creatinine ratios in the estimation

7 of quantitative proteinuria from random samples of urine in children. Am J Kidney Dis 23;41: Kim HS, Cheon HW, Choe JH, Yoo KH, Hong YS, Lee JW, et al. Quantification of proteinuria in children using the urinary protein-osmolality ratio. Pediatr Nephrol 21;16: Newman DJ, Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Wallace JF, Hiar AM. Urinary protein and albumin excretion corrected by creatinine and specific gravity. Clin Chim Acta 2;294: Makihara N, Yamasaki M, Morita H, Yamada H. A dipstick test combined with urine specific gravity improved the accuracy of proteinuria determination in pregnancy screening. Kobe J Med Sci 211;56:E Gai M, Motta D, Giunti S, Fop F, Masini S, Mezza E, et al. Comparison between 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and dipstick test in patients with nephropathy: patterns of proteinuria in dipstick-negative patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 26;66: Ralston SH, Caine N, Richards I, O Reilly D, Sturrock RD, Capell HA. Screening for proteinuria in a rheumatology clinic: comparison of dipstick testing, 24 hour urine quantitative protein, and protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Ann Rheum Dis 1988;47: Chadha V, Garg U, Alon US. Measurement of urinary concentration: a critical appraisal of methodologies. Pediatr Nephrol 21;16: Constantiner M, Sehgal AR, Humbert L, Constantiner D, Arce L, Sedor JR, et al. A dipstick protein and specific gravity algorithm accurately predicts pathological proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis 25;45: Carrieri M, Trevisan A, Bartolucci GB. Adjustment to concentrationdilution of spot urine samples: correlation between specific gravity and creatinine. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 21;74: Torng S, Rigatto C, Rush DN, Nickerson P, Jeffery JR. The urine protein to creatinine ratio (P/C) as a predictor of 24-hour urine protein excretion in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 21;72:

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