REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Annual Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme for Urinalysis and
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1 REPORT ON PROFICIENCY TESTING Annual Report on the External Quality Assessment Scheme for Urinalysis and Fecal Occult Blood Testing in Korea (2017) Chang-Ho Jeon, A-Jin Lee, Sang-Gyung Kim, Hun-Seok Suh, and Young-Cheol Bae Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, Daegu, Korea Corresponding author: Chang-Ho Jeon Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Medical Center, School of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 33 Duryugongwon-ro 17-gil, Namgu, Daegu 42472, Korea Tel: Fax: In 2017, external quality assessment trials for urinalysis and fecal occult blood (FOB) were performed with 1,544 participants. Urine chemistry tests were performed three times and urine sediment and FOB tests were evaluated 2 times. Urine chemistry tests consisted of ph, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte, and specific gravity analyses. The results of the urine chemistry and specific gravity tests showed accuracy rates >95%. The accuracy rate of urine sediments was low, especially for fat droplets and atypical uric acid crystals. In the FOB quality test, all reagents showed accuracy rates >82%, which suggested the persistent improvement of false-positive reactions. In the FOB quantitative test, discrepant results depending on the instrument used were observed. To compensate for the result differences caused by the amounts of stool samples, the results should be reported using another unit (µg/g of stool). (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40: ) Key Words: Quality control, Urinalysis, Occult blood pissn: eissn: 서론 요경검학분과의 2017년도외부정도관리사업은새로운전산입력시스템이안정화되어결과분석및보고가제대로이루어졌다. 요화학검사는 3차시행하였고총 12개의관리물질을사용하였다. 요침사검사는 2회시행하였으며총 8개의사진을게시하여판독하도록하였다. 대변잠혈검사 (faecal occult blood, FOB) 또한 2회시행하였으며총 6개의관리물질을사용하였다. 요화학검사및 FOB 신빙도조사에는국내에서제조된관리물질을사용하였다. 2017년신빙도조사사업결과에서요화학검사는 98% 이상의정답률을나타내었고기기회사별로도정답률에큰차이가 없었다. 그러나 Beckmann (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA) 장비로판독한백혈구검사에서낮은정답률 (75%) 을보였다. 요침사검사에서는 67.8%-86.7% 의정답률을나타내어개선의여지가필요하였다. FOB에서는정답률이 90% 이상으로위양성률이높았던 2015년이후정답률의개선이지속되었다 [1]. 재료및방법 1. 대상요경검학분과에서는대한임상검사정도관리협회에등록된기관을대상으로 2017년도 4월, 6월, 8월 3차에걸쳐정도관 128 Copyright 2018 Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service
2 리물질을발송하였다. 발송기관수는 1,544기관으로 16년도 1,487기관에비하여 57기관이증가되었으며평균회신율을 88.3% 였다. 2. 재료요화학검사를위한관리물질은 1차 (CU ), 2차 (CU ), 3차 (CU ) 검체모두국내에서제조한액상관리물질 4종씩을각회원기관에냉장포장하여발송하였다. 이중 1차및 3차에는본협회홈페이지에게시한요침사사진 8매등모두 20종의검체를우송및게시하여정도관리신빙도조사를시행하였다. 결과치의입력은본협회에서구축한신빙도조사사업홈페이지에서직접입력하는방식을사용하였다. FOB를위한관리물질도 1차및 2차검체모두국내에서제조한점액성분말관리물질 3종 (CS ) 을각회원기관에냉장포장하여발송하였다. 3. 정도관리물질의허용치요화학및 FOB검사의경우분과위원회에서실험한참고치, 각기관에서회신한결과의일치도를고려하였으며, 정성값은최빈도치 ±1단계, 정량값은평균 ±2 standard deviation의범위를허용범위로설정하였다. 결과 1. 요화학검사 9종의신빙도조사성적요화학검사 9종 (ph, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte) 의신빙도조사성적은 Table 1에요약하였다. Table 1은 1차, 2차및 3차신빙도 조사에서얻어진평균정답률을구한자료이며, 모든항목에서 95% 이상의정답률을나타내었다. 2. 요화학분석기에따른요화학검사신빙도조사성적각회사별요화학분석기에따른요화학검사의신빙도조사성적은 Table 2와같다. YD (YD Diagnostics, Yongin, Korea) 가 42.8% 로가장많이사용하고있으며 SD (Standard Diagnostics, Seoul, Korea) 20.2%, Roche (Roche, Mannheim, Germany) 16.0%, DFI (DFI Co. Ltd., Gimhae, Korea) 9.3% 순이었다. 회사별장비에따라요화학검사의정답률은차이를보이지않았으나 Beckman 장비 (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA) 는백혈구검출에서 75% 의낮은정답률을나타내었으며, 이는백혈구양성검체를음성으로판독한데서기인하였다. Beckman 장비의음성판독은 2016년부터지속되어그원인을분석하고자하였다 [2]. 대구가톨릭대학병원진단검사의학과에서는환자들의소변을 YD사의 Uriscan Super 장비로분석하여백혈구양성으로나온 132예를대상으로, Beckman사의 ichem Velocity 장비로재검하였다. 124예에서 1단계이하의일치를보여 93.9% 의일치율을나타내어, 환자검체분석에는위음성현상이관찰되지않았다. 이에기질효과 (matrix effect) 가의심되어정도관리물질을한국고분자시험연구소 (Seoul, Korea) 에의뢰하여분석하였다. 분석결과 2-methyl-p-anisidine (4-methoxy-o-toluidine) 및 n-methyl-p-anisidine이백혈구시약의 diazonium salt과반응하는것으로보고하였다. 즉백혈구의 esterase 효소대신상기두가지물질이반응하여양성결과를나타낸다고하였다. 이에정도관리물질을 Beckman사와 YD사의요시험지봉 Table 1. Number of participants and acceptable rates of urine chemistry QC Tests 1st QC 2nd QC 3rd QC Participants Acceptable (%) Participants Acceptable (%) Participants Acceptable (%) ph 1, , , Protein 1, , , Glucose 1, , , Ketone 1, , , Bilirubin 1, , , Blood 1, , , Urobilinogen 1, , , Nitrite 1, , , Leukocyte 1, , , Abbreviation: QC, quality control. J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
3 Table 2. Acceptable rates according to urine analyzers from different companies Company ph Protein Glucose Ketone Bilirubin Blood Urobilinogen Nitrite Leukocyte Total YD (42.8) SD (20.2) Roche (16.0) DFI (9.3) Siemens (6.3) Eiken (4.1) Arkray (2.5) Symex (1.1) Beckman (0.7) Values are presented as % or number (%). The instruments used were from the following companies: YD (YD Diagnostics, Yongin, Korea), SD (Standard Diagnostics, Seoul, Korea), Roche (Roche diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany), DFI (DFI Co. Ltd., Gimhae, Korea), Siemens (Siemens Healthcare (Erlangen, Germany), Eiken (Eiken Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan), Arkray (Arkray Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Beckman (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA). 에반응시킨후육안관찰을시도하였다 (Fig. 1A). 백혈구시약에서 Beckman사는연한살색으로 YD사는연자주빛으로발색되었다. 백혈구에의한 Beckman사의요시험지봉발색반응은 Fig. 1B와같이자주빛으로발색된다. 3. 요화학분석기로시행한요비중검사신빙도조사성적요비중검사는굴절계검사는시행하지않고요화학분석장기로측정하였다. Table 3에서와같이모든검체에서 95% 이상의정답률을나타내었다. 그러나결과입력시잘못된값이입력되는경우가발생하여각기관에서결과입력시주의가필요하였다. 4. 사진검체를이용한요침사물검사결과사진검체를사용하여시행한요침사물신빙도조사의평균정답률은 68.67% 에서 99.3% 의정답률을보였다 (Figs. 2, 3, Table 4). 지방구 (CUI-17-02) 를전분입자나백혈구로판정하였고, 비정형요산결정 (CUI-17-05) 을과립원주나적혈구원주로판정하였다. 또한납양원주 (CUI-17-07) 를초자원주로판정하였고, 이행상피세포와세뇨관상피세포 (CUI-17-06) 의구별이용이하지않았다. 따라서요침사물에대한판독은각기관의지속적인개선노력이필요하였다. 5. FOB 시약에따른 FOB 정성검사의정답률및시약의분포 FOB 시약에따른 FOB 정성검사의정답률은 Table 5에나타내었다. 시약은 SD FOB rapid test (268기관), YD FOB test (121기관), Eiken homocatch light (Eiken Chemical B A Bilirubin UBG Ketone Vit C Glucose Protein Blood ph Nitrite Leukocytes Comp SG Leuko(cytes)(zyten) Leuc(ocitos)(ocitos)(ociti) Norm. 25 Blood Bilirubin UBG Ketone Protein Nitrite Glucose ph SG Leukocytes Vit C Comp WBC s/ L 120 sec Fig. 1. (A) Gross examination of CU Beckman (left) and YD (right) strips show results of urine chemistry reactions. At the leukocyte pads, the Beckman strip displays a slightly yellowish color, while the YD strip displays a pale purple color. (B) Color chart for leukocytes for the Beckman strip. Abbreviations: UBG, urobilinogen; Vit C, vitamin C; SG, specific gravity; WBC, white blood cell. 130 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
4 Table 3. Acceptable rates of the urine specific gravity test Specimen Participants Mean±standard deviation 95% Confidence interval Acceptable (%) CU , ± to CU , ± CU , ± to CU , ± to CU , ± to CU , ± CU , ± CU , ± to CU , ± to CU , ± CU , ± CU , ± to B A D C E Fig. 2. Images of urine sediments (with arrow) for the external quality assessment. (A) CUI uric acid crystal (original magnification 400). (B) CUI fat globule (original magnification 100). (C) Polarized microscopic images of panel B. (D) CUI cystine crystal (original magnification 400). (E) CUI cellular cast (original magnification 400). Co., Tokyo, Japan; 56기관), Asan FOB easy test (Asan Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea; 52기관) 순으로 사용하 였다. 모든 시약에서 양호한 정답률을 나타내었으나, FOB 음성 검체에서 SD FOB, Humasis FOB test (Humasis Co., Anyang, Korea) 및 GC Genedia FOB (Green Cross Medial Science Co., Yongin, Korea) 시약에서 90% 이하의 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40: A B C D Fig. 3. Images of urine sediments (with arrow) for the external quality assessment. (A) CUI uric acid crystal (original magnification 200). (B) CUI renal tubular epithelial cell (original magnification 400). (C) CUI waxy cast (original magnification 100). (D) CUI ammonium urate crystal (original magnification 400). 낮은 정답률을 나타내었다. 특히 Humasis사 시약은 음성 검 체 2개에서 모두 90% 이하의 정답률을 나타내어 시약의 개선 이 필요하였다. 6. F OB 시약에 따른 FOB 정량검사의 정답률 및 시약의 분 포 FOB 정량검사결과 분포는 Table 6에 요약하였다. 장비별 131
5 Table 4. Acceptable rates for the urine sediment examination Specimen no. Results Participants Answers Acceptable (%) Unacceptable (%) CUI Uric acid CUI Fat droplets CUI Starch granule CUI Leukocyte CUI Cystine CUI Granular cast coarsely CUI RBC/pigmented/muddy brown casts CUI Granular cast finely CUI Cellular cast (RTE and/or neutrophil) CUI Waxy cast CUI Fatty cast CUI Uric acid CUI Granular cast coarsely CUI RBC/pigmented/muddy brown casts CUI Fiber/fecal contamination CUI Calcium oxalate CUI Fatty cast CUI Transitional epithelial cell CUI Renal tubular epithelial cell CUI Squamous epithelial cell CUI Waxy cast CUI Fiber/fecal contamination CUI Hyaline cast CUI Granular cast finely CUI Cholesterol CUI Ammonium biurate CUI Amorphous urates/phosphates CUI Leucine 로검사에사용하는대변양이달라서장비간비교가어려워이를보정한값을함께비교하였다. 사용장비는 Eiken (158기관 ), Alfresa (Alfresa Pharma Co., Osaka, Japan; 60기관 ), Kyowa (Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Kagawa, Japan; 35기관 ) 순으로분포하였다. 전체평균에비하여 Alfresa 장비는 CS 및 CS 검체에서높은수치를보였다. 또한 Alfresa 장비는 CS-17-02, 17-03, 및 검체에서모두낮은농도를나타내었다. 고찰 2017 년의정도관리신빙도조사에서나타난특징은참여기 관의증가이다. 특히 3차신빙도조사에서는 1,450기관이참가하여 1차에비하여 10.7% 의증가를보였다. 결과를분석해볼때 2016년정도관리신빙도사업결과와매우유사한성적을나타내었다 [2]. 백혈구를제외한요화학검사및비중검사는우수한정답률을유지하였다. 요침사신빙도조사에서도 2016년정답률 67.8%-86.7% 보다조금상향된성적을보였다. FOB 정성검사에서는 2016년과유사하게음성검체에대한위양성률이높지않아국내시약의질개선이이루어진것으로보인다. 요화학검사에서는 2016년과동일하게 Beckman 장비에서 leukocytes 양성인검체를음성으로판독하였다. 이에소변, 대변검사위원회와 Beckman사가공동으로원인분석을시행 132 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
6 Table 5. Acceptable rates for the fecal occult blood quality test Reagents No. CS CS CS CS CS CS Negative (%) Positive (%) Positive (%) Positive (%) Negative (%) Positive (%) SD FOB rapid test YD Occult Tech FOB test Eiken Hemocatch light ASAN easy test FOB Humasis FOB test Bio focus FOB rapid test HBI HiSens FOB NCard GC Genedia FOB Abbreviation: FOB, fecal occult blood. The instruments used were from the following companies: SD (Standard Diagnostics, Seoul, Korea), YD (YD Diagnostics, Yongin, Korea), Eiken Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Asan Pharmaceutical (Seoul, Korea), Humasis Co. (Anyang, Korea), Bio Focus Co. (Uiwang, Korea), HBI Co. (Anyang, Korea), and GC (Green Cross Medial Science Co., Yongin, Korea). Table 6. Distribution of results of the fecal occult blood quantitation test Instruments Specimen No. Median Minimum Maximum Average ng/ml μg/g stool ng/ml μg/g stool ng/ml μg/g stool ng/ml μg/g stool Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS Eiken CS Alfresa CS Kyowa CS The instruments used were from the following companies: Eiken Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan), Alfresa Pharma Co. (Osaka, Japan), and Kyowa Chemical Industry Co. (Kagawa, Japan). 하였다. Beckman사장비는실제환자들의소변검체에서는위음성을보이지않았으나, 정도관리검체에서는위음성을보여기질효과를의심하였다. 한국고분자시험연구소에서정도관리물질분석을의뢰한결과백혈구시약반응에양성을일으 킬수있는 2가지물질을발견하였다. Beckman사시약과 YD 사시약을대상으로정도관리물질을반응시켜육안판독한결과, Beckman사시약에서는발색반응이비특이적으로일어났다. 즉백혈구의 esterase과반응하여발색되는자색반응이아 J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
7 니라살색반응이나타나서장비에서잘검출하지못하는것으로판단되었다. 따라서 Beckman사장비로신빙도조사를시행할경우장비판독과육안판독을모두시행하여, 비특이적인발색반응으로인한위음성반응이의심되는경우, 육안판독결과를보고하는것이바람직할것이다. 요비중검사는참여기관의정답률이양호한데, 드물게결과입력오류가발견되었다. 0, 0.01, 0.02 등비정상적인결과가입력되는데, 입력방법을잘숙지하여입력오류에의한불합격판정을받지않아야겠다. 요침사신빙도조사에서는지방구, 비정형요산결정등에서낮은정답률을기록하였다. 두가지침사모두빈번하게나타나는형태는아니지만각각신증후군과 [3] 요산결석을 [4] 시사할수있다. 정답으로평가하였지만세뇨관상피세포와이행상피세포의감별은아직도잘이루어지지못하고있다. 요침사물을정확하게판독하려면판독경험이많아야하므로각병원에서요침사판독전문가를 1명이상육성하는것이바람직할것이다. FOB 정성검사에서 2015년전시약에서음성검체를양성으로판독하여오답률이 89.0% 에달하여문제점으로부각되었다. 정성시약의과도한민감도를낮추기위하여국내 FOB 시약회사들에게민감도조정을요청하였고, 2016년에 2회에걸쳐 FOB 음성인검체로신빙도조사사업을시행한결과모두 90% 이상의정답률을보였다. 2017년에도 FOB 음성인검체에서 84.6% 이상의정답률을보여다소정답률이하락하였으나, 위양성문제는해결된것으로보였다. 본위원회에서는시판되는 6개시약 (SD, YD, Eiken, Asan, Humasis 및 BioFocus) 을대상으로 2017년 11월민감도개선여부를확인하였으며, 20 ng/ml 이하의환자대변검체에서평균양성률 6.4% 를나타내었다 (data not shown). 이결과에대한세부내용은논문으로출판할것이다. 대변잠혈정량검사에서 Alfresa는 2016년과동일하게저농도검체에서는높게, 중등및고농도검체에서는낮게측정하였다. Kyowa 장비는중등및고농도검체에서다소높게측정되었다. FOB는장비에따라결과차이를보일수있으며 [5], 특히측정시주입되는대변양이달라서 ng/ml의단위 로보고하면농도차이를보일수있다. 이를보완하기위하여 FOB의또다른보고단위인 μg/g stool을도입하여병행사용을추진하였으나 [6], 참가기관에서주입하는대변양을정확하게측정하기어려워 2017년신빙도조사사업에서시행하지못하였다. Table 6에제시된 μg/g stool에의한수치는실제치가아니고장비별로주입되는대변양을일괄적으로적용하여산출된수치이므로정확하지않다. 따라서장비별로발생하는 FOB 결과차이에대한원인을분석하기는어려우며, 사용하는기관에서장비별특성을잘고려하여참고치를산정해야할것이다. REFERENCES 1. Jeon CH, Lee AJ; Urinalysis and Routine Microscopy Subcommittee, Korean Association of External Quality Assessment Service. Annual report on the external quality assessment scheme for urinalysis and faecal occult blood testing in Korea (2015). J Lab Med Qual Assur 2016;38: Jeon CH, Lee AJ, Kim SG, Suh HS, Bae YC. Annual report on the external quality assessment scheme for urinalysis and faecal occult blood testing in Korea (2016). J Lab Med Qual Assur 2017;39: McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods. 23rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier, Cicerello E. Uric acid nephrolithiasis: an update. Urologia 2018;85: Kim JH, Hwang SY, Kim YJ. Evaluation of Hemo Techt NS-plus C15 Automatic Analyzer for fecal occult blood test. J Lab Med Qual Assur 2010;32: Sinatra MA, Young GP, St John DJ, Blake D, Ratnaike S. A study of laboratory based faecal occult blood testing in Melbourne, Australia. The Faecal Occult Blood Testing Study Group. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;13: J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
8 요및대변잠혈검사신빙도조사결과보고 (2017) 전창호 이아진 김상경 서헌석 배영철대구가톨릭대학교의과대학진단검사의학교실 2017 년요경검및대변잠혈검사 (faecal occult blood, FOB) 정도관리사업이 1,544 개기관이참여하여시행되었다. 요화학검사는 3 회에걸쳐시행되었고, 사진판독에의한요침사물판정및 FOB 검사는 2 회실시하였다. 요화학검사는 ph, protein, glucose, ketone, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen, nitrite, leukocyte 및 specific gravity (SG) 등 10 항목이었다. 요화학검사및요시험지봉에의한 SG 검사는 95% 이상의우수한정답률을나타내었으나, 요침사물검사는지방구및비정형요산결정에서낮은정답율을보였다. FOB 정성검사에서 82% 이상의정답률을보여정답률이 2016 년에비하여다소하락하였으나, 위양성문제는개선되었다. FOB 정량검사는장비간에농도차이를보였으며, 대변양사용에따른농도차이를보완하기위하여 ug/g stool 로보고할필요가지속적으로제기되고있다. (J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40: ) 교신저자 : 전창호우 )42472 대구시남구두류공원로 17 길 33, 대구가톨릭대학교병원진단검사의학과 Tel: 053) , Fax: 053) , chjeon@cu.ac.kr J Lab Med Qual Assur 2018;40:
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