2001_30_김동찬.hwp
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1 임상병리와정도관리 : 제 23 권제 2 호 2001 J. Clin, Pathol. & Quality Control 2001:23:???-??? 1 자동요침사분석기 UF-100 의평가 김동찬 유영미 조성석 박준완 윤여민 김진규 서울대학교병원임상병리과 Laboratory Evaluation of Fully Automated Urine Cell Analyzer Sysmex UF-100 Dong Chan Kim, Young Mee Yoo, Sung Suck Jo, Junwan Park, Yeomin Yoon and Jin Q Kim, Department of Clinical Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Background:During last decades there have been needed to establish the automation of urinary sediments in laboratory. UF-100 is designed to automatically classify particles by size without painstaking pretreatments, such as sample centrifugation, staining and making preparations. UF-100 is a flow cytometry using forward scattered light and fluorescence for identifying, clustering and counting the various urine sediments according to their size and contents. Thus we evaluated the performance of UF-100 for routine urinalysis Methods:UF-100 was evaluated for its within-run, within-day, between-day using control material, UF-CHECK(Lot. A009). Within-day was estimated by 10 samples for one day, between-day was estimated by 2 samples per day for 30 days. The linearity was estimated by using urine specimens that were serially diluted for Parameters(RBC, WBC, epithelial cell and bacteria). The accuracy study was done by comparing the results of UF-100 with those of microscopic examination on 1890 urine specimens. The review rate was analyzed by the flags of UF-100 on 2049 urine specimens. All results on 517 urine specimens of outpatient were calculated in the 2.5- and 97.5 percentiles (Excel 2000, Microsoft co., USA) for reference range. We analyzed RBC-P70FSC(RBC-percentage 70 forward scatter light) and RBC-FSC- DW(RBC-forward scatter light-distribution width) of the 50 samples with dysmorphic RBC results over 70% in microscopy using UF-100. Results:Coefficients variation of within-run, within-day, and between-day precision were good, but the case of casts was more or less high. The linearity study of Parameters was revealed R2 = , , , The accuracy study of concordance rate of RBC, WBC, epithelial cell were 94.0%, 94.0%, 97.3% in outpatients, 89.5%, 90.8%, 93.0% in in patients. The instrument review rate(total count error, RBC discrimination error, conductivity error) and the parameter review rate(pathological cast, crystal, small round cell, sperm, yeast like cell) of UF-100 were 19.6% on 1008 samples in outpatients, 39.0% on 1041 samples in inpatients. Upper reference limits of RBC, WBC, epithelial cell, cast, bacteria, pathological cast, crystal, small round cell were 15.06/μL, 15.61/μL, 11.11/μL, 1.66/μL, /μL, 0.31/μL, 7.42/μL, 1.60/μL. The high limits of confidence interval 99% for dysmorphic RBC over 70% in microscopy were RBC-P70FSC 74.75ch and RBC-FSC-DW 40.17ch. Conclusions:UF-100 was satisfactory in results of within-run, within-day, between-day precision and linearity. The accuracy study of concordance of Parameters between UF-100 and microscopic examination showed acceptable. In conclusion, UF-100 is expected to be useful for urinalysis in routine laboratory. Key Words:Automated Urine Cell Analyzer, UF-100, Flow Cytometry 교신저자 : 김진규우 ) 서울특별시종로구연건동 28 서울대학교병원임상병리과전화 : , FAX: jqkim@plaza.snu.ac.kr 서론요검사는 BC 2000 년전인도의힌두교의사가요의성상을병의진단에적용한이래 19세기에이르러비로소과
2 2 김동찬 유영미 조성석 박준완 윤여민 김진규 학적으로자리잡았다 년에요중포도당검사용시험지 (Clinistix) 의개발과 1970 년시험지의자동검출장치 (Clinilab) 출시등의비약적인발전을거듭한후현재는요정성검사의자동화장비인 Clinitek Atlas, Clinitek 500, Uriscan, Midtron 등이보편적으로이용되며정보화시대에맞게기기의인터페이스로인한결과의실시간보고가가능하여졌고업무의효율성과결과의정확성도높아졌다 [1-3]. 그러나요침사부분은다양한형태의적혈구, 백혈구, 상피세포, 원주, 박테리아, 효모 (yeast), 결정 (crystal) 등이존재하으로이부분의합리적정도관리가어려웠고더구나요침사를자동분석한다는것은요검사분야에서큰과제로남아있었다 [4,5]. 최근개발된 UF-100 은이런문제를상당히보완하였으며정성검사와요침사검사를접속함으로써검사시간과업무효율성증대에크게기여할것으로기대되어저자들은 UF-100 의임상적유용성을평가하였다. 재료및방법 1. 재료장비는 Sysmex 사에서개발된 UF-100(Sysmex co. Japan) 을사용하였고, 요검사용시험지는 Bayer 사의 N- Multistix SG-L(Lot. OK13C) 를이용하였으며시험지자동화기기는 Bayer 사의 Clinitek Atlas( 외래 ) 와 Clinitek 200+( 입원 ) 분석기를사용하였다. 기기의평가를위해이용된요검체는본원입원, 외래의임상각과에서의뢰한환자의요검체를이용하였다. 2. 방법 1) 정밀도 (1) 검사내정밀도본원외래, 입원의각과에서의뢰한환자의요검체를사용하여각각 11회연속반복측정후첫번째결과는버리고나머지 10개의결과를가지고평균 (mean), 표준편차 (standard deviation, SD) 및변이계수 (coefficient of variation, CV) 를분석하였다. (2) 검사일내정밀도 Sysmex 사의정도관리물질 (UF-CHECK, Lot. A009) 을사용하여오전및오후각각 5회연속측정후평균, 표준편차및변이계수를분석하였다. (3) 검사일간정밀도 Sysmex 사의정도관리물질 (UF-CHECK, Lot. A009) 을사용하여오전및오후각각 1회씩 30일간측정후결과를장비내의 L-J(Levey-Jennings) 정도관리프로그램에저장하여평균, 표준편차및변이계수를분석하였다. (4) 직선성검사본원외래및입원의각과에서경검실에의뢰한환자의요검체중적혈구 >2500/μL, 백혈구 >2500/μL, 상피세포 >700/μL, 박테리아 >10,000/μL 인검체를이용하여 1배, 1/2배, 1/4배, 1/8배, 1/16배, 1/32배, 1/64 배, 1/128 배, 1/256 배, 1/512 배를연속으로희석하여이 10개의검사물을가지고각각 2번이상측정하여그평균값을구하되, X축은희석배율을 Y축은그평균값으로하여각각항목에대한그래프를그려직선성을확인하였다. 원주는검체중포함된개수가적어희석배율에의한 10개의검사물을만들수없어서제외하였다. 2) 정확도검사 1일 50검체정도로 45일동안임의로선택한 2049 검체중 UF-100 에서재검플래그 (flag) 를나타낸 159 검체를제외한 1890 검체를이용하였고외래환자군 (938 검체 ), 입원환자군 (952 검체 ) 을분리하여적혈구, 백혈구, 상피세포항목에대해 UF-100 에서분석한결과와요검체를원심분리후침사를현미경으로동정한결과를비교후일치율 (agreement rate) 을정확도로표시하였다. 3) 재검율 1일 50검체정도로 45일간임의로선택한 2049 검체중외래환자 1008, 입원환자 1041 검체를 UF-100 으로분석하였으며기기재검표시 (INS Review, instrument review flag: total count error, RBC discrimination error, conductivity error) 와항목재검표시 (PM Review, parameter review flag:pathological cast, crystal, small round cell, sperm, yeast like cell) 를분석하여재검율 (review rate) 을산출하였다. 4) 본원정상참고범위설정본원의외래환자검체중요검사의시험지모든항목이음성이고동시에현미경검사의결과가정상범위인 517 검체를이용하였으며, 통계프로그램 (EXCEL 2000, Microsoft co., USA) 을이용하여각각의항목에대해정상참고범위를설정하였다. 5) 변형적혈구본원의입원환자검체중현미경검사결과중변형적혈구가 70 % 이상인 50 검체를이용하여 RBC-P70FSC (RBCpercentage 70 forward scatter light) 와 RBC-FSC- DW (RBC-foward scatter light-distribution width) 를분석하였다.
3 자동요침사분석기 UF-100 의평가 3 결과 1. 정밀도평가 1) 검사내정밀도각각 11회연속반복측정후첫번째결과는버리고나머지 10개의결과를가지고평균, 표준편차및변이계수를분석하였는데, 그결과변이계수가적혈구 2.53 %, 백혈구 6.79 %, 상피세포 4.96 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 2.03 % 의분포를보였다 (Table 1). 2) 검사일내정밀도 Sysmex 사의정도관리물질 (UF-CHECK, Lot. A009) 을사용하여오전및오후각각 5회연속측정후결과의변이계수는적혈구 4.53 %, 백혈구 2.09 %, 상피세포 5.90 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 8.00 % 의분포를보였다 (Table 2). 3) 검사일간정밀도 Sysmex 사의정도관리물질 (UF-CHECK, Lot. A009) 을사용하여오전및오후각각 1회씩 30일간측정후결과의변이계수는적혈구 4.40 %, 백혈구 4.23 %, 상피세포 8.16 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 % 의분포를보였다 (Table 3). 2. 직선성평가일반경검실에의뢰한환자의요검체중적혈구 >2500/ μl, 백혈구 >2500/μL, 상피세포 >700/μL, 박테리아 >10,000/μL 인검체를이용하여 1배, 1/2 배, 1/4 배, 1/8배, 1/16배, 1/32배, 1/64배, 1/128배, 1/256배, 1/512 배를연속으로희석한 10개의검체를가지고각각 2 번이상측정하여그평균값으로측정한결과다음과같다. 1) 적혈구요검체중적혈구 5.7/μL 에서 /μL 범위에서직선성을보였으며회귀직선식은 y = x 이었고 r 2 은 이었다 (Fig. 1). Measured values(/μl) y = x R 2 = Expected values(/μl) Fig. 1. Linearity test for RBC measured in urine by UF-100 Table 1. Within-run precisions of UF-100 using serially-diluted patient urine samples. Items RBC WBC Epithelial cell Cast Bacteria No. tested Mean (No./μL) SD CV(%) Abbreviations : SD, standard deviation ; CV, coefficient of variation Table 2. Within-day precisions of UF-100 using urine sediment control material, UF-CHECK(Lot. A009). Items RBC WBC Epithelial cell Cast Bacteria No. tested Mean (No./μL) SD CV(%) Table 3. Between-day precisions of UF-100 using urine sediment control material, UF-CHECK(Lot. A009). Items RBC WBC Epithelial cell Cast Bacteria No. tested Mean (No./μL) SD CV(%)
4 4 김동찬 유영미 조성석 박준완 윤여민 김진규 2) 백혈구요검체중혈구 5.0/μL 에서 /μL 범위에서직선성을보였으며회귀직선식은 y = x 이었고 r 2 은 이었다 (Fig. 2). Measured values(/μl) y = x R 2 = Expected values(/μl) Fig. 2. Linearity test for WBC measured in urine by UF-100 3) 상피세포요검체중상피세포 1.7/μL 에서 844.8/μL 범위에서직선성을보였으며회귀직선식은 y = x 이었고 r 2 은 이었다 (Fig. 3). Measured values(/μl) y = x R 2 = Expected values(/μl) Fig. 4. Linearity test for bacteria measured in urine by UF 정확도평가총 1890 검체의측정항목중적혈구, 백혈구, 상피세포에대해 UF-100 과현미경으로검사한결과일치율이총 1890 검체중적혈구 91.7 %, 백혈구 92.4 %, 상피세포 95.1 % 로나타났으며그내용을분석하면외래환자의경우 938 검체중적혈구 94.0 %, 백혈구 94.0 %, 상피세포 97.3 % 였고입원환자의경우검체 952 건중일치율이적혈구 89.5 %, 백혈구 90.8 %, 상피세포 93.0 % 였다 (Table 4). Measured test(/μl) y = x R 2 = Expected values(/μl) Fig. 3. Linearity test for epithelial cell measured in urine by UF-100 4) 박테리아요검체중박테리아 33.8/μL 에서 /μL 범위에서직선성을보였으며, 회귀직선식은 y = x 이었고 r 2 은 이었다 (Fig. 4). 4. 재검율 UF-100 으로검사한후플래그 (flag) 표시를나타낸검체를근거로재검율을분석하였고총 2049 검사중재검율은 29.5 % 로기기재검율 (instrument review rate) 4.1 Table 5. Review rates of UF-100 using 1008 urine samples of the outpatients. Review flag INS Review flag PM Review flag No. of samples(%) NO NO 810(80.4%) NO YES 128(12.7%) YES NO 48(4.7%) YES YES 22(2.2%) Total 1008(100%) Abbreviations : INS, instrument ; PM, parameter Table 4. Accuracy evaluation of UF-100 using 1890 urine samples including 952 samples of the inpatients and 938 samples of outpatients. Items Out-patients In-patients Total patients AGR UPMNR UNMPR AGR UPMNR UNMPR AGR UPMNR UNMPR RBC 94.0% 3.9% 2.1% 89.5% 3.8% 6.7% 91.7% 3.9% 4.4% WBC 94.0% 4.6% 1.4% 90.8% 4.9% 4.3% 92.4% 4.8% 2.8% EC 97.3% 1.4% 1.3% 93.0% 2.2% 4.8% 95.1% 1.8% 3.1% Abbreviations : AGR, agreement rate ; UPMNR, rates of samples positive in UF-100 and negative in microscopy ; UNMPR, rates of samples negative in UF-100 and positive in microscope ; EC, epithelial cell
5 자동요침사분석기 UF-100 의평가 5 %, 항목재검율 (parameter review rate) 21.7 %, 기기및항목동시재검율이 3.7 % 이며그중외래환자군의경우재검율이 1008 검체중 19.6 %, 기기재검율 4.7 %, 항목재검율 12.7 %, 기기및항목동시재검율이 2.2 % 이며입원환자군의경우 1041 검체중재검율이 39.0 %, 기기재검율 3.4 %, 항목재검율 30.4 %, 기기및항목동시재검율이 5.2 % 였다 (Table 5, Table 6, Table 7). 5. 본원의정상참고범위설정본원요검사실의정상참고범위 (normal population reference range) 를설정하기위해외래환자군중정상인검체 (n=517) 의결과를이용하여통계프로그램 (Excel 2000, Microsoft co., USA) 으로하한 (lower limit, 2.5 percentile), 상한 (upper limit, 97.5 percentile) 을계산한참고범위는다음과같다 (Table 8). 6. 변형적혈구본원의입원환자검체중현미경검사의결과가변형적혈구 70 % 이상인 50검체를이용하여 RBC-P70FSC 와 Table 6. Review rates of UF-100 using 1041 urine samples of the inpatients. Review flag INS Review flag PM Review flag No. of samples(%) NO NO 635(61.0%) NO YES 317(30.4) YES NO 35(3.4%) YES YES 54(5.2%) Total 1041(100%) Table 7. Review rates of UF-100 using 2049 urine samples of the inpatients and outpatients. Review flag INS Review flag PM Review flag No. of samples(%) NO NO 1445(70.5%) NO YES 445(21.7%) YES NO 83(4.1%) YES YES 76(3.7%) Total 2049(100%) RBC-FSC-DW 를분석한결과는다음과같다 (Table 9). 고 지난수십년동안임상화학, 진단혈액학분야에서자동화, 전산화가급속도로성장하면서여러분야에도많은영향을주었다. 그중요검사분야도많은발전을거듭해왔으나요침사보다요정성검사의자동화가상당히이루어져검사실에서검사의질향상, 업무의효율성, 원가절감, 경제성등여러가지측면을향상시켰으며특히전산화와병행하여결과보고시간단축에도상당한도움이되었다 [4-6]. 그러나요침사부분은세포및침사의다양성때문에합리적으로표준화하여기기에접목시킨다는것이상당이어려운과제였으며정도관리분야에서도지난 19년동안대한임상검사정도관리협회임상경검학분과위원회에서실시된전국요검사정도관리현황을통해서도알수있듯이요침사부분의정도관리가쉽지않았다 [5]. 하지만요침사에관한자동화가오래동안연구발전을거듭한후 UA-1000, UA-2000(Sysmex co. Japan) 등몇몇자동화기기가개발되었지만검사속도, 분석및동정능력, 민감성의부분에서실무와관련해볼때약간보완, 개선할필요성이있었다 [4, 5, 7]. 최근개발된 Sysmex UF-100 은그동안의문제점을일부보완하였으며검체분석요구량도 0.8 ml 로미량이며, 한시간에 100 검체를분석할수있다. 원리를살펴보면먼저검체가혼합된후흡입되면전도도 (conductivity) 가측정되어검체내다양한물질의변형정도를측정하고, 이들중침사물들은두가지형광염료로염색을한다. 한가지는핵을염색하는페난트리딘 (phenanthridine) 과세포막, 핵막, 미토콘드리아를염색하는카보사이아닌 (carbocyanine) 이다. 2개의형광염료을이용하 Table 9. Obtained RBC-P70FSC and RBC-FSC-DW mean values for samples over dysmorphic RBC 70% RBC-P70FSC RBC-FSC-DW No. tested Mean Abbreviations:RBC-P70FSC, RBC-percentage 70 forward scatter light:rbc-fsc-dw, RBC-forward scatter light-distribution width 찰 Table 8. Obtained reference limits for healthy persons RBC/μL WBC/μL EC/μL Cast/μL Bact/μL Path.cast /μl X'TAL/μL SRC/μL Lower reference limits Median Upper reference limits Abbreviations : EC, epithelial cell ; Bact, Bacteria ; Path. cast, pathological cast ; X'TAL, crystal ; SRC, small round cell
6 6 김동찬 유영미 조성석 박준완 윤여민 김진규 여빛의산란 (light scattering) 과전기저항 (impedance) 을측정함으로서다양한요침사를동정할수있다. 측정항목 (parameter) 으로 RBC(red blood cell), WBC(white blood cell), 상피세포 (epithelial cell), 원주 (cast), 박테리아 (bacteria) 를정량적으로측정할수있고플래그 (flags) 로는봉입체 (inclusion body) 를포함한병적인원주 (pathological cast), 소원형세포 (small round cell), 결정 (crystal), 정자 (sperm), 효모 (yeast like cell), 동형적혈구 (isomorphic RBC), 변형적혈구 (dysmorphic RBC) 등이있다. 또한요시험지측정결과를전산연결하여침사결과와상관관계즉, 잠혈 (occult blood)- 적혈구, 백혈구에스터라아제 (leukocyte esterase)- 백혈구, 단백질 (protein)- 원주, 아질산염 (nitrite)- 박테리아등의교차체크 (cross check) 를할수있는장점도갖고있다 [8-10]. 검사과정은단회뇨의검체중 800μL 를흡입하여그중 400μL 를취하여희석액 (Urinopack) 1160μL 와염색시약 (Urinosearch) 40μL 가혼합되어플로우셀 (flow cell) 을통과하는순간먼저전도도를측정하고플로우셀을통과하면서전방산란광 (forward scattered light) 과형광 (fluorescent light), 전기저항 (impedence) 를측정한다. 이것은전방산란도 (forward scattered light intensity: cell size), 전방산란광진동폭 (forward scattered light pulse width: cell length), 형광강도 (fluoresence light intensity: stain sensitivity), 형광진동폭 (fluoresence light pulse width: length of inclusions) 의 4가지분석채널에의해각전기저항결과와함께마이크로컴퓨터 (microcomputer) 에보내준뒤아날로그 (analog) 가디지털 (digital) 로변화되면서결과를화면에보여준다. 결과의단위 (unit) 는주로정량검사인세포수 (cell)/μl 로표시되나이를환산하여세포수 (cell)/hpf(high power field), 세포수 (cell)/lpf(low power field) 로도표시할수있다 [8,11]. 기기의자체평가에서는우선검사내정밀도 (withinrun precision) 를측정한결과변이계수가적혈구 2.53 %, 백혈구 6.79 %, 상피세포 4.96 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 2.03 % 로양호하였으며검사일내정밀도 (withinday precision) 측정결과는변이계수가적혈구 4.53 %, 백혈구 2.09 %, 상피세포 5.90 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 8.00 % 로양호하였다. 검사일간정밀도 (between-day precision) 측정결과의변이계수는적혈구 4.40 %, 백혈구 4.23 %, 상피세포 8.16 %, 원주 %, 박테리아 % 로양호하였다. 직선성평가에서는적혈구의상관계수 , 백혈구의상관계수 , 상피세포의상관계수 , 박테리아의상관계수 로우수하였다. 그러나원주의경우는검체중포함된개수가적어희석배수에의한검사물을만들수없어서제외하였다. 정확도검사에서는총 1890 검 체로일치율에의한정확도를측정한결과적혈구 91.7%, 백혈구 92.4 %, 상피세포 95.1 % 로나타났으며외래환자의경우 938 검체중적혈구 94.0 %, 백혈구 94.0 %, 상피세포 97.3 % 였고입원환자의경우검체 952 건중일치율이적혈구 89.5 %, 백혈구 90.8 %, 상피세포 93.0% 로양호한결과를보였다. 일치하지않은 UPMN (UF-100 : positive, Microscopy : negative) 과 UNMP (UF-100 : negative, Microscopy : positive) 에해당하는검체를분석한결과, 재검에해당하는검체들로서실제기기사용시육안으로서다시한번확인할수있는검체였다. 재검율은기기재검율과항목재검율를모두검토한결과, 총 2049 검사중 29.5 % 이고그중입원환자의경우에는 39.0 %, 외래환자의경우에는 19.6 % 로서입원환자의재검율이훨씬높았다. 기기재검플래그는전체개수 (total count), 적혈구판별 (RBC discrimination), 전도도의오류 (error) 가있을때플래그 (flags) 가나타나고, 항목재검는병적인원주 (pathological cast), 결정 (crystal), 소원형세포 (small round cell), 정자 (sperm), 효모 (yeast like organism) 가요검체내에존재할때기기에서플래그를모니터에나타내준다 [8,9,11]. 특히외래환자군의재검율이입원환자군보다훨씬낮고기기재검율보다항목재검율이높은것은입원환자의경우실제비뇨기계통에이상이있는환자가많아, 검체에비정상적인침사물들이다량으로다양하게존재하기때문인것으로사료된다. 따라서입원환자보다는외래환자를대상으로 UF-100 을운용하는것이검사실운영면에서나업무효율성면에서도훨씬유용할것으로판단된다. 요침사의참고범위를설정하기위해외래환자군중요검체의시험지 (strip) 검사가음성이고요침사검사에서현미경검사결과가정상인 517 검체의결과를이용하여통계프로그램으로하한을 2.5 percentile, 상한을 97.5 percentile 로계산하여실제기기에적용한결과현재실시하고있는대한임상검사정도관리협회임상경검학분과위원회요침사결과표준안과크게벗어나지않아양호한것으로판단되어추천하고자한다. 다만본원에서설정한참고범위는그동안발표한여러연구결과와비교해볼때약간낮은값을나타내고있지만이는각나라검사실마다요시험지검사의정상결과는일치하더라도현미경침사의경우검사자의경력및기술과침사처리과정에서약간의차이가있으므로병원마다참고범위에조금은차이가있을수있다 [12]. UF-100 은동형 (isomorphic) 과변형적혈구의구분이가능한데, 예전버전의 UF-100 에서는전방산란광으로인한히스토그램 (histogram) 에서예측하였는데그동안관련연구자료에의하면전방산란도 126 이하에서사구체성출혈 (glomerular hematuria) 를예상하는작은적혈구가 80 %, 전방산란도 84이하에서는비사구체성출혈 (non glomerular hematuria) 을예상하는큰적혈구가 80 % 를
7 자동요침사분석기 UF-100 의평가 7 차지하고있고그사이중복지역 (overlap zone) 에서는혼합된 (mixed) 적혈구가존재하는것으로밝혀졌었다 [13-15]. 그러나최근버전의경우이를좀더보완하여, 적혈구의크기를나타내는 RBC-P70FSC 와적혈구의분포도를나타내는 RBC-FSC-DW 를분석하여적혈구의형태를구분하고있다. 본원에서는현미경검사시변형적혈구가 70 % 이상되는검체를기기에분석한결과 (99 % 신뢰구간의모평균추정, high limit) RBC-P70FSC 74.75ch, RBC-FSC-DW 40.17ch 로분석되었으며실제설정한계수 (factor) 를기기에적용하여현미경검사와 UF-100 결과자료을비교검토한결과는양호하였다. 따라서, 요침사자동분석장치 (UF-100) 를이용하여검사를수행할경우바코드사용, 요시험지 (urine strip) 결과와교차점검, 객관적결과, 침사결과정량화, 생산성향상과재현성이양호하고미량으로도측정이가능하므로신생아등의검체에도용이한장점이있으나, 기기가고가이고재검플래그가나타나는검체는다시검사자가원심분리후요침사를수기법에의해검사가시행되어야하는단점도있다 [8,10,11]. 하지만 21세기의요검사는각검사실의전산화와자동분석기와의정보접속을통해업무의환경이상당히변화될것이며자동화기기의단점도계속보완되어발전될것으로생각된다. 정도관리측면에서도기기자체관리와병원전산이하나로연결되어통합관리가용이하며특히, 외래검사실이나검진센터등에서전산과함께자동분석기 UF-100 이요검사에이용된다면정성검사와요침사검사의동시검사로인한검사의능률화, 당일요검사의효율성증대, 인력의활용, 검사소요시간 (turn around time) 의단축화로효율적인검사실운용은물론의료진과환자고객의만족도가한층더증대되리라고사료된다. 요약 재검율은 2049 검체를이용 UF-100 의플래그를분석하였다. 참고범위는본원의외래 517 검체를이용하였으며통계프로그램 (Excel 2000, Microsoft 사, 미국 ) 으로하한을 2.5 percentile, 상한을 97.5 percentile 로계산하였다. 변형적혈구는본원의입원환자검체중현미경동정의결과가변형적혈구가 70 % 이상인 50검체를이용하여 RBC- P70FSC (RBC-percentage 70 forward scatter light) 와 RBC-FSC-DW (RBC-forward scatter lightdistribution width) 를분석하였다. 결과 : 검사내, 검사일내, 검사일간정밀도는변이계수가양호하였으나원주의경우는다소높았다. 직선성평가에서는적혈구의상관계수 , 백혈구의상관계수 , 상피세포의상관계수 , 박테리아의상관계수 였고일치율의정확도검사에서는외래환자의경우적혈구 94.0 %, 백혈구 94.0 %, 상피세포 97.3 %, 입원환자의경우적혈구 89.5 %, 백혈구 90.8 %, 상피세포 93.0 % 였다. 재검율은기기재검율과항목재검율를검토한결과외래환자의경우 1008 검체에서 19.6 %, 입원환자의경우 1041 검체에서 39.0 % 였다. 요침사의상한참고범위는적혈구 15.06/μL, 백혈구 15.61/μL, 상피세포 11.11/μL, 원주 1.66/μL, 박테리아 /μL, 병적인원주 0.31/μL, 크리스탈 7.42/μL, 소원형세포 1.60/μL 였다. 변형적혈구를분석한결과 (99 % 신뢰구간의모평균추정, high limit) RBC-P70FSC 74.75ch, RBC-FSC-DW 40.17ch이었다결론 : 적혈구, 백혈구, 상피세포, 박테리아의검사내, 검사일내, 검사일간정밀도는양호하였고직선성평가에서도각항목의상관계수가우수하였다. 정확도검사에서는 UF-100 과현미경검사의각측정항목에관한양호하였다. 결론적으로요침사자동분석기인 UF- 100은일반검사실에서요검체를분석하는데유용하게이용될것으로사료된다. 배경 : 지난수십년동안검사실에서요침사자동분석화의필요성이요구되어왔었다. 요침사자동분석기 UF-100 은검체의사전원심분리가필요없고침사의도말, 염색및사전처리가없이요침사를자동분석기가염색하여동정하는분석기기이며요침사의다양한크기와내용물에따라전방산란광과형광을이용하여동정하는유세포분석기이다. 따라서우리는요침사자동분석기인 UF-100 를평가하고자한다. 방법 :UF-CHECK(Lot. A009) 정도물질을이용하여검사내, 검사일내, 검사일간정밀도를평가하였다. 검사일내검사는 1일 10 검체, 검사일간은 1일 2검체씩 30일간검사를실시하였다. 직선성검사는요검체중적혈구, 백혈구, 상피세포, 박테리아검체를이용하여계열희석한후평가하였다. 정확도검사는 1890 검체를이용하여요검체시험지검사와침사를현미경으로동정한결과를비교하였다. 참고문헌 1. 김춘원, 이웅수, 김기홍. 1982년도요검사정도관리결과에대한소고. 임상병리와정도관리 1983;5: 김진규, 조성석, 김순랑, 김경동, 민원기, 이갑노. 요검사신빙도조사결과보고 (1993). 임상병리와정도관리 1994; 16: 조성석, 유영미, 김동찬, 김진규, 김경동, 김영애등. 요검사신빙도조사결과보고 (1997). 임상병리와정도관리 1998;S 김경동, 구선회, 김의종, 김정만, 김정호, 김진규, 김현준, 문대수, 민원기, 윤균, 정동진, 조성석. 요검사신빙도조사결과보고 (1999). 임상병리와정도관리 2000;S 김진규, 김동찬, 조성석. 한국의요검사 ( 침사 ) 정도관리현황과미래의전망. 임상병리와정도관리 2000;22:
8 8 김동찬 유영미 조성석 박준완 윤여민 김진규 6. Keijzer de M.H, Brandts R.W. Flow Cytometry and Urine Laboratory : Field Evaluation of the Sysmex UF-100. Sysmex J Int 1997;7: Kutter D. An approach to clinical evaluation of the automated urine sediment analyzer Sysmex UA Sysmex J Int 1991;1: Ben-EZRA J, Bork L, Mac.Pherson. Evaluation of the Sysmex UF-100 Automated Urinalysis Analyzer. Clin Chem 1998;44: Hyodo T, Kumano K, Haga M, Sakai T, Fukuda M, Isami Y, Okada T. Evaluation of the source and count of urinary ethrocytes in healthy individuals using an automated flow cytometer. Nephron 1996;73: Ito K, Tatsmi N, Kikuchi H, Takahoshi F, Koba T, Ando Y. Basic Evaluation of the New Fully Automated Urine sediment Analyzer(U-FCM) Based on Flowcytometric Technology. Jpn J Pathol 1994;42: IUC Product Development Division, TOA medical electronics co., Ltd. Performance of the Sysmex UF-100 Fully Automated Urine Cell Analyzer. Sysmex J Int 1996;6: Hawking T, Ross M, McLennan J, Gyory AZ. Urine microscopy; Its clinical value. Sysmex J Int 1996;6: Birch DF, Fairly KF. Hematuria : Glomerular or nonglomerular. Lancet 1979;2: Fasset RG, Horagan BA, Mathew TH. Detection of glomerular bleeding by phase-contrast microscopy. Lancet 1982;1: Hyodo T, Kumano K, Haga M, Sakai T. Detection of glomerular and non-glomerular red blood cells by automated urinary sediment analyzer. Jpn J Nephrology 1995;37:35-43.
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