Korean J Lab Med 2010;30: DOI /kjlm Original Article General Laboratory Medicine Current Status of External Quality Assessm
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1 Korean J Lab Med 2010;30: DOI /kjlm Original Article General Laboratory Medicine Current Status of External Quality Assessment of Fecal Occult Blood Test Soo Jin Yoo, M.D. 1, Young Joo Cha, M.D. 2, Won-Ki Min, M.D. 3, You Kyoung Lee, M.D. 4, Seok-Lae Chae, M.D. 5, Bo-Moon Shin, M.D. 1, and Hwan Sub Lim, M.D. 6 Department of Laboratory Medicine 1, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 2, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 3, University of Ulsan College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center, Seoul; Department of Laboratory Medicine 4, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital and Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Bucheon; Department of Laboratory Medicine 5, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Goyang; Department of Laboratory Medicine 6, Kwandong University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea Background : Nationwide external quality assessment (EQA) of the fecal occult blood test (FOBT) in Korea was first introduced in The EQA results were analyzed to assess the current status of FOBT and to plan the continuation of the EQA program. Methods : The surveys included 40 hospitals in the preliminary survey conducted in 2007, 249 general hospitals in 2008, and 389 hospitals in In the surveys, the participating hospitals provided the results of the distributed materials and replies to the questionnaire on the FOBT test procedures and quality controls. Results : In the surveys conducted between 2007 and 2009, a total of 650 institutes submitted 653 test system results; 3 institutes used 2 kinds of methods. All of the institutes used immunologic methods; 107 institutes (16.5%) used quantitative equipments and 546 institutes (84.0%) used qualitative kits. Most quantitative tests yielded consistent positive or negative results; however, their cutoff and measured values differed according to the equipments used. A low-level material tested in 2007 was negative in the quantitative methods but positive in some qualitative methods because of lower detection limits. The discordance rates among quantitative tests were 3.2% in 2007, 4.4% in 2008, and 0% in 2009 and the rates among qualitative tests were 13.8% in 2008 and 2.6% in Semi-solid EQA materials showed the ability to evaluate the overall test procedures with acceptable stability. Conclusions : In the first Korean FOBT EQA, commercially available EQA materials were proven to be stable. Continuation of the EQA program and further education of laboratory personnel are needed to reduce inconsistency in results. Further, the test kit, procedures, and result reports must be standardized. (Korean J Lab Med 2010;30:726-33) Key Words : Fecal occult blood test, External quality assessment, Colorectal neoplasm, Cancer screening 서 론 우리나라암검진프로그램에서는대장암조기검진및발견을 Received : April 28, 2010 Manuscript No : KJLM Revision received : July 12, 2010 Accepted : October 15, 2010 Corresponding author : Young Joo Cha, M.D. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul , Korea Tel : , Fax : chayoung@cau.ac.kr ISSN The Korean Society for Laboratory Medicine 위해 50세이상의모든성인을대상으로매년분변잠혈반응검사를실시하고있다 [1, 2]. 이후분변잠혈반응검사양성인수검자에한하여추가적인대장이중조영검사나대장내시경검사를선택적으로실시한다. 따라서, 전국민을대상으로한대장암의일차적인선별검사로서분변잠혈반응검사의표준화가중요하다 [3]. 분변잠혈반응검사는분변을대상으로실시하는검사이므로정확도평가를위한외부신빙도조사도실제검체와동일한형태를사용하여야검사전오류를포함한모든검사과정을평가할수있다. 그러나인체유래의분변은보관에따른안정성을확보하기어렵고, 오염의가능성도높아전국적규모의신빙 726
2 Yoo SJ, et al., External Quality Assessment of FOBT 727 도조사물질로사용하기어렵고, 범용되는상품화된관리물질의확보도어려워현재까지외부신빙도조사가실시되지못하였다. 대한진단검사의학회에서는분변잠혈반응검사의외부신빙도조사를위해 2007년에시범사업을시행하고, 이어서 2008년에종합병원급의료기관, 2009년에병원급의료기관을대상으로실시하였다. 이를통해국내분변잠혈반응검사의현황을파악하였고, 우리나라에서이용가능한신빙도조사물질을확보하고, 분변잠혈반응검사의외부신빙도조사프로그램이우리나라에정식프로그램으로실시될수있는가능성을타진하고자하였다. 재료및방법 1. 참가기관 2007년부터 2009년까지사업에참여한기관은모두 650개기관이었고, 의료법에준하여등록된 100병상이상의시설을갖춘종합병원급의료기관 (general hospital) 과 30 병상이상의시설을갖춘병원급의료기관 (hospital) 으로구분하여사업을실시하고분석하였다. 그외, 2007년시범사업에는전문수탁검사의료기관과한국건강관리협회지부가각각 1기관씩포함되었는데, 이두기관은종합병원급의료기관으로통합하여결과를분석하였다. 2007년에는분변잠혈반응검사외부신빙도조사시범사업을공고한후, 신청한 40개종합병원급의료기관을대상으로설문지및상품화된관리물질을발송하여모두회신하였다. 2008년과 2009년에는대장암조기검진을실시하는기관을대상으로외부신빙도조사사업을안내하고설문지및신빙도조사물질을배포하였다. 2008년에는종합병원급의료기관을대상으로하였고, 249개기관이참여를신청하고모두결과를회신하였다. 2007년시범사업에참여한 40개기관중 28개기관이 2008년사업에도참여하여, 두해에걸쳐사업에참여한종합병원급의료기관은 261개였고, 설문결과의분석에서중복된기관은한번만계수하였다. 2009년에는병원급의료기관 463개를대상 으로하였고, 회신하지않은 37개기관과직접검사를수행하지않는다고응답한 37개기관을제외한 389개기관이참여하였다. 2. 신빙도조사물질및조사방법세번의외부신빙도조사에서각기다른신빙도조사물질이사용되었다 (Table 1). 2007년에는상품화된관리물질인 Hemo Control (Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Tokyo, Japan) 을사용하였다. 이는사람헤모글로빈및안정화제를포함한용해액과분말시료가한쌍으로구성되었으며, 검사자가이를완전히섞어반고체상태의유사변물질로조제한후검체와동일하게검사키트또는장비의전용완충액에용해후검사를진행하도록하였다. 2008년에는사람헤모글로빈을함유한동결건조형태의물질 (Eiken Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan) 을사용하였고, 검사자가증류수 1 ml을첨가하여완전히용해시킨후그대로장비의검체컵또는정성검사용스트립에적용하도록하였다. 2009년에는사람헤모글로빈및안정화제를포함한반고체상태의물질 (Eiken Chemical Co.) 을플라스틱용기에밀봉하였고, 별도의조제없이수검자검체와동일하게검사하도록하였다. 각기관의검사결과및설문지를회신받고, 정성검사결과에대해서는양성및음성일치여부를분석하였으며, 약양성결과에대해서는음성검체일경우불일치로, 양성검체에대해서는일치한것으로판정하였다. 정량검사결과에대해서는장비별평균과표준편차를구하고, 3 SD를벗어나거나, 양성및음성여부의차이를보일경우불일치한것으로판정하였다. 설문조사는사용중인검사키트, 결과보고방법, 내부정도관리의실시여부및시행주기와관리물질, 외부정도관리활동여부등의내용을포함하였다. 3. 신빙도조사물질에대한평가 2007년과 2008년의신빙도조사물질은각기관에서수령후 Table 1. Characteristics of external quality assessment materials for fecal occult blood tests used in surveys from 2007 to 2009 Year Manufacturer Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Eiken Chemical Eiken Chemical Levels , negative , low positive , negative , low positive , high positive , low positive , high positive , high positive Nature Pairs of powders and Hb solutions Lyophilized Semi-solid Preparation Mix to make semi-solid state Dissolve in 1 ml of distilled water Not required Application to the equipment or kit Mix with sampling buffer Direct measurement without sampling buffer Mix with sampling buffer
3 728 Korean J Lab Med 2010;30: 조제하는형태이었으나, 2009년의신빙도조사물질은반고체상태의물질로제작되어배포되므로, 균질성을평가하기위해양성인 B, C 두물질에대해같은날서로다른부위에서 10회반복측정하였다. 그리고, 냉장보관이요구되는물질이므로, 배포과정중실온에서변성여부를확인하기위해, 실온보관상태에서매일 5회씩 1주일간반복측정하였다. 평가는분변잠혈정량검사장비인 OC-Sensor-II (Eiken Chemical Co.) 를이용하였다. 결과 1. 분변잠혈반응검사실시현황및설문조사결과 년시행한신빙도조사및설문조사결과, 650개기관에서두가지방법을쓰는 3개기관을포함하여총 653개검사시스템에대하여응답하였다 (Table 2). 모든검사기관에서인간헤모글로빈에대한항체를포함한면역학적검사방법을사용하고있었다. 정량검사장비는라텍스응집에따른혼탁측정법을이용한 OC-Sensor (Eiken Chemical Co.), 비색법을이용한 HM-JACK (Kyowa Medex Co.,Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), JIA-HB2010 (Wako Pure Chemical Ind., Osaka, Japan), NS-1000 (Alfresa Pharma Corp., Osaka, Japan) 이사용되고있었다. 정성검사장비는 11가지종류의키트가조사되었는데, 라텍스응집법을이용한한가지키트 (LA Hemochaser, MizuhoMedy Co., Saga, Japan) 를제외하고, 나머지는모두면역크로마토그래피키트였다. 결과보고방법에대해서정성검사를실시하는기관중 32 개기관이약양성결과를보고한다고응답하였다 (Table 3). 정량검사를실시하는 107개기관중 60 개기관은정량측정값과함께양성및음성여부를보고한다고응답하였으나, 30개기관은정량측정치만보고하고, 10개기관은양성또는음성여부만보고한다고응답하였다. 내부정도관리활동에대해실시하지않는다고응답한기관이전체의 31.7% (206개기관 ) 이었고, 기관규모별로종합병원급 11.9% (31개기관 ), 병원급 45.0% (175개기관 ) 이포함되었다. 내부정도관리를실시하지않는이유를응답한 101개기관중 53개기관 (52.5%) 이상품화된정도관리물질이없어서라고답하였고, 30개기관 (29.7%) 이대조선이있는상품화된정성키트를사용하므로정도관리가필요하다고생각하지않기때문이라고답하였다. 외부정도관리활동이나이를대체할수있는다른방법을전혀실시하지않는다고응답한기 Table 2. Fecal occult blood test equipments or reagents used by colorectal cancer screening institutes and numbers of participants in the surveys from 2007 to 2009 Method Manufacturer Equipment or kit General hospitals*, (N=261) Hospitals, 2009 (N=389) Total (%) (N=650) Quantitative Alfresa NS (3.5) Eiken OC-Sensor-II (5.4) OC-Sensor-m (2.0) OC-Sensor-Diana (1.2) OC-Sensor-Neo (1.2) Kyowa HM-JACK (2.6) Wako JIA-HB (0.5) Subtotal 98 (37.5%) 9 (2.3%) 107 (16.5) Qualitative Asan Easy Test FOB (13.9) Biofocus BioTracer FOB Rapid Card (4.9) Bioland FOB Multi (3.4) Dinona Ez-Step FOB (2.6) Eiken OC-Hemocatch light (13.2) HBi HiSens FOB Card (1.4) Humasis Humasis FOB test (4.0) MizuhoMedy LA Hemochaser (1.1) SD Bioline FOB (22.2) WHPM Hemosure (1.8) YD OcculTech FOB (15.2) Subtotal 166 (63.6%) 380 (97.7%) 546 (84.0) *A general hospital was defined as a hospital with 100 beds or more. A commercial laboratory and a laboratory of the Korean Association of Health Promotion were included in Twenty-eight institutes participated in both surveys in 2007 and 2008 and were counted once. Three institutes performed 2 kinds of methods, i.e., 1 quantitative and 1 qualitative; Hospital was defined as a hospital with 30 beds or more.
4 Yoo SJ, et al., External Quality Assessment of FOBT 729 관이전체의 59.5% (387개기관 ) 이었다. 2. 신빙도조사결과 2007년외부신빙도조사시범사업결과정량검사는동일물질에대해장비별로서로다른측정값을보였다 (Table 4). 그러나, 장비별로경계치 (cut-off) 가각각다른점을고려할때, 대부분의기관에서 물질은음성, 와 물 질은양성결과를보였고, 신빙도조사물질의공급사에서제시한장비별허용범위내에해당하였다. 그러나, 1개기관 (3.2%) 은 물질에대해정량값없이음성의결과를보고하여불일치한결과를보였다 물질에대해정량검사에서는모두음성인것과달리, 정성검사키트사용기관중 8개기관은양성, 1개기관은약양성, 3개기관은음성의결과를보여일치율을판정하기어려웠다 (Table 5) 물질에대해서는대부분의정성키트에서양성결과를보였으나, LA Hemochaser Table 3. Surveys conducted between 2007 and 2009 for result-reporting and quality control General hospitals* (%) (N=261)* Hospitals 2009 (%) (N=389) Total (%) (N=650) Reporting method N/P 155 (54.9) 357 (91.8) 512 (78.8) N/WP (or trace)/p 7 (2.7) 6 (1.5) 13 (2.0) N/WP/1P/2P/3P 5 (1.9) 14 (3.6) 19 (2.9) Quantitative data only 26 (10.0) 4 (1.0) 30 (4.6) Quantitative data and N/P 56 (21.5) 4 (1.0) 60 (9.2) No reply 12 (4.6) 4 (1.0) 16 (2.5) Internal quality control None 31 (11.9) 175 (45.0) 206 (31.7) Daily 121 (46.4) 26 (6.7) 147 (22.6) 2-3 times a week 15 (5.7) 5 (1.3) 20 (3.1) Weekly 31 (11.9) 38 (9.8) 69 (10.6) In the case of reagent change 12 (4.6) 26 (6.7) 38 (5.8) In the case of reagent lot change 12 (4.6) 49 (12.6) 61 (9.4) Every test day 10 (3.8) 4 (1.0) 14 (2.2) Others 3 (1.1) 6 (1.5) 9 (1.4) No reply 26 (10.0) 60 (15.4) 86 (13.2) Quality control material None 31 (11.9) 175 (45.0) 206 (31.7) Hb solution, dedicated 127 (48.7) 142 (36.5) 269 (41.4) Hb solution, commercial 4 (1.5) 3 (0.8) 7 (1.1) Hb solution, home brew 47 (18.0) 22 (5.7) 69 (10.6) Dummy feces, commercial 1 (0.4) 2 (0.5) 3 (0.5) Feces, home brew 26 (10.0) 18 (4.6) 44 (6.8) No reply 25 (9.6) 27 (6.9) 52 (8.0) Proficiency test None 87 (33.3) 300 (77.1) 387 (59.5) Survey organized by supplier 48 (18.4) 16 (4.1) 64 (9.8) Interlaboratory comparison 87 (33.3) 53 (13.6) 140 (21.5) CAP survey 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 1 (0.2) No reply 38 (14.6) 20 (5.1) 58 (8.9) *A general hospital was defined as a hospital with 100 beds or more; Hospital with 30 beds or more. Abbreviations: N, negative; P, positive; WP, weak positive; CAP, College of American Pathologists. Table 4. Quantitative fecal blood test results in surveys from 2007 to 2009 (ng/ml, mean±sd) Equipment Cutoff Year 2007 (N=31) Year 2008 (N=90) Year 2009 (N=9) N N N NS ± ± ± ± ±86.0 OC-Sensor ± ±50.7* 405.1± ± ± ± ± ±70.7 HM-JACK ± ± ± ± ± JIA-HB ± ± ± ± ± *One participating institute submitted negative results without quantitative data;, Two participating institutes submitted results that were outside the range of mean±3sd.
5 730 Korean J Lab Med 2010;30: Table 5. Qualitative fecal blood test results in surveys from 2007 to 2009 (Number of replies) Year 2007 (N=12) Year 2008 (N=159) Year 2009 (N=380) Kit name N N N Easy Test FOB 2 2/0/0 2/0/0 2/0/ /2/0 39/0/0 51 1/0/50 48/2/1 51/0/0 BioTracer FOB Rapid Card /0/0 6/0/0 26 0/0/26 22/4/0 26/0/0 FOB Multi /0/1 1/0/0 16 0/0/16 16/0/0 16/0/0 Ez-Step FOB /1/5 8/0/0 14 0/0/14 10/3/1 14/0/0 OC-Hemocatch light 7 5/1/1 7/0/0 7/0/ /7/10 35/1/1 45 0/0/45 40/3/2 45/0/0 HiSens FOB Card /1/0 4/0/0 5 0/0/5 3/1/1 5/0/0 Humasis FOB test /0/0 2/0/0 24 0/0/24 20/4/0 24/0/0 LA Hemochaser 1 0/0/1 0/0/1 1/0/0 5 1/1/3 5/0/0 1 0/0/1 1/0/0 1/0/0 Bioline FOB /0/2 37/0/ /1/107 86/22/0 108/0/0 Hemosure 1 1/0/0 1/0/0 1/0/0 3 2/1/0 3/0/0 8 0/0/8 7/0/1 8/0/0 OcculTech FOB 1 0/0/1 1/0/0 1/0/ /1/1 17/0/0 82 0/1/81 74/8/0 81/0/1 Abbreviations: P, positive; WP, weak positive; N, negative. (MizuhoMedy Co.) 를사용하는 1개기관은음성으로보고하였고, 물질은모두양성으로보고하였다. 2008년신빙도조사결과, 는모든장비에서양성결과를보였으나, 은 OC-Sensor와 HM-Jack 장비에서는양성, NS-1000 장비에서는음성, JIA-HB2010 장비에서는경계범위의결과를보였다. 네기관 (4.4%) 이동일장비별분석에서 3SD를벗어난결과를보였다. 정성분석을회신한 159개기관의대부분이두물질에대해모두양성결과를회신하였으나, 에대해 22개기관 (13.8%) 이음성, 14 개기관 (8.8%) 이약양성결과를, 에대해 1개기관 (0.6%) 이음성, 1개기관 (0.6%) 이약양성결과를회신하였다. 두종류의물질중하나이상에서음성결과를회신한 22개기관 (13.8%) 이불일치한결과를보인것으로판정하였다. 2009년은 9개기관이정량분석결과를회신하여, 모두 음성, 양성, 양성으로결과가일치하였다. 정성분석결과를회신한 380개기관중대부분이 음성, 와 양성결과를회신하였으나, 에대해 1개기관 (0.3%) 이양성, 2개기관 (0.5%) 이약양성결과를, 에대해 47 개기관 (12.4%) 이약양성, 6개기관 (1.6%) 이음성결과를, 에대해 1개기관 (0.3%) 이음성결과를회신하였다. 따라서, 에대해양성또는약양성으로보고하거나, 및 -3 에대해음성결과를회신한 10개기관 (2.6%) 이불일치한결과를보인것으로판정하였다. 3. 정도관리물질에대한평가 2009년신빙도조사물질에대한같은날 10 회반복측정한결과, 는평균 ng/ml, 변이계수 5.9%, Day 0 Day B, room temperature C, room temperature Fecal bood measurement (ng/ml) 은평균 ng/ml, 변이계수 5.2% 를보였다. 같은물질에대해 1주일간반복측정한결과는 는평균 ng/ml, 변이계수 3.1%, 은평균 ng/ml, 변이계수 5.3% 를보였다 (Fig. 1). 고 Day 2 Day 분변잠혈반응검사는일반적인진단검사와달리수검자가채취해온고형의검체를사용하고, 측정하고자하는분변내혈액이골고루존재하지않으며, 이중일부를검사자가선택하여검사를진행한다 [4, 5]. 따라서, 검사의모든과정, 즉, 검사전, 검사중, 검사후의오류를정확히평가하기위해서는유사변형태의신빙도조사물질이필요하다. 그러나, 이전까지국내에서는분변잠혈반응검사에대해전국적인외부신빙도조사를실시 찰 Day 4 Day Day Fig. 1. Stabilities of semi-solid survey materials stored at room temperature. Fecal blood samples of and materials were quantitatively measured 5 times per day for 7 days with OC- Sensor-II. The results were expressed as averages of the measures of each day.
6 Yoo SJ, et al., External Quality Assessment of FOBT 731 한경험이없었고, 안정성과유효성이확인된신빙도조사물질도확보되지않은상태였다. 본연구의 3회에걸친분변잠혈반응검사외부신빙도조사에서매해서로다른신빙도조사물질이사용되면서, 각물질에대한평가가이루어졌다. 2007년시범사업에사용된신빙도조사물질은제조사에서안정성을보장하는상품화된물질이며장비별허용범위가제시되었고, 실제검체와같은유사변형태로검사에적용한다는장점이있었다. 그러나, 수검기관에서직접조제하여야하므로조제과정의오류가능성이있었고, 일부정성검사키트에서발색선이아닌부위에색변화를초래하는단점이있었다. 2008년에사용된물질은동결건조형태로서안정성이우수하였고, 다른검사항목의내부및외부정도관리에서많이사용된형태이므로수검기관에서익숙한장점이있었으나, 조제과정이필요하고, 실제검체와다른액상형태이므로검사전오류및검사오류를모두파악할수없는단점이있었다. 2008년정량분석기관중 4개기관이 3SD 를벗어난결과를보였는데, 이중 2개기관이조제후다시장비의전용희석액으로처리하여낮은결과를보인것으로파악되었다. 또한, 정량검사장비별로각장비의경계치대비양성및음성결과가달라지고, 정량값도차이를보이는등기질효과로인한오류를보였다 [6, 7]. 2009년에사용된반고체상태의물질은조제가필요없고, 실제수검자의검체와유사한형태이고각검사에적용하는방법도검체와동일하여검체에대한검사전오류, 검사오류, 검사후오류를모두평가할수있는장점이있었다. 제조사에서냉장보관을요구하여안정성의문제가제기되었으나, 검사실에서냉장상태에서보관하였을때한달이상안정성을확인하였다. 또한, 실온노출시에도 1주일간안정함을검사실에서확인하였다. 앞으로우리나라에서분변잠혈반응검사의외부신빙도조사를전국적이고지속적으로실시하기위해서는이와같은물질을국내에서제조하여안정적으로공급할필요가있겠다 [8]. 본외부신빙도조사및동반된설문을통해정량검사의경계치및정성검사의검출한계가서로다른것을확인하였고, 이로인해동일검체에대해검사시스템에따라서로다른결과를도출함을알수있었다 물질의경우, 정량검사기관은모두음성결과를보였으나, 정성검사키트는검출한계가정량검사의경계치보다낮아많은기관에서양성결과를보였다. 제조사가제공하는정보에따르면대부분정성검사키트의검출한계는 50 ng/ml로서동일한희석비율을갖는정량검사의경계치인 100 ng/ml보다낮았다. 그러나, LA Hemochaser (Mizuho- Medy Co.) 는검출한계가 150 ng/ml로높아다른정성검사키트와달리 , , 물질에대해모두음성결 과를보였다. 또한, 정량검사에있어서도 2007년및 2009년조사에서대부분의정량검사기관은각장비의경계치와비교했을때일치하는음성또는양성결과를보였으나, 보고되는정량치는장비별로서로달랐다. 이는고형의검체를용액상태로바꾸는과정에서각시스템마다채취되는검체의양및완충액양의차이로인해검체의희석비율이달라지기때문이다. 이와같은경계치및검출한계의차이는국가적으로진행되는암검진사업에있어혼란을초래할수있으므로이들에대한표준화가시급한실정이다. 현재암검진시스템에서는암검진결과를보고할때, 검사방법에대한구분 ( 정량및정성 ), 양성및음성결과, 정량일경우경계치와측정치를모두표시하도록하고있다. 그러나, 설문조사에서일부기관은이를모두표기하지않는다고응답하였다. 추후대장암검진에있어분변잠혈반응검사의효과를검토하고, 비용효과적인경계치설정을검토하기위해서는각기관에서결과보고형식에맞추어모든정보를보고하는것이필요할것으로보였다. 몇몇기관에서양성검체에대해위음성결과를보인원인에대해다음과같은몇가지원인을추정해볼수있었다. 첫째, 시약제조사가제시하는검출한계와달리스트립의실제측정감도가더낮아음성결과를보인시약이존재할수있을것으로보인다. 본연구의사전조사를통해시판되는시약중일부는로트간또는 strip 간반응성의차이나완충액양등의차이가존재함을확인하였다. 둘째, 면역크로마토그래피키트는습도등보관상태가중요한데, 이를정해진보관조건대로보관하지않고공기등에노출시켰거나, 유효기간이경과한키트를사용할경우위음성결과를초래할수있다. 셋째, 검사과정의오류로인해위음성또는위양성결과를초래할수있다. 대부분의정성키트는 50 ng/ml 이상일때양성결과를내도록고안되어있는데, 검사자가충분한양의검체를취하지못할경우위음성결과를초래할수있고, 지나치게많은양의검체를취할경우위양성결과를초래할수있다. 대부분의키트는과도한검체가제거되고일정한양이완충액에용해되도록하는기능을가지고있으나, 일부키트는제거장치가불완전하여개선이요구되었다. 넷째, 시판되는시약에서는정해진시간에검출선에서발색반응이보이면양성으로판독할것을권고하고있으나, 일부검사실에서는선의강도에따라서로다른판독을할수있다. 객관적판독기준의부재또는검사자의판독시부주의로인한오류가있을수있다. 또한, 많은기관에서약양성결과를보고하였는데, 향후이러한결과를어떻게처리할것인지에대한논의가필요하겠다. 이와같은문제점을고려할때, 시약
7 732 Korean J Lab Med 2010;30: 이적절한성능을보이며, 안정적으로생산되는지지속적으로감시하고, 각검사기관에서도검사전내부정도관리활동을통해성능을확인하는과정이필수적이다. 그러나, 설문에응한기관의 1/3 정도가전혀내부정도관리를실시하지않는다고응답하였고, 이중상당수가사용하는키트를신뢰하므로정도관리의필요성을느끼지못한다고답변하였다. 그러나, 이번신빙도조사를통해정도관리의필요성을확인할수있었고, 이에대한교육이지속적으로이루어져야하겠다 [9]. 또한, 많은기관이정도관리물질을구할수없어정도관리를하지못한다고답변하였는데, 상품화된정도관리물질에대한접근성을높이고, 자체적으로검체를이용해정도관리시료를만드는법에대해교육할필요가있겠다. 본연구를통하여우리나라에서처음으로분변잠혈반응검사의외부신빙도조사를실시하였고, 안정적인신빙도조사물질의공급가능성을확인하였다. 또한, 향후이물질의국산화및공급안정화를통해외부신빙도조사를지속할필요가있겠다. 이런사업을통해시약의표준화및검사방법과결과보고에대한표준화노력이지속되어야겠다. 사키트에서양성결과를보였는데, 이는면역크로마토그래피키트들의검출한계가정량검사의경계치보다낮기때문이었다. 2008과 2009년에는정성검사기관중각각 13.8%, 2.6% 가불일치한결과를보였다. 반고체상태의신빙도조사물질의경우안정적이면서, 검사의모든과정을평가할수있었다. 결론 : 국내에서처음시도한분변잠혈반응검사의외부신빙도조사를통해안정적인신빙도조사물질의적용가능성을확인하였다. 또한, 향후외부신빙도조사및검사자교육을지속하여불일치율을줄이고, 검사키트및방법과결과보고에대한표준화노력이지속되어야겠다. 감사외부신빙도조사사업을위하여 2007년신빙도조사물질을공급한케이앤지진단과 년의신빙도조사물질을공급한 Eiken Chemical 및신양화학에감사를드리며, 본사업에참여하여주신모든의료기관진단검사의학과관계자분들께도감사를드립니다. 요 약 참고문헌 배경 : 국내에처음도입된분변잠혈반응검사의전국적외부신빙도조사에대하여 2007년부터 2009년의결과를분석하였다. 이를통해분변잠혈반응검사의현황과문제점을찾고향후외부신빙도조사프로그램의지속방안을찾고자하였다. 방법 : 2007년 40 개기관에대한시범사업이후, 2008년에 249개종합병원급의료기관, 2009년에 389개병원급의료기관이조사에참여하였다. 각신빙도조사물질에대한결과회신과함께검사과정및정도관리에대한설문조사를실시하고분석하였다. 결과 : 년시행한신빙도조사및설문조사결과, 650개기관에서두가지방법을쓰는 3개기관을포함하여총 653개검사시스템에대하여응답하였다. 모두면역검사법을사용하였고, 107개기관 (16.5%) 이정량검사법을, 546개기관 (84.0%) 이정성검사법을이용하였다. 정량검사장비별분석에서대부분양성및음성결과가일치하였으나, 장비별로경계치 (cut-off) 및측정값은차이를보였다. 동일장비사용군내에서양성 / 음성결과가다르거나, 표준편차의 3배에해당하는허용범위를벗어난기관은 2007년 3.2%, 2008년 4.4% 였고, 2009 년에는 9개기관이응답하여모두일치하였다. 2007년저농도물질에서정량검사가음성결과를보인것과달리, 많은정성검 1. Ministry of Health & Welfare and National Cancer Center. Quality guidelines of colorectal cancer screening. Goyang, Korea: Ministry of Health & Welfare and National Cancer Center, 2008:14-6. ( 보건복지부및국립암센터. 대장암검진질지침. 고양, 대한민국 : 보건복지부및국립암센터, 2008:14-6.) 2. Mandel JS, Church TR, Bond JH, Ederer F, Geisser MS, Mongin SJ, et al. The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2000;343: Rabeneck L, Zwaal C, Goodman JH, Mai V, Zamkanei M. Cancer Care Ontario guaiac fecal occult blood test (FOBT) laboratory standards: evidentiary base and recommendations. Clin Biochem 2008; 41: Yoo SJ, Moon SJ, Gwack EH, Shin BM. Influence of the pre-analytical specimen storage conditions on the fecal occult blood test results. Korean J Lab Med 2009;29: ( 유수진, 문세진, 곽은혜, 신보문. 분변검체의분석전보관상태가분변잠혈반응검사결과에미치는영향. Korean J Lab Med 2009;29:262-7.) 5. Rosenfield RE, Kochwa S, Kaczera Z, Maimon J. Nonuniform distribution of occult blood in feces. Am J Clin Pathol 1979;71: Shahangian S. Proficiency testing in laboratory medicine: uses and
8 Yoo SJ, et al., External Quality Assessment of FOBT 733 limitations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1998;122: Miller WG and Ross JW. Pushing proficiency testing results to their limits. CAP Today 1999;13: Rippey JH and Williamson WE. The overall role of a proficiency testing program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112: Bartola J. The importance of an effective proficiency testing program to the regulation of clinical laboratories. The view from one state. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:
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